Unit 1
Introduction to Cloud Computing
Computing Paradigms
What is Computing?
Computing is the use of computer technology to
solve problems or complete tasks effectively.
Computing includes:
❏ Designing, developing, and building computer software
systems.
❏ Processing, structuring, and managing data for various
applications.
❏ Scientific research
Computing Paradigms
Distributed Computing
Parallel Computing
Cluster Computing
Grid Computing
Utility Computing
Cloud Computing
Edge Computing
Fog Computing
Computing Paradigms
Distributed Computing
➢ Type of computing where multiple computer systems work on a
single problem.
➢ Here all the computer systems are linked together and the
problem is divided into sub-problems where each part is solved by
different computer systems.
➢ Goal of distributed computing is to increase the performance and
efficiency of the system and ensure fault tolerance.
Computing Paradigms
Distributed Computing
Source: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/different-computing-paradigms/
Computing Paradigms
Parallel Computing
➢ Type of computing where multiple computer systems are used
simultaneously.
➢ Here a problem is broken into sub-problems and then further
broken down into instructions. These instructions from each
sub-problem are executed concurrently on different processors.
➢ Goal of parallel computing is to save time and provide
concurrency.
Computing Paradigms
Parallel Computing
Source: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/different-computing-paradigms/
Computing Paradigms
Cluster Computing
➢ Type of computing that consists of two or more independent
tightly coupled computers, that work together to execute tasks
as a single machine.
➢ Goal of cluster computing is to increase the performance,
scalability and simplicity of the system.
Computing Paradigms
Grid Computing
➢ Type of computing where it constitutes a network of loosely
coupled computers (geographically remote computers) that work
together to perform tasks that may be difficult for a single
machine to handle.
➢ Goal of grid computing is to solve more high computational
problems in less time and improve productivity.
Computing Paradigms
Utility Computing
➢ Utility Computing is purely a concept which Cloud Computing
practically implements.
➢ Service provisioning model in which service provider makes
computing resources and infrastructure management available to
the customers as needed, and charges them for specific usage
rather than a flat rate (pay-per-use).
Computing Paradigms
Cloud Computing
➢ Type of computing where it is the delivery of on-demand computing
services over the internet on a pay-per-use basis.
Edge Computing
➢ Type of computing that is focused on decreasing the long distance
communication between the client and the server by running fewer
processes in the cloud and moving these processes onto a user’s
computer, IoT device or edge device/server.
Computing Paradigms
Fog Computing
➢ Type of computing
that acts a
computational
structure between
the cloud and the
data producing
devices.
Source: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-edge-computing-and-fog-computing/
Source: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-edge-computing-and-fog-computing/
Cloud Computing
What
Cloud
is Computing
Computing?
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
defined Cloud Computing as follows:
Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous,
convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool
of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks,
servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be
rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction.
What isCharacteristics
Essential Computing?
➢ On-demand self-service
A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such
as server time and network storage, as needed automatically
without requiring human interaction with each service provider.
➢ Broad network access
Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through
standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or
thick client platforms (e.g.,mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and
workstations).
What isCharacteristics
Essential Computing?
➢ Resource pooling
The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple
consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and
virtual resources dynamically assigned and re-assigned according
to consumer demand.
➢ Rapid elasticity
Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in
some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and
inward commensurate with demand.
What isCharacteristics
Essential Computing?
➢ Measured service
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by
leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction
appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing,
bandwidth, and active user accounts).
Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported,
providing transparency for both the provider and
consumer of the utilized service.
What
Top is Computing?
10 Cloud Service Providers
(Globally)
Source: https://medium.com/@talktorahul.b/top-10-cloud-service-providers-in-the-world-2924abec80cc
What of
Benefits is Cloud
Computing?
Computing
➢ Lower IT costs / Increased economic return
➢ Improve agility and time-to-value
➢ Ease of scalability
➢ Data / Resource availability (to employees)
➢ Collaboration efficiency
➢ Lot of new services to the customers
➢ Access to automatic updates
What isofComputing?
Challenges Cloud Computing
Source: https://sprinto.com/blog/challenges-in-cloud-computing/
Service Models
What
Cloud is Computing?
Service Models
➢ Cloud service models define the types of services that a cloud
provider offers to its users.
➢ NIST defines three basic cloud service models:
○ Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
○ Platform as a Service (PaaS)
○ Software as a Service (SaaS)
➢ Note: Apart from the three basic cloud service models there are
also specialized cloud services offered by some vendors under the
umbrella of XaaS (Anything as a Service) like NaaS, STaaS,
DBaaS, DEaaS, IDaaS, etc. (Refer: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/overview-of-everything-as-a-service-xaas/)
What is IaaS
Computing?
➢ Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) delivers
on-demand infrastructure resources to
organizations via the cloud, such as compute,
storage, networking, and virtualization.
➢ Customers don’t have to manage, maintain, or
update their own data center infrastructure, but
are responsible for the operating system,
middleware and any apps or data.
Services Provided by IaaS Providers
➢ Compute services provides virtual central processing units
and virtual main memory for the Virtual Machines (VMs).
➢ Storage services provides back-end storage for the VM images
and files.
➢ Network services provides virtual networking components
such as virtual router, switch, and bridge for the VMs.
➢ Load Balancers provides load balancing capability at the
infrastructure layer.
Suitability for IaaS
➢ Unpredictable spikes in usage of computing resources.
➢ For start-up companies with less capital investment on
hardware.
➢ For organizations that look for infrastructure on demand or for a
short time period.
Source: https://cloud.google.com/learn/paas-vs-iaas-vs-saas
Examples of IaaS providers
Amazon Web Services (AWS): AWS offers a wide range of IaaS services, such as
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) for virtual servers, Amazon Simple Storage
Service (S3) for storage, and Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) for networking.
Microsoft Azure: Azure provides IaaS capabilities through services like Azure Virtual
Machines, Azure Storage, and Azure Virtual Network.
Google Cloud Platform (GCP): GCP offers IaaS solutions like Google Compute
Engine for virtual machines, Google Cloud Storage for storage, and Google Virtual
Private Cloud (VPC) for networking. It provides scalable infrastructure resources for
computing and storage needs.
IBM Cloud: IBM Cloud provides IaaS offerings, including IBM Virtual Servers for
virtual machine instances, IBM Cloud Object Storage for scalable object storage, and
IBM Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) for network isolation and security.
What is PaaS
Computing?
➢ Platform as a service (PaaS) delivers and
manages all the hardware and software
resources to develop applications through the
cloud.
➢ Customers still have to write the code and
manage their data and applications, but the
environment to build and deploy apps is
managed and maintained by the cloud service
provider.
Services Provided by PaaS Providers
➢ Provides wide variety of programming languages for the
developers to develop applications.
➢ Provides application frameworks that simplify the application
development.
➢ Provides other tools for development, deployment and
testing the application.
Suitability for PaaS
➢ When there is a need for collaborative development among
teams.
➢ When there is a need for automated testing and deployment
processes.
➢ When there is a need to quickly bring applications to the
market.
Source: https://cloud.google.com/learn/paas-vs-iaas-vs-saas
Examples of PaaS providers
➢ Heroku (from Salesforce)
➢ Microsoft Azure App Service
➢ Google App Engine
➢ AWS Elastic Beanstalk
➢ IBM Cloud Foundry
What is SaaS
Computing?
➢ Software as a service (SaaS) provides the entire
application stack, delivering an entire cloud-based
application that customers can access and use.
➢ SaaS products are completely managed by the
service provider and come ready to use, including
all updates, bug fixes, and overall maintenance.
➢ Most SaaS applications are accessed directly
through a web browser, which means customers
don’t have to download or install anything on their
devices.
Services Provided by SaaS Providers
➢ Business Services: Provides ERP, CRM, billing, sales, and HR solutions to
streamline business processes.
➢ Social Networks: Facilitates online communities for social interaction,
collaboration, and content sharing.
➢ Communication and Video Conferencing: Offers tools for real-time
communication, video calls, and meetings.
➢ Document Management: Provides systems to create, manage, and track
electronic documents for efficient collaboration and storage.
➢ Email Services: Delivers email solutions for personal or business
communication used by millions globally.
➢ Project Management Tools: Provides solutions for planning, tracking,
and managing projects and tasks.
Suitability for SaaS
➢ Software for Startups and small businesses
➢ Software compatible with multiple devices
➢ Short-term projects
Source: https://cloud.google.com/learn/paas-vs-iaas-vs-saas
Examples of SaaS providers
Google Workspace: Google Workspace (formerly G Suite) is a suite of SaaS
applications that includes Gmail, Google Docs, Google Sheets, Google Slides, and
more.
Microsoft 365: Microsoft 365 (previously Office 365) is a suite of SaaS applications
that includes Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, and other productivity tools.
Adobe Creative Cloud: Adobe Creative Cloud is a suite of SaaS applications for
creative professionals. It includes tools like Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign, Premiere
Pro, and more, offering cloud-based access to industry-standard software for graphic
design, video editing, and multimedia production.
Salesforce: Salesforce is a popular SaaS platform that offers customer relationship
management (CRM) software. It provides organizations with tools for sales, marketing,
customer service, and analytics, accessible through a web browser or mobile app.
Deployment Models
What
Cloud is Computing?
Deployment Models
➢ Cloud Deployment Model defines how cloud computing services are
configured, managed, and delivered.
➢ It specifies the location of the infrastructure, how it's accessed,
and who manages it.
➢ NIST defines four cloud deployment models: public clouds, private
clouds, community clouds, and hybrid clouds.
What
Public
is Computing?
Cloud
According to NIST, a public cloud is
○ The cloud infrastructure that is provisioned for open
use by the general public over the public network.
○ It may be owned, managed, and operated by a
business, academic, or government organization, or
some combination of them.
○ It exists on the premises of the cloud provider.
What
Public
is Computing?
Clouds
Source: https://www.educba.com/public-cloud-providers/
What
Public
is Computing?
Cloud
Source: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication500-292.pdf
What
Public is Computing?
Cloud Characteristics
➢ Highly scalable
The public cloud is highly scalable. The resources in the public cloud are
considered as infinite because it has a large number of resources service
providers take care all the requests are granted. Hence, the public cloud
is considered to be highly scalable.
➢ Affordable
The public cloud is available to users on a pay-as-you-go basis, meaning
they only pay for the resources they use, typically calculated on a
per-hour or usage basis. Additionally, it eliminates costs associated with
deployment, as the infrastructure is managed by the cloud provider.
What
Public is Computing?
Cloud Characteristics
➢ Less secure
The public cloud is least secure out of all the four deployment models.
This is because the public cloud is offered by a third-party and they have
full control over the cloud. Though the SLAs* ensure privacy, still there
is a high risk of data being leaked.
➢ Highly available
The public cloud is highly available because it can be accessed from
anywhere in the world, provided the user has the necessary
permissions.
*SLAs: Service Level Agreements (Sample SLA: https://aws.amazon.com/legal/service-level-agreements/)
Public Cloud Characteristics
➢ Stringent SLAs
SLA is very stringent in case of the public cloud.As the service
provider’s business reputation and customer strength are totally
dependent on the cloud services, they follow the SLA strictly and
violations are avoided. These SLAs are very competitive.
What Cloud
Public is Computing?
Suitability
➢ Large resource requirements, such as a large user base.
➢ Varying resource needs.
➢ Lack of physical infrastructure.
➢ Financial constraints on the organization.
Source: https://www.pragimtech.com/blog/cloud/what-is-a-public-cloud/
What
Private
is Computing?
Cloud
According to NIST, a private cloud is
○ The cloud infrastructure provisioned for exclusive use
by a single organization comprising multiple
consumers (e.g., business units).
○ It may be owned, managed, and operated by the
organization, a third party, or some combination of
them.
○ It may exist on or off premises.
What
Private
is Computing?
Cloud
Source: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication500-292.pdf
What
Private is Computing?
Cloud Characteristics
➢ Secure
The private cloud is secure. This is because usually the private cloud is
deployed and managed by the organization itself and hence there is
least chance of data being leaked out of the cloud.
➢ Central control
The organization mostly has full control over the cloud as usually the
private cloud is managed by the organization.
➢ Weak SLAs
The SLAs in the private cloud are weak as it is between the organization
and the users of the same organization.
What is
Private Computing?
Cloud Suitability
➢ The organizations or enterprises that require a separate cloud for
their personal or official use.
➢ The organizations or enterprises that have a sufficient amount of
funds as managing and maintaining a cloud is a costly affair.
➢ The organizations or enterprises that consider data security to be
important.
➢ The organizations that want autonomy and complete control over
the cloud.
What is
Private Computing?
Cloud Suitability
➢ The organizations that have less number of users.
➢ The organizations that have pre-built infrastructure for deploying
the cloud and are ready for timely maintenance of the cloud for
efficient functioning.
Source: https://www.pragimtech.com/blog/cloud/what-is-a-private-cloud/
What
Community
is Computing?
Cloud
According to NIST, a community cloud is
○ The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by
a specific community of consumers from organizations that
have shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements,
policy, and compliance considerations).
○ It may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more
of the organizations in the community, a third
party, or some combination of them.
○ It may exist on or off premises.
What
Community
is Computing?
Cloud
Source: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication500-292.pdf
What isCloud
Community Computing?
Characteristics
➢ Collaborative and distributive maintenance
The community cloud is wholly collaborative and usually no single
party has full control over the whole cloud (in some cases, it may be
controlled by one party).
➢ Partially secure
Partially secure refers to the property of the community cloud where few
organizations share the cloud, so there is a possibility that the data can
be leaked from one organization to another, though it is safe from the
outside world.
What isCloud
Community Computing?
Characteristics
➢ Cost effective
The community cloud is cost effective as the whole cloud is being
shared by several organizations or a community. Usually not only
cost but every other sharable responsibilities are shared or divided
among the groups.
What is Computing?
Community Cloud Suitability
➢ Do not want complete maintenance responsibility of the cloud.
➢ Need for collaboration between multiple organizations or clouds.
➢ Requirement for enhanced security compared to the public cloud.
What
Hybrid
is Computing?
Cloud
According to NIST, a hybrid cloud is
○ The cloud infrastructure that is a composition of
two or more distinct cloud infrastructures (private,
community, or public) that remain unique entities but are
bound together by standardized or proprietary technology
that enables data and application portability.
What
Hybrid
is Computing?
Cloud
Source: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication500-292.pdf
WhatCloud
Hybrid is Computing?
Characteristics
➢ Scalable
The hybrid cloud is a combination of one or more deployment models.
Usually, the private with public cloud gives hybrid cloud. The public cloud
is used whenever needed;hence as the public cloud is scalable, the
hybrid cloud with the help of its public counterpart is scalable.
➢ Partially secure
The hybrid cloud usually is a combination of public and private. The
private cloud is considered to be secure,but as the hybrid cloud also
uses the public cloud, there is high risk of security breach.
Thus, it cannot be fully termed as secure but as partially secure.
WhatCloud
Hybrid is Computing?
Characteristics
➢ Stringent SLAs
As the hybrid cloud involved a public cloud intervention, the SLAs are
stringent and might not be as per the public cloud service provider. But
overall, the SLAs are more stringent than the private cloud.
➢ Complex cloud management
Cloud management is complex and is a difficult task in the hybrid cloud
as it involves more than one type of deployment models and also the
numbers of users are high.
What Cloud
Hybrid is Computing?
Suitability
➢ Organizations that want the private cloud environment with
the scalability of the public cloud
➢ Organizations that require more security than the public cloud
Source: https://www.pragimtech.com/blog/cloud/what-is-a-hybrid-cloud/
What Examples
is Computing?
➢ Public Cloud: Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a leading public
cloud provider known for its scalability and extensive service
offerings. Companies like Netflix and Airbnb use AWS to deliver
their services reliably and on a global scale.
➢ Private Cloud: The Walt Disney Company operates a private
cloud to manage its extensive media and entertainment content.
This approach provides them with the security and control required
for their intellectual property.
What Examples
is Computing?
➢ Hybrid Cloud: Dropbox, a cloud storage provider, utilizes a hybrid
cloud model. User data is stored on private servers, while file
synchronization and sharing occur through the public cloud,
offering a balance of control and accessibility.
➢ Community Cloud: In the healthcare industry, the Healthcare
Information Exchange (HIE) networks often use community cloud
models. These networks allow multiple healthcare providers to
securely share patient information in compliance with industry
regulations.
Thank You
