GEN BIO CHAPTER 23 REVIEWER

break down the fibers of the ECM so that it

23.1 Specialized Cells Build can invade adjacent tissues.
Animal Bodies

Anatomy
-​ Study of an organisms structure;
parts
Physiology
-​ Study of how those parts work;
function
-​
Organizational Hierarchy Within

the Body

Tissue
-​ Specialized cells that interact and
provide a specific function
Four types of tissues include: epithelial,
Organ
connective, muscle, and nervous.
-​ Two or more interacting tissues that
function as a unit
Organ Systems
A. Epithelial Tissues Cover
-​ Two or more organs that are Surfaces
physically or functionally joined.
Epithelial cells
-​ Coats the body’s internal and
external surfaces with one or more
23.2 Animals Consist of Four
layer of tightly packed cells.
-​ Protection, nutrient absorption along
Tissue Types
the intestinal tract, and gas diffusion
in the lungs.
All animal tissues share a common feature: -​ Free and are the border between the
they are fixed in the nonliving extracellular body’s tissues and an open space
matrix (ECM), which is a mixture of -​ Connected to one another, leak proof
carbohydrates, lipids, and usually protein sheets
fibers such as collagen and elastin. These tissues form glands, which secrete
subtances -> ducts -> bloodstream.
Most body cells cannot survive or replicate Ex of substances. breast milk, sweat, saliva,
when removed from the ECM, except for tears, mucus hormones, enzymes, and many
cancer cells which secrete enzymes that others.

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 Classified through the shape of the B, Most Connective Tissues Bind
cells Other Tissues Together

Classificati Compositi Functions Location Connective Tissue

on on -​ Cells scattered in the prominent
ECM.
Simple Flattened Allows Lining of -​ Fill spaces
Squamous cells substances blood
-​ Protect and cushions organs
to pass vessels,
through by alveoli of -​ Flexible and firm support
diffusion or lungs -​ DOES NOT coat body surface
osmosis.
Diversity of Connective Tissues
Simple Cube- Secretes Glands,
Cuboidal shaped and absorbs lining of
cells substances kidney Classificati Compositio Functions Location
tubules on n

Simple Column- Similar Lining of Loose Cells in Holds Under skin

Columnar shaped cuboidal digestive loose organs in between
cells but they tract, matrix of place; organs
also sweep bronchi elastin and attaches
egg/embryo of lungs, collagen epithelial
along the uterine fibers cells to
uterine tubes underlying
tube tissue

Stratified Flattened Protects Outer Dense Cells in Connects Tendons

Squamous cells areas layer of dense muscle to and
subject to skin matrix of bone; ligaments
abrasion, elastin and connects
prevents collagen bone to
water loss bone
and
infection Adipose Fat cells in Stores fat Beneath
minimal for energy skin,
matrix and between
Simple: single layer insulation muscles,
Stratified: multiple layers around
heart and
90% of human cancers come from these joints
tissues such as carcinoma.
Blood Red blood Transports In arteries,
cells, white gases, veins, and
blood cells, nutrients, capillaries
platelets in wastes,
plasma hormones
matrix

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 Cartilage Cells in Flexible Ears, Cardiac short , Contraction Walls of
matrix of support, joints, branched of atria and the heart
fine soft bone cells, each ventricles in
collagen ends, containing heart;
fibers respirat one nucleus; involuntary
ory tract striated

Bone Cells in Firm skeleton Smooth Spindle-shap Slow, Digestive

matrix of support, ed cells, each involuntary tract;
collagen hard containing movements arteries
and one nucleus
minerals

Blood is unique because:

1.​ It is liquid D. Nervous Tissue Forms a Rapid
2.​ Does not have fibers Communication Network

C. Muscle Tissue Provides Nervous Tissue

Movement -​ Uses electrical signals to convey
information rapidly within an animal’s
Muscle Tissue body.
-​ Contains cells that contract (becomes -​ Sensory cells detect stimuli
shorter) when electrically stimulated. -​ Other cells transmit information
-​ Abundant mitochondria along nerves to the central nervous
-​ Attach soft tissue to bone system (brain and spinal cord)
-​ Movement of other tissues and
organs Two Main Cell Types
-​ Elimination of wastes, blood
circulation, and the motion of the Neurons Form communication networks
limbs that receive, process, and transmit
information.
Classification of Muscle Tissues
Nueroglia Supports neurons and assist in
their functioning
Classificati Composition Functions Location
on

Skeletal Elongated Moves the Attached

(long) cells, bones of to bones
many nuclei; the
striated skeleton;
voluntary

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 C. The Digestive, Circulatory,
23.3 Organ Systems Are and Respiratory Systems Work
Interconnected
Together to Acquire Energy

Digestive system
A. The Nervous and Endocrine
-​ Dismantle food, absorb small
Systems Coordinate molecules, and eliminate indigestible
Communication wastes.
-​ Uses digested molecules to acquire
Nervous system energy
-​ Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and
nerves, specializes in communication. Circulatory system
-​ Detect stimuli -​ Transports these food molecules (and
-​ Relay sensory input to the spinal cord many other substances) throughout
and the brain. the body.

Endocrine system Respiratory system

-​ Glands that secrete hormones, which -​ Exchanges gases with the
are communication molecules that atmosphere.
affect development, reproduction,
mental health, metabolism, among D. The Urinary, Integumentary,
others. Immune, and Lymphatic Systems
Protect the Body
B. The Skeletal and Musclar
Systems Support and Move the Urinary system (kidneys)
Body -​ Organs remove water-soluble
nitrogenous wastes and other toxins
Skeletal system from the blood and eliminate them in
-​ Bones, ligaments, and cartilage urine.
-​ Bones protect underlying tissues and Integumentary system
attachment points for muscles. -​ Consists of skin, associated glands,
-​ Marrow of bones produce nails, hair.
components of blood, and bones also -​ Process of precipitation (sweating)
store minerals like calcium.
Immune system
Muscular System -​ Huge army of specialized cells,
-​ Skeletal muscles contract organs, and transport vessels.
-​ Moves another body part and helps
regulate body temperature. Lymphatic system
-​ Bridge between the immune system
and circulatory system.

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E. The Reproductive System
Produces the Next Generation

Reproductive system
-​ Consists of organs that produce and
transport sperm and egg cells.

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