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Class 7 - Rays and Waves - LQA

The document provides notes on various concepts related to rays and waves, including the properties of light, reflection, refraction, and the electromagnetic spectrum. It explains the behavior of sound waves and their speed, as well as the uses of different types of waves such as radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays. Key definitions and laws are outlined, including the laws of reflection and the equation for wave speed.

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13 views2 pages

Class 7 - Rays and Waves - LQA

The document provides notes on various concepts related to rays and waves, including the properties of light, reflection, refraction, and the electromagnetic spectrum. It explains the behavior of sound waves and their speed, as well as the uses of different types of waves such as radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays. Key definitions and laws are outlined, including the laws of reflection and the equation for wave speed.

Uploaded by

Fatima Alveena
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Manarat Dhaka International School & College

Class-7 |Notes on chapter-04: Rays and waves | Lessons: 4.01, 4.02, 4.03, 4.05, 4.07, 4.09, 4.10

4.01-Rays of light
Rays: light rays are the direction along which the light energy travels.
Beams: A group of light rays is called a beam of light.
The Speed of light through space is 300000 kilometres every second.
Uses of Lasers: Surgery, Telephone systems, CDs, Bar-code readers.

4.02- Flat mirrors


Reflection: When a ray of light approaches a smooth polished surface and the light ray bounces back, it
is called the reflection of light.
Laws of Reflection:
When a ray of light is reflected from a mirror, it obeys two simple rules:
1. The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.
2. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane.
Periscope: A periscope uses two mirrors to give you a higher view than normal. The image you see in
the right way round because one mirror cancels out the lateral inversion of the other.

4.03- Bending Light


When light goes into glass, water or other transparent material, it bends towards the normal and when
light leaves the glass, water or other transparent material, it bends away from the normal.
Refraction: Refraction is the bending of light as light passes from one optical medium to another.
Spectrum: The range of colours is called a spectrum. Six colours in the spectrum are- Red, Orange,
Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet.
The longest and the Shortest Wavelength: The different Colours are actually light waves of different
wavelengths. Red light has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest wavelength.
Wavelength of red light - 0.0007 mm, Wavelength of violet- 0.0004mm.
Why light bends ?
The bending occurs because light travels more slowly in a denser medium.
Speed of Light:

Material Speed of light Material Speed of light


Air 300000 km/s Perspex 201000 km/s
Water 225000 km/s Diamond 124000 km/s
Glass 197000 km/s

4.05-Waves
A wave is a disturbance in a medium that carries energy without a net movement of particles. Types of
waves:
1. Transverse Waves 2. Longitudinal Waves
Transverse Waves: Transverse waves are waves that travel perpendicular to the direction of the
vibration. Examples: water waves, Light waves, Radio Waves.
Longitudinal Waves: Longitudinal Waves are waves that travel parallel to the direction of the vibration.
Examples: Sound waves.
Describing Waves:
Frequency: Frequency is the number of complete waves produced per second. It is measured in Hertz
(HZ).
1 1
Frequency = ,f=
period 𝑇
Wavelength: The distance from any point on a wave to the next exactly similar point is called the
wavelength. Its SI unit is metre (m).
Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a point from its rest position. Its SI unit is metre (m).
Equation of Waves: Speed = Frequency × Wavelength

4.07- Electromagnetic waves:


Electromagnetic waves, which include visible light, make up a family of waves known as the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Radio waves: Radio waves can be produced by making a current vibrate in an aerial.
Uses of Radio waves:
1. Long and medium waves are used for AM radio.
2. VHP waves are used for FM stereo radio.
3. UHF waves are used for television.
Microwaves: Microwaves are very short wave length radio waves. They are used for cooking, Rader,
mobile phone and satellite communication.
Infrared radiation: All objects, including human body, emit infrared radiation. The hotter an object is,
the more energy it will emit as infrared.
Uses of infrared: Infrared cookers and heaters, TV and stereo remote controls.
Ultraviolet radiation: Part of the light emitted by the sun is UV light. UV radiation is harmful to human
eyes and can damage the skin. The UV is produced by passing a current through a gas in the tube.
Some chemicals glow when they absorb UV. The effect is called fluorescence.
X-rays: X-rays are produced in an X-ray tube when a beam of electrons hits a metal target.
Uses of X-rays:
1. To detect broken bones.
2. Concentrated beams of X-rays can be used to destroy cancerous cells.
3. X-rays are also used in industry.
Gamma rays: are highly penetrating rays and can cause damage to living cells. They are used for
sterilizing food and medical equipment.

4.09- Sound waves:


Sound is produced by vibrating sources placed in a medium. Sound waves can travel through solids,
liquids and gases but can’t travel through a vacuum.
Compressions: The squashes are called compressions. The air pressure here is higher than normal.
Rarefactions: The stretches are called rarefactions. The air pressure here is lower than normal.

4.10- Speed of sound


Echoes: An echo is a sound that is repeated because the sound waves are reflected back. Ships use echo
sounders to measure the depth of water underneath them.
𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐤
Speed of sound =
𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐨 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞

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