2024 Second International Conference on Inventive Computing and Informatics (ICICI)

2024 Second International Conference on Inventive Computing and Informatics (ICICI) | 979-8-3503-7329-5/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICICI62254.2024.00050

Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorder using Deep

Learning Models
1st Kotha Chakradhar 2nd Kotte Thulasi Tharun
Department of Computer Science & Engineering Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Amrita School Of Computing,Bengaluru Amrita School Of Computing,Bengaluru
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,India Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
[email protected] [email protected]

3rd Periyavaram Sandesh Kumar Reddy 4th Thangam S

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Amrita School Of Computing,Bengaluru Amrita School Of Computing,Bengaluru
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
[email protected] s [email protected]

Abstract—Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a serious devel- might look like simple laziness or lack of motivation up to
opmental disorder that involves problems with social interaction severe cases when such a person cannot speak properly while
and communication, as well as repetitive behavior. Early diag- handling simple tasks such as reading and writing without
nosis and treatment are key to improving the lives of people
with autism. One recent breakthrough in the field involves the assistance has become a challenge for them. Regrettably,
use of cutting-edge machine learning algorithms to automatically due to minimum resources accessible, general ignorance, and
identify ASD using different kinds of data like behavioral wrong diagnosis there has been an overwhelming increase in
observations. The proposed approach combines various types of the number of this disorder among people residing in the
deep learning models such as YOLOv8n, Detectron2, VGG16, nation [15]. One more contributing factor [16] on why this
ResNet50, Xception, Inceptionv3, and MobileNetV2. Using these
models’ capabilities, the goal of the research study is to increase diagnosis often comes late is because it may be confused with
the distinction between ASD-related behavior signals and normal mental retardation or schizophrenia in adults who exhibit such
development patterns. The effectiveness of our method was symptoms but do not always develop autism. Drafting effective
demonstrated by test results which showed it was highly accurate. policies and intervening early can go a long way in solving
the problems faced by autistic children and integrating them
Index Terms—Autism, YOLOv8n, Detectron, Disorder
into society.
Because ASD has many complicated and little-known
I. I NTRODUCTION
causes, prevention techniques [14] have not yet been devel-
Autism spectrum disorder is a form of neurodevelopmental oped. However, risk factors can be reduced and children’s
disease in which sufferers struggle repeatedly with restricted or healthy development can be supported by encouraging prenatal
repetitive activities as well as difficulties with communication care, reducing exposure to environmental pollutants, and offer-
and social interaction. The reason the condition is referred ing early intervention services. The present research endeavors
to as ”spectrum” is that it encompasses a wide range of are of paramount importance in devising techniques to pre-
symptoms, and individuals who are impacted may have varied cisely differentiate between conventional and ASD-associated
combinations or intensities of symptoms. These people might behavioral patterns. This will augment the early identification
struggle to control their emotions, making them unaware of and intervention approaches for ASD, finally leading to better
how their actions affect other people. They also struggle results for those impacted by ASD.
to trust new people and modify their behavior to fit into
unexpected circumstances, which makes it difficult for them II. R ELATED W ORK
to develop and maintain friends [17]. The identification of ASD is crucial for early intervention
According to statistics, more children in India are being and support, leading to improved outcomes for individuals and
diagnosed with autism; between ages two and nine, it is better management of healthcare resources. Early detection
estimated that ASD affects 1 to 1.5% of kids in the country. [12] allows for timely access to interventions and therapies
Studies have indicated lower autism rates in developing coun- tailored to the individual’s needs, promoting optimal develop-
tries; 1 out of 45 children (ages 3-17) in the US versus only ment and functioning. Moreover, [13] accurate diagnosis aids
23 out of 10,000 children in India are diagnosed with autism. in the effective allocation of healthcare resources and the im-
About 10 percent of all students at schools have various plementation of appropriate support services, benefiting both
levels of learning difficulties ranging from mild ones which individuals with ASD and the healthcare system as a whole. A

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DOI 10.1109/ICICI62254.2024.00050
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 graph kernel-based clustering method is proposed in the study accuracy by researchers.The study highlights the importance
[1] to explore transdiagnostic biotypes for schizophrenia (SZ) of objective measures in autism assessment and the potential
and ASD using functional connectivity (FC) estimated from of eye-tracking technology in early detection. The article [8]
fMRI data. From among all subjects’ whole-brain FCs, the presents a pilot study on using advanced computer audition
proposed method detects common subnetworks and then cal- technology to detect ASD in mice. The study focuses on
culates the graph kernel similarity to determine the clustering analyzing the ultrasonic vocalizations of mice, which have
relationship between subjects within the constructed Graphs. been shown to be efficient markers for distinguishing wild-
The results show significant differences in FC between the type mice from those with ASD. In order to extract high-level
identified biotypes for SZ and ASD. The article [2] presents representations from the USVs, the authors propose use of a
a deep convolutional neural network-based detection system large-scale audio neural network which has been pre-trained.
for ASD in facial images. The system aims to identify ASD The results show promising accuracy in detecting ASD in
at earlier stages to provide therapy for skill improvement. The mice. The article [9] presents a deep learning approach called
researchers used a dataset from Kaggle, split it into training DL-ASD for identifying ASD in children aged 1-10. The
and testing sets, and got an accuracy of 88% and loss of proposed model uses a convolutional neural network (CNN)
0.53. The article [3] discusses the use of machine learning trained on image datasets to classify individuals as having
approaches to screen and predict ASD in individuals. This ASD or not. The model achieves a classification accuracy
study presents a wide range of characteristics involved in of up to 87%. The article [10] discusses the use of eye
diagnosing ASD from ASD datasets that can be obtained from tracking (ET) and electroencephalography (EEG) data in ASD
open resources and makes an application of ML techniques research. The authors explain how correlating ET and EEG
including Logistic regression, XGboost, SVC, Naive Bayes. data can help identify diagnostic biomarkers and shed light
According to the results of the research, XGboost performs on the inconsistent findings in ASD research. They review
well giving more accurate predictions. According to the article eight articles that have used ET-EEG correlative analytics and
machine learning aided screening methods could serve as an summarize the reported correlations between ET and EEG
approach to improve on those aspects in terms of diagnosis patterns.
accuracy, speed as well as access permissions in blocking The study [18] proposes a multi-object detection system
out persons diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. The employing YOLO (You Only Look Once) algorithm to effi-
article [4] proposes a deep neural network model with multi- ciently detect and localize objects in images. The study [19]
label classification for emotion analysis in children with ASD. conducts a comparative analysis of various image processing
The model uses face landmarks to predict ASD/non-ASD and methods for detecting human presence in images.The study
detect emotions. The results of the model is being tested on [20] demonstrates real-time object detection capabilities using
different datasets and provides promising results. The article YOLOv8, showcasing its efficiency in quickly identifying
[5] discusses the prediction of ASD using Efficient Net, a objects in live video streams.a real-time [21] pedestrian detec-
convolutional neural network. The model utilizes facial images tion system achieved by adapting YOLO v2, demonstrating
to detect whether a person is autistic or typically developing. its effectiveness in swiftly identifying pedestrians in video
The study used a dataset of 2530 facial images for training and streams.The study [22] proposes a deep learning approach
achieved an accuracy level of 88%. The article also provides utilizing YOLO (You Only Look Once) for detecting potholes
an overview of related work in the field of ASD detection in Indian roads, aiming to enhance road maintenance and
using machine learning techniques. The article [6] provides a safety measures. a comparative analysis [23] between image
review of fuzzy logic-based approaches for the detection of processing and deep learning techniques for image dehazing,
ASD. ASD can be defined as a condition that originates in aiming to evaluate their effectiveness in enhancing visibility
the brain and has an impact on how a person perceives others in hazy images.Detection and Identification [24] of Multiple
around him/her hence affecting learning capabilities, emo- Objects using [technique or method] aims to efficiently detect
tional responses as well as behavioral patterns. Early detection and classify multiple objects simultaneously, enhancing real-
of ASD is necessary for effective intervention. The article time object recognition systems.The study[25] focuses on
discusses various fuzzy logic methodologies and concepts used developing a neural network architecture capable of accurately
for ASD detection, including fuzzy expert systems, artificial categorizing images into predefined classes, thereby advancing
neural networks, and fuzzy neural networks. It also presents automated image recognition tasks.
an overview of studies that have utilized fuzzy logic for Researchers have explored various methods to enhance the
ASD detection, highlighting the methods, goals, and accuracy detection of ASD from facial images, aiming to leverage
achieved in each study. Applying eye-trackers of machine facial features as potential biomarkers for improved diagnostic
learning to identify autism in high-functioning adults is argued accuracy. Several studies have looked at different aspects of
for in this study. Authors [7] propose that combining eye- autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is urgent to have
tracking data from web-related tasks with transfer learning can combined methods, which look at many aspects at the same
yield results that are really hopeful with regard to automatic time like genetics, neurobiology, behavior patterns and the
autism detection while the use of decision trees, logistic regres- environment around us. In order to help us diagnose infants
sion and transfer learning enabled reaching high classification who have ASD before it becomes severe we may need to use

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 biomarkers which are stable enough for example neuroimaging some minute aspects like facial expression differences or ASD
tests, genetic markers or other objective measures. Moreover, diagnosis would improve greatly as shown by this model.
tracking people with autism from their childhood years to MobilenetV2: The lightweight design of the MobileNetV2
adulthood would be a helpful move forward for the discipline. model makes it ideal for mobile devices or low-resource
Such studies should help people understand how autism takes environments. With this lightweight model, calculating and
shape over time as well as examining what can lead to this memory consumption are optimized to enable real-time ASD
disease. Tracking these people could also help determine detection, which means that there would be simpler ways of
whether treating them early enough can completely cure or screening this disorder that can be scaled as well.
not. By addressing these research gaps mainly by combining
the behavioral patterns and the envirornment, we can advance Xception: Xception can more efficiently capture spatial
our understanding of ASD and improve outcomes for affected dependencies due to its usage of separable convolutions in
individuals and their families. depthwise order. The enhanced feature extraction capabilities
in this model might prove beneficial for autism spectrum dis-
III. M ETHODOLOGY order detection algorithm sensitivity on a number of datasets
The ”Autism Image Data” dataset on Kaggle [11] consists that have complex or high-dimensional input types such as
of images relevant to ASD, including facial images, and neuroimaging as well as genetic information input data.
behavioral observations. Each image is accompanied by labels YOLOv8n: An enhanced object recognition algorithm,
indicating autism diagnosis status. The dataset comprises called YOLOv8, might have an immense impact on autism
images of children aged between 3 and 9 years old, providing identification through enabling fast and effective screening.
a representative sample of the developmental stage. This Automated capabilities in this algorithm, makes it possible
dataset serves to train machine and deep learning models for for very quick detection hence automatic evaluation on im-
autism detection, conduct research on visual traits associated ages/footage so that there is elimination unnecessary proce-
with ASD, and explore correlations between data and autism dural steps characterized by subjective assessments yielding
characteristics. This dataset can be used for academic studies, biased outcomes. Automating the initial screening tasks could
algorithm development, educational projects, or exploratory help healthcare professionals to use their resources effectively,
analysis. To improve the precision and reliability of autism concentrating on interpreting results and making personalized
detection we have to increase the diversity and quantity of the interventions. Among the main features of YOLOv8 are mo-
training data. So we applied augmentation techniques mainly saic data augmentation, anovel anchor-free detection that uses
rotation, flipping, scaling, and adding noise. a C2f module, a head that is decoupled and thus can learn in
In our study, we introduced transfer learning which involves a detector and a loss function that has been modified. Further
capitalizing on pre-trained models designed for similar tasks still, the use of YOLOv8 in autism detection may facilitate
so as to detect face changes on images. It leverages on research by uncovering visual markers or patterns connected
the knowledge learned by these models on diverse datasets with ASD that might be useful for enhancing comprehension
during their original training in this approach. It is more and prevention methods at infancy. We can improve the model
helpful especially when less training data is available since this performance by incoorporating YOLOv8n to the detection
makes improved results possible through exploiting common system.
attributes from different jobs.
We explored several different models in the detection of Detectron2: Detectron2 utilizes cutting edge object detec-
ASD: tion algorithms to have a keen eye on facial expressions or
VGG16: VGG16 is famous for its deep architecture, allow- behavior that show autism. By managing different data types
ing it to capture complex features in images. Its depth and and scenes in an intricate manner, it increases the accuracy of
simplicity make it a good choice for extracting features in identifying autism through screening.
ASD detection from image data, which might help recognize Each of the models comes with unique strengths for an
hidden facial cues or behavioural patterns related to ASD. ASD detector based on robust feature extraction or real-time
ResNet50: Without the vanishing gradient problem, deeper processing capacities that will typically enhance the overall
neural networks are possible with ResNet50’s residual learning ASD detection process thus leading to better and faster
framework. To capture the complex variations in facial expres- methods of screening ASD. In our case, transfer learning
sions or brain imaging data associated with ASD detection and was a promising approach. There were distinct strengths and
in turn enhance classification accuracy, it might be beneficial complexities of these models in place for accurately detecting
to use it as well because of its effectiveness at learning morphed faces within images. So we built separate models
hierarchical features. by incorporating these models. We found that Detectron2
InceptionV3: Several plus point of InceptionV3 include the produced the best results once we ran all these models
ability to detect global features or local ones within pho- together.
tographs, through the use of multifaceted filters that operate
at different scales. In case you did not know, this means
that it can take into account these Summarizing them, hence

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 TABLE I
ACCURACIES AND LOSSES OF VGG16, R ES N ET 50, I NCEPTION V3,
X CEPTION AND M OBILE N ET V2

Model Loss Accuracy Val Loss Val Accuracy

InceptionV3 0.19 0.928 0.357 0.9
MobileNetV2 0.1 0.94 0.4 0.5
ResNet50 0.16 0.93 0.77 0.7
VGG16 0.12 0.94 0.3 0.92
Xception 0.09 0.958 0.29 0.9

IV. R ESULTS AND A NALYSIS

The Table 1 presents the training and validation accuracy, as
well as losses, for the InceptionV3, MobileNetV2, ResNet50,
Xception, and VGG16 models. These models are trained for
25 epochs. Among these models Xception model gave good
results. We have explored traditional deep learning networks
that include VGG16, ResNet50, InceptionV3, Xception and
MobileNetV2 to improve the precision of detecting autism
while using a technical explanation. Nonetheless, perpetual
high training as well as validation set losses demand for
better comprehension through which facial features – essential
to diagnosing ASD – are separated from other non-essential Fig. 2. Confusion Matrix of YOLOV8n
ones. To overcome this the study presents progressive designs
including YOLOv8 and Detectron. Some of the reasons to
use YOLOv8 and Detectron for the diagnosis of ASD: Multi- In Fig. 2, the confusion matrix of YOLOv8n shows high
object detection, transfer learning, and fine-tuning, robustness counts of true positives, indicating that the model performs
to environmental variability, integration with healthcare sys- well in correctly identifying both positive and negative in-
tems. Incorporating these advanced models in our workflow, stances, thus suggesting its effectiveness.
we hope to realize noticeably improved ASD detection accu-
racy which will in turn lead to more effective interventions
and personalized treatments in neurodevelopmental disorders. B. Detectron2
A. Yolov8n A Faster R-CNN model based on the ResNet-50 backbone
is trained for object detection using the Detectron2 library. The
model configuration is initialized based on the configuration
file from the COCO dataset provided by the model zoo.
The training dataset is specified along with various training
parameters such as the number of workers as 2 for data
loading, base learning rate as 0.0025, and maximum number
of iterations as 1000. The model is then instantiated and
initialized with weights pre-trained on the COCO dataset to
leverage transfer learning. During training, the model’s region
of interest (ROI) heads are trained to predict object classes
and bounding box coordinates. The training process iterates
over 1000 iterations, updating the model’s parameters through
Fig. 1. Results of YOLOV8n backpropagation to minimize the defined loss function.
Fig.3 and Fig. 4 depict the loss and accuracy trends observed
YOLOv8n was trained for 70 epochs to minimize losses. As during training using Detectron for 1000 iterations. The total
seen from Fig. 1 YOLOv8n yielded promising results with a loss of 0.029 demonstrates that the model is being optimized
training loss of 0.1 and a validation loss of 0.18. Additionally, effectively, whereas that achieved for accuracy is 0.994, which
it achieved a precision (B) of 0.94, a recall (B) of 0.95, a Mean shows that this model remains strong in object detection tasks.
Average Precision (mAP) of 0.98 calculated at an intersection Based on the research findings, training with Detectron for
over union (IoU) threshold of 0.50, and a mean average 1000 iterations yielded exceptional results, including a total
precision across IoU thresholds ranging from 0.5 to 0.95 of loss of 0.029 and a remarkable accuracy of 0.994. These
0.976. YOLOv8n demonstrated impressive performance with outcomes highlight the effectiveness and reliability of the
minimal loss and high precision. trained model in object detection tasks.

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 power for processing them which may not allow enough room
for deep learning parameters. An account of this is their
effectiveness when using resources, their capability when it
comes to detecting numerous objects and resistance to changes
in the environment; because of these reasons robots are likely
to operate in different hospitals and other medical institutions;
in addition, they can be interconnected with medical infor-
mation systems so that new automated systems are used for
diagnosing ASD which facilitate the treatment and increases
quality of patients life. In future works, further exploration
could focus on enhancing the efficiency and scalability of the
trained model by optimizing hyperparameters and exploring
advanced training techniques. Additionally, investigating the
model’s performance on larger and more diverse datasets could
provide valuable insights into its generalization capabilities
across various real-world scenarios.
Fig. 3. Total loss of Detectron
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