GXESL208-IT WORKSHOP LAB MANUAL
CONTENTS
SL
Name of program
NO.
CYCLE – I
1. Familiarisation of Computer fundamentals
2. Familiarisation of Boot process
3. Installation of Linux and Windows Operating Systems
4. Familiarising basic Linux commands
5. Familiarising networking hardware components
CYCLE –II
6. Familiarising basic networking commands
7. View network traffic using Wireshark/Packet tracer
8. Familiarising the steps to configure network connecting
9. Shell programming in Linux
CYCLE - III
10. Creation of web page and deploy on a local web server
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GXESL208-IT WORKSHOP LAB MANUAL
11. Use Javascript to validate forms
12. Creation of image slider using HTML,CSS and Javascript
13 Familiarisation of Latex
14 Familiarisation of Visual studio code,Sublime Text,Atom
15 Introducing Repositories-Git/Bitbucket
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GXESL208-IT WORKSHOP LAB MANUAL
EXP No: 1
FAMILIARISATION OF COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
PROBLEM DEFINITION:
To familiarize computer hardware components.
THEORY:
Computer:
Computer is an electronic device which accepts data as input, performs processing on the
data, and gives the desired output. In other words, a computer is an electronic data processing
machine. Speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capability and versatility are the main characteristics
of computer.
CPU Box:
A computer case, also known as a computer chassis, is the enclosure
that contains most of the hardware of a personal computer.
Mother Board:
A motherboard is a circuit board inside general-purpose computing
systems, including personal computers, smart televisions, smart
monitors, and other similar devices, which supports communication
between different electrical components and houses components
such as the CPU, memory, etc.
CPU(Central Processing Unit):
Processes the data as well as controls, coordinates and
supervises the operations of the computer. CPU consists of two
important units : CU (Control Unit) and ALU (Arithmetic
Logic Unit).
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Interface cards:
Network Interface Card (NIC) is a hardware
component that is present on the computer. It is used
to connect different networking devices such as
computers and servers to share data over the connected
network. It provides functionality such as support for I/O
interrupt, Direct Memory Access (DMA) interfaces,
partitioning, and data transmission.
Card slot:
A special slot for inserting a memory card. Memory cards
allow you to expand the phone's built-in memory .
Hard disk:
A hard disk, also known as a hard disk drive (HDD), is a device
that stores data on a computer or other electronic device. It's a
non-volatile storage device, meaning it can retain data even when
the device is powered off.
Cables:
A cable, also known as a cord, plug, or connector transmits power
or data between devices or positions, which is covered in plastic
by one or more wires. A power cable and data cable are the primary
types of computer cables. The cable that creates communication
between devices is known as a data cable. A cable that powers the
device is known as a power cable.
SMPS:
A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) is a power electronics
topology, which consists of two power stages. The first stage
converts the ac supply into dc and the second stage converts the dc
voltage to the desired dc output voltage.
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GXESL208-IT WORKSHOP LAB MANUAL
NIC:
NIC stands for Network Interface Card, which is a physical
hardware component that connects a computer to a network. It
allows a computer to communicate with other devices on a network
by sending and receiving data. NICs are also known as Ethernet,
physical, or network cards.
Various ports:
Ports are nothing but it is connections between
external and internal input/output devices such as
keyboards, mice, mouse, Disk Drive, and many more
with motherboards using cables. That allows to
communicate between external devices or peripherals
with a laptop or computer. Computer ports may be
virtual or physical.
Input Devices:
In computing, an input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and control signals to
an information processing system, such as a computer or information appliance. Examples of
input devices include keyboards, computer mice, scanners, cameras, joysticks, and microphones.
Output Devices:
An output device is any piece of computer hardware that converts information or data into a
human-perceptible form or, historically, into a physical machine-readable form for use with other
non-computerized equipment.eg:printer,monitor.
Storage devices:
1. The storage unit is a part of the computer system which is employed to store the information
and instructions to be processed. A storage device is an integral part of the computer
hardware which stores information/data to process the result of any computational work.
Without a storage device, a computer would not be able to run or even boot up. Or in other
words, we can say that a storage device is hardware that is used for storing, porting, or
extracting data files. It can also store information/data both temporarily and
permanently. Eg:Types of storage devices:1. Primary Storage Devices
2. Magnetic Storage Devices
3. Flash memory Devices
4. Optical Storage Devices
5. Cloud and Virtual Storage
Buses:
A bus is a high-speed internal connection that transfers data, signals, or power between
components in a computer, or between computers. Buses are made up of hardware
components like wires and optical fibers, as well as software like communication protocols.
Firmware:
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Firmware is a type of software that's embedded in a device's hardware to control how it
functions.
CONCLUSION:
Familiarized with various hardware components of a desktop personal computer
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GXESL208-IT WORKSHOP LAB MANUAL
EXP NO 2
FAMILIARISATION OF BOOT PROCESS
PROBLEM DEFNITION
To understand the sequence of operations during the boot process and explore the components
involved in starting a computer.
Materials Required
A computer with access to the BIOS/UEFI
USB bootable device (e.g., Linux or Windows installation media)
Access to a virtual machine environment (e.g., VirtualBox or VMware) for safe
experiments
A monitor, keyboard, and mouse
Theory
The boot process is the sequence of events that occur from powering on a computer to loading the
operating system (OS). It typically involves the following steps:
1. Power-On Self-Test (POST): Hardware checks performed by the BIOS/UEFI.
2. Loading BIOS/UEFI Firmware: Initialization of system firmware.
3. Bootloader Execution: Loading of the bootloader from the bootable device.
4. Kernel Initialization: The OS kernel is loaded into memory.
5. Operating System Start-Up: User-level services and processes are initialized.
Procedure
Part 1: BIOS/UEFI Exploration
1. Access BIOS/UEFI:
o Power on the computer and press the appropriate key (e.g., F2, DEL, or ESC) to
enter the BIOS/UEFI setup.
o Note the key displayed during the splash screen.
2. Explore BIOS/UEFI Settings:
o Identify options such as boot order, hardware diagnostics, and system time.
o Change the boot priority to the USB device temporarily (if allowed).
3. Document Observations:
o Record settings related to the boot process, such as secure boot and boot device
options.
Part 2: Observing the Bootloader
1. Boot from USB Media:
o Insert a bootable USB with an alternate OS (e.g., Ubuntu live media).
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oRestart the system and observe how the bootloader (e.g., GRUB) appears.
2. Experiment with Bootloader:
o Navigate through bootloader options, such as safe mode or recovery mode.
o Note the configuration of the bootloader menu.
3. Document Observations:
o Record how the bootloader loads the kernel and transitions to the OS.
Part 3: Virtual Machine Experiment
1. Set Up a Virtual Machine:
o Create a virtual machine and assign a bootable ISO image as the primary boot
device.
2. Simulate Boot Process:
o Start the virtual machine and observe the boot sequence in a controlled
environment.
3. Analyze Logs:
o Use commands like dmesg or journalctl (in Linux) to view boot logs and identify
steps in the process.
Part 4: Understanding Kernel Initialization
1. Boot into Recovery Mode:
o Boot into recovery mode using the bootloader.
o Observe how the kernel initializes hardware components and loads necessary
drivers.
2. Access Terminal Logs:
o Access the command line and review boot logs using commands like:
css
Copy code
dmesg | less
journalctl –b
Conclusion
Summarize the key learnings about the boot process, emphasizing the role of
hardware, firmware, and software components in ensuring a successful system
startup.
III SEMESTER–B.TECH. Department of CSE,TEC
GXESL208-IT WORKSHOP LAB MANUAL
EXP NO 3
FAMILIARISATION OF INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS AND UBUNTU
OPERATING SYSTEMS
PROBLEM DEFNITION
To understand the process of installing Windows and Linux operating systems.
Components Required
1. A computer system or virtual machine software (e.g., VirtualBox or VMware).
2. Bootable installation media for:
o Windows OS (e.g., Windows 10/11 ISO file).
o Linux OS (e.g., Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian ISO file).
3. Minimum system requirements:
o Processor: Dual-core or higher.
o RAM: 4 GB or more.
o Hard Disk: At least 50 GB of free space.
4. Internet connection (optional for updates).
5. Keyboard, mouse, and monitor.
Theory
An operating system (OS) is software that acts as an intermediary between the user and
computer hardware. Installing an OS involves:
Preparing the installation media.
Setting up partitions for the OS.
Configuring the OS for first-time use.
Procedure
INSTALLING WINDOWS
1. Create Bootable Media
o Use tools like Rufus or Media Creation Tool to create a bootable USB or DVD
with the Windows ISO file.
2. Boot from Installation Media
o Restart the system and enter the BIOS/UEFI settings (usually by pressing F2,
F12, Del, or Esc during boot).
o Set the boot order to prioritize the USB/DVD.
3. Windows Installation Steps
o Select your language, time format, and keyboard layout. Click "Next."
o Click "Install Now."
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o Enter the product key or select "I don’t have a product key."
o Choose the installation type:
Upgrade: To keep existing files.
Custom: For a fresh installation.
o Create/modify partitions as needed.
o Select the partition to install Windows and click "Next."
o Wait for the installation to complete and follow the on-screen instructions for
initial setup.
INSTALLING LINUX (E.G., UBUNTU)
1. Create Bootable Media
o Use tools like Balena Etcher to create a bootable USB with the Linux ISO file.
2. Boot from Installation Media
o Restart the system and enter the BIOS/UEFI settings.
o Set the boot order to prioritize the USB/DVD.
3. Linux Installation Steps
o Select "Install Ubuntu" from the boot menu.
o Choose your preferred language and keyboard layout.
o Select the installation type:
Normal Installation: Includes additional software.
Minimal Installation: Only essential tools.
o Choose the partitioning method:
Erase Disk and Install: For fresh installations.
Something Else: For custom partitioning.
o Create partitions (e.g., root /, swap, and home /home).
o Click "Install Now" and confirm changes.
o Set up user accounts and passwords.
Result
The installation of both Windows and Linux was successfully completed
Conclusion
Familiarised the installation of windows and Ubuntu operating systems.
III SEMESTER–B.TECH. Department of CSE,TEC
GXESL208-IT WORKSHOP LAB MANUAL
EXP NO:4
FAMILIARISATION OF BASIC LINUX COMMANDS
PROBLEM DEFNITION
To understand and execute basic Linux commands
Components Required
1. A computer or virtual machine with a Linux-based OS (e.g., Ubuntu, Fedora, or Debian).
2. Terminal access (command-line interface).
3. Internet connection (optional, for downloading updates).
Theory
Linux commands are the primary way to interact with the operating system via the terminal.
Each command serves a specific purpose, such as managing files, monitoring the system, or
configuring user permissions.
Procedure
Execute the following commands in the terminal and observe their behavior. Document the
results.
Commands and Their Usage
File and Directory Management
1. ls: Lists files and directories in the current directory.
ls
ls -l (long format)
ls -a (show hidden files)
2. mkdir: Creates a new directory.
mkdir myfolder
3. cp: Copies files or directories.
cp file1.txt file2.txt
cp -r folder1/ folder2/ (copy a directory)
4. mv: Moves or renames files/directories.
mv file1.txt newfile.txt (rename file)
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mv file1.txt /path/to/destination/ (move file)
5. grep: Searches for a specific string in files.
grep "pattern" filename.txt
grep -i "pattern" filename.txt (case-insensitive search)
6. rmdir: Deletes an empty directory.
rmdir emptyfolder
Permission Management
7. chmod: Changes file or directory permissions.
chmod 755 file.txt (set read/write/execute for owner, read/execute for others)
chmod +x script.sh (make script executable)
User Management
8. useradd: Adds a new user to the system.
sudo useradd newuser
9. passwd: Changes the password of a user.
passwd newuser
System Monitoring
10. history: Displays the command history.
history
11. dmesg: Displays kernel messages.
mesg
dmesg | tail (view recent messages)
12. cpuinfo: Displays CPU information.
cat /proc/cpuinfo
13. uname: Displays system information.
uname -a (all system information)
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Disk and Storage Management
14. du: Displays disk usage of files and directories.
o Usage:
bash
Copy code
du -h (human-readable format)
du -sh folder/ (summary for a specific folder)
15. fdisk: Used to manage disk partitions.
o Usage:
bash
Copy code
sudo fdisk -l (list available partitions)
Time and Communication
16. time: Measures the execution time of a command.
o Usage:
bash
Copy code
time ls
17. write: Sends a message to another user on the same system.
o Usage:
bash
Copy code
write username
Result
Successfully executed the listed Linux commands
III SEMESTER–B.TECH. Department of CSE,TEC
GXESL208-IT WORKSHOP LAB MANUAL
EXP NO:5
FAMILIARISATION OF NETWORKING HARDWARE
PROBLEM DEFNITION
To familiarize basic networking hardware, including RJ-45 connectors, UTP cables, fiber optic
cables, switches, network interface cards (NIC), routers, wireless access points, and modems.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED
1. RJ-45 connectors
2. UTP cables (Cat 5e/Cat 6)
3. Fiber optic cables
4. Network Switch
5. Network Interface Card (NIC)
6. Router
7. Wireless Access Point
8. Modem
9. Crimping tool
10. Cable tester
11. Ethernet-enabled devices (laptops or desktops)
12. SC, ST, or LC connectors for fiber optic cables
13. Internet connection for router and modem (optional for full setup)
14. Marker and labels for cable identification
THEORY
Part A: Familiarization with Hardware
1. RJ-45 Connectors and UTP Cables
o Observe the structure of an RJ-45 connector and UTP cable.
o Discuss the pinout standards (T568A and T568B).
o Use a crimping tool to terminate UTP cables with RJ-45
connectors.
o Test the cable using a cable tester to ensure proper connectivity.
2. Fiber Optic Cables
o Examine a fiber optic cable and its connectors (SC, ST,
LC).
o Discuss the difference between single-mode and multi-
mode fiber.
o Observe how light transmits through fiber optic cables
using a light source (if available).
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3. Switch
o Identify the ports and LEDs on a switch.
o Understand the concept of switching and its role in a
network.
4. NIC (Network Interface Card)
o Locate the NIC in a computer/laptop.
o Discuss its purpose and observe how it interfaces with the
network using Ethernet cables or wireless connectivity.
5. Router
o Identify the ports (WAN, LAN, power, reset) on a router.
o Understand how a router connects multiple networks,
including the internet.
6. Wireless Access Point
o Observe the physical structure and ports of a
wireless access point.
o Discuss its role in extending wireless network
coverage.
7. Modem
o Examine the structure of a modem and identify its
input/output ports.
o Discuss its role in modulating and demodulating data for
internet access.
Result
Familiarised basic networking hardware components.
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