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Lecture 7

The document discusses Gauss's Divergence Theorem and the concepts of divergence and curl in both cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. It explains the mathematical representations of these concepts and their physical meanings, particularly in relation to vector fields and their properties. Additionally, it touches on the Laplacian operator and its application in edge detection and electric potential theory.

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5 views16 pages

Lecture 7

The document discusses Gauss's Divergence Theorem and the concepts of divergence and curl in both cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. It explains the mathematical representations of these concepts and their physical meanings, particularly in relation to vector fields and their properties. Additionally, it touches on the Laplacian operator and its application in edge detection and electric potential theory.

Uploaded by

aayantejani1312
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture_7

Gauss’s Divergence Theorem

න 𝑭. 𝒅𝑺 = න 𝜵. 𝑭 𝒅𝑽
𝑺 𝑽
Divergence in Cylindrical polar Coordinate system
(Try yourself !)
𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
∇ = 𝑒ෝ𝜌 𝜕𝜌
+ෞ
𝑒𝜙 𝜌 𝜕𝜙
+ 𝑒ෝ𝑧 𝜕𝑧

𝐴Ԧ = 𝑒Ƹ 𝜌 𝐴𝜌 +𝑒Ƹ 𝜙 𝐴𝜙 + 𝑒Ƹ 𝑧 𝐴𝑧
∇ × 𝑉 (The curl – Measure of Rotation)

∇×𝑉 <0
∇×𝑉 <0

× ∙ ∇×𝑉 >0

How do we measure the direction of the curl vector field?


∇ × 𝑉 (The curl)
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ × 𝑉 = 𝑒ෝ𝑥 + 𝑒ෝ𝑦 + 𝑒ෝ𝑧 × 𝑒ෝ𝑥𝑉𝑥 + 𝑒ෝ𝑦𝑉𝑦 + 𝑒ෝ𝑧𝑉𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑉𝑧 𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑉𝑥 𝜕𝑉𝑧 𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑉𝑥


∇ × 𝑉 = 𝑒ෝ𝑥 − +𝑒ෝ𝑦 − + 𝑒ෝ𝑧 −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

If given vector field as indicated below;

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑥 (x, y) 𝑒ෝ𝑥 + 𝑉𝑦 (x, y) 𝑒ෝ𝑦

𝜕𝑉𝑦 𝜕𝑉𝑥
∇ × 𝑉 = +𝑒ෝ𝑧 −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Curl in Spherical polar coordinate system:-

𝐴Ԧ = 𝑒Ƹ 𝑟 𝐴𝑟 +𝑒Ƹ 𝜃 𝐴𝜃 + 𝑒Ƹ 𝜙 𝐴𝜙
curl in Cylindrical polar Coordinate system
(Try yourself !)
𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
∇ = 𝑒ෝ𝜌 𝜕𝜌
+ෞ
𝑒𝜙 𝜌 𝜕𝜙
+ 𝑒ෝ𝑧 𝜕𝑧

𝐴Ԧ = 𝑒Ƹ 𝜌 𝐴𝜌 +𝑒Ƹ 𝜙 𝐴𝜙 + 𝑒Ƹ 𝑧 𝐴𝑧
(Second derivative)

∆𝑓 =
Application:
Edge detection using Laplacian

∇ ∙ ∇𝑓 = −𝑣𝑒
∇ ∙ ∇𝑓 = +𝑣𝑒
Laplace operator ∇2 is the divergence of the gradient of a function.

The flux density of gradient


Flow (continuous
transformation of function)

The Laplacian operator relates electric potential (V, measured in volts) to electric charge
density (ρv, measured in coulombs per cubic meter) through Poisson's Equation
?
Examples
What is the physical
meaning of this?

There is NO rotation
motion within the field.
What is the physical meaning of this?

∇ × ∇𝑓 = ∇ × 𝑉 = 0
Curl of the Gradient 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜(0)
•Gradient (∇𝑓): It is a vector field pointing in the direction of the greatest increase of f, with its magnitude
equal to the rate of increase.

•Curl (∇ × ∇𝑓): The curl of a vector field (∇𝑓) measures the tendency of the field to induce rotation or
circulation around a point. If the curl is zero, it indicates that there is no local rotation or swirling around
that point.
What is the physical meaning of this?

∇ × ∇𝑓 = ∇ × 𝑉 = 0
V → 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

∇ × V = 0 ("vector field derived from the gradient does not have any local
rotations; it only points in the direction of increasing values of the scalar field.")

✓ Will discuss –
• Second derivative in Oscillation chapter
• Conservative and non-conservative fields

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