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Enhancement of the Accuracy of the Detection of Breast Cancer using Dielectric

Resonator Antenna with Impact Factor Technique

Conference Paper · August 2021

DOI: 10.1109/SPIN52536.2021.9566003

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 Enhancement of the Accuracy of the Detection of
Breast Cancer using Dielectric Resonator Antenna
with Impact Factor Technique
2021 8th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN) | 978-1-6654-3564-2/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/SPIN52536.2021.9566003

Sandhya Sharma∗ , Pravin R. Prajapati†

Center of Excellence in Advanced in Communication Technologies,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
A D Patel Institute of Technology,
Karamsad, Gujarat-388121, India
Email:sharmasr [email protected]∗ , [email protected]†

Abstract—A new technique for breast cancer detection us- The interplay of microwave frequency with biological ma-
ing highly sensitive circularly polarized cylindrical dielectric terial has been explored to design highly touchy sensors [3]–
resonator antenna with improved impact factor calculation is [6]. This method is a superb alternative as it is non-invasive,
demonstrated in this article. The operating range of proposed
antenna is from 2.2 to 2.6 GHz. The antenna consists of a cheaper and less bulky than other detection techniques. These
cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna feed by microstrip line. detection approaches are primarily based on the contrast in
Circular polarisation is achieved by aperture coupling using the the electrical properties among a healthy tissue and malig-
cross slot. The breast phantom is placed between two cylindrical nant tumor. The sensor ought to be smaller, lightweight and
circularly polarised dielectric resonator antennas for obtaining appropriate to be set straightforwardly on the breast tissue.
the simulation results. This detection method is based on the
change in dielectric properties of normal breast tissues in the In addition, maintaining good impedance matching when in
presence of cancerous cells. A heterogeneous voxel breast model contact with the breast tissue is a prime requirement. More-
is used with varying dielectric properties. The field radiation over, the now accessible sensor designs for breast cancer
analysis of the antenna with breast model as well as with and detection utilize the extra lump loads. This technique has
without tumor was carried out using CST microwave studio V. problem of narrow impedance matching bandwidth, which
2018. The estimation of the existence of the tumor is calculated by
the simulated results in terms of return loss, bandwidth and axial leading to low efficiency and poor performance. To minimize
ratio for the different tumor size. On the bases of these results, the reflection between free space and breast tissue, all sensors
the impact factor is defined for the tumor of different size. By using metals have to be immersed in a medium having same
this method, the dependency on only one result of antenna is permittivity as breast tissue which requires a lot of preparation
reduced and the accuracy of the detection can be enhanced. and inconvenience to the patient.
Index Terms—DRA, cross slot coupling, voxel model, circular
polarisation, breast cancer A dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) gives the benefits of
smaller form factor, high radiation efficiency, low conduction
I. I NTRODUCTION losses and huge matching bandwidth [7], [8]. Because of
different body postures and in-homogeneity of the biologi-
Breast cancer is one of the prime causes of mortality rates
cal tissue polarisation mismatch occurs, hence the detection
in women globally [1]. Deaths due to cancer can reduce, if
technique using linearly polarised antenna become sensitive to
cancers are detected and treatment can be started at an early
transmitter and receiver orientation. In such case, the circularly
stage. Mammography, being the best breast cancer detection
polarised (CP) antenna offers a distinct advantage of being
test requires expert’s interpretation to correctly diagnose the
insensitive to transmitter receiver orientation. A lightweight
presence of tumor. It has a high false negative and false posi-
cylindrical CP DRA sensor is proposed for microwave breast
tive rate [2]. Large rates of false positive and negative reports
cancer detection [4]. Moreover the existing detection systems
lead to increased repeat diagnosis expenses, discomfort, expo-
have modeled the breast tissue as homogeneous block [9], or as
sure to radiation and anxiety on the part of the patient. Five
a layered structure [10], [11] for simulation. However the use
to fifteen percentage of such screening mammograms require
of more geometrically and dielectrically accurate breast model
more testing such as additional mammograms or ultrasound.
enhance the study of propagation and scattering of microwave
Therefore, there is a requirement for a more reliable diagnostic
signals within the breast tissue. Voxel models are virtual 3-
technique for breast cancer detection.
dimensional computational models primarily based on the real
Department of Science and Technology (DST), India under Women Scien- anatomy of individual humans [12]. They faithfully represent
tist Scheme-A human anatomy and are scalable in the size of required human

978-1-6654-3564-2/21/$31.00 2021
c IEEE 312

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 (a) (b)

(c) (d)
Fig. 1: (a) Top view of the circularly polarised DRA (b) circularly polarisation through cross slot coupling with microstrip
feed (c) side view of circularly polarised DRA (d) exploded structure.

dimensions. In this work, a high resolution and anatomically implemented by placing the human breast voxel tissue between
practical heterogeneous breast phantom of the voxel based two identical sensors for simulation. Then reflection coefficient
female model LAURA is used with the antenna for simulation (S11 ) and transmission coefficient (S21 ) responses of the two
purpose. sensors are obtained after simulation and analyzed along with
In previous work, the possibility of tumor detection has an axial ratio (AR) to conclude the presence of any tumor
been explored by observing the change in return loss (S11 ) of inside the breasts.
compact stair shaped DRA [4], multi-ring slots ultra wide band The novelty of the proposed detection method with respect
patch antenna [13], compact defected ground structure (DGS) to previously introduced methods is that the proposed method
ring resonator [14] and ultra-wide band bow-tie antennas [15], based on analysis of the impact factor. The impact factor is
etc. None of them has calibrated the sensor output in terms of determined on the bases of the resonance frequency shifting,
tumor size. the value of the resonance frequency, the value of the axial
In this paper, the application of CP cylindrical DRA as a ratio, bandwidth of the resonance frequency, etc. Each change
sensor for microwave breast tumor detection is presented. The in antenna radiation characteristics has been monitored and
detection of the existence of a breast tumor is determined suitable weighting factor is given to each performance figure
by correlating the variations in the response of return loss, of the antenna. The previously reported methods depend on
bandwidth, transmission coefficient (S21 ) and axial ratio, etc. only one characteristic (i.e. change in S11 ). In our proposed
for different tumor size. The detection technique used here is method, as the impact factor depends on so many changes in

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 radiation characteristics of the antenna, the probability of the obtained in dielectric properties of malignant and normal
false detection of the tumor is reduced and thus the detection adipose tissue at microwave frequency. On the contrary, it
accuracy can be enhanced. is much lower, not more than 10% between malignant and
normal fibro connective/glandular breast tissue [20], [21].
II. M ATHEMATICAL M ODELLING O F D IELECTRIC Hence, it is necessary to design a highly sensitivity biosensor,
P ROPERTIES OF B REAST T ISSUE to achieve the detection of breast cancer.
Human breast comprise of adipose, glandular and fibrous
tissue, making it a complicated tissue. All tissue types are char- III. DESIGN OF MICROWAVE BIOSENSOR
acterized by their dielectric properties, namely conductivity A. DESIGN CONCEPT
(S/m), permittivity (F/m) and permeability (H/m). Being non- The cylindrical DRA is used in the design because of its
magnetic, their permeability is assumed to be the same as that ease of fabrication and its ability to excite different modes. In
in free space [16], which is negligible. Hence, permittivity and order to design a compact sensor, the size of the DRA can be
conductivity are the two main properties considered to make reduced by using material with high dielectric constant. The
breast phantoms or models, which can mimic the behavior of resonance frequency of HEM11δ mode is given by [22],
breast issue, in fact for any biological tissue. Both dielectric
permittivity and conductivity in biological tissues display non- 6.321×3×10 8
D
fr,HEM11δ = √
πD e +2
× [0.27 + 0.36 × 4HR +
linear behavior with frequency [17].
The dielectric relaxation theory explains the power of the D2
polar molecules to align with the oscillating electric field. One 0.2 × ] (4)
16HR 2
or more of various polarisation mechanisms like electronic,
orientation, atomic or spatial polarisation dominate depending W here, HR = H + Hs (5)
on frequency contribute to the dielectric properties of tissues.
In the microwave range orientation mechanism dominates. As HR
e = H HS
(6)
the frequency of the electric field increases, it reaches a value DRA + sub
at which the molecules can no longer follow the electric field.
Where, e = effective dielectric constant, HR and HS is
This frequency is the relaxation frequency, which is related to
the effective height of resonator and substrate thickness, D =
relaxation time τ by [18],
diameter of the cylindrical DRA, DRA = dielectric constant
1 1 λc of DRA, sub = dielectric constant of substrate.
τ= = = (1)
ωc 2π·fc 2π·c
The Debye relaxation model is defined as follows [19]:
ε∞ − εs σ
εf =ε∞ + −j (2)
1−jτ ω ωε0
Where, ε∞ is the permittivity and its value increases as the
water content of tissue increases, εs is the static permittivity,
τ is the relaxation time, ρ is the conductivity. The factor
= ε∞ − εs represents the unbounded or free water in the
tissue. In addition to this, the dielectric data from biological (a)
tissue show relaxation behavior much broader than that could
be represented by Debye’s model. Because of superposition
of several relaxation processes at the given frequency, the
Debye’s model could not mathematically model the dielectric
properties.
The Cole-Cole model could fit the data of biological tissue
nicely and was defined as follows [21]:
ε∞ − εs
ε∗ (ω) =ε∞ + 1−α (3)
1−(jτ ω) (b)
Various spectral shapes are described by the parameter α, Fig. 2: (a) Single unit of CST Model of Antenna (b) detection
which lies between 0 and 1. system set up.
Using two-pole Debye models, dielectric properties of
normal breast tissue and cancerous tissue in the frequency The most useful feeding technique for DRA is the aperture
range 0.5∼20 GHz, and the 3.1–10.6 GHz, which are known coupling, where in the guided wave propagating through the
as Federal Communications Commission (FCC) bands were slot is coupled to the DRA through a slot. This helps in
investigated by Lazebnik et al. [19]. A contrast of 10:1 is reducing the spurious radiation from the feeding network and

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 Fig. 3: Design development of CP antenna (a) Antenna 1 (b) Antenna 2 (c) Antenna 3.

TABLE I: Permittivity and Conductivity at microwave

frequency range [20].
Tissue Conductivity [S/m] Permittivity
Bone 0.8229 18.49
Breast glandular 1.038 59.68
tissue
Cartilage 1.795 38.66
Breast Fat 0.1407 5.137
Muscle 1.773 52.67
Skin 1.488 37.95
Tumor 0.889 68.0

improves the purity of the polarisation. Another parameter to (a)

be taken care is the gain of the DRA. To achieve circular
polarization, there are two simple methods used: One is
dual feed excitation and other is single feed excitation with
asymmetrical aperture coupling [7]. In single feed technique
the feed is placed at point where two orthogonal modes can
be excited. Cross slot coupling [23] could give axial ratio
bandwidth of about 16% with circular DRA elements.
The design geometry of the proposed cross slot coupled CP
DRA is shown in Figs. 1(a)-(d). It consists of a cylindrical
DRA and a microstrip line fed cross slot on the substrate.
Circular polarisation is achieved by the combination of the
cross slot coupling and by cutting two slots, which results (b)
in the excitation of two near-degenerate orthogonal modes of Fig. 4: Frequency response (a) AR, (b) S11 for three configu-
near-equal amplitudes and 90 degree phase difference. rations of the antenna.
The dimension of cross slots used to achieve CP operation
is L5 × W5 (arm 1) and L6 × W6 (arm 2). For this particular
design of antenna, the radiating structure is the DRA on the mm × 1.75mm (arm 1) and 15.74 mm × 2.43mm (arm 2).
ground plane and feeding structure is the cross slot in the CST Studio software V. 2018 is used to design the antenna.
substrate. The single unit of the antenna model designed in CST Studio
2018 is shown in Fig. 2 (a).
B. ANTENNA PARAMETERS
The cylindrical-shaped DRA with dielectric constant of C. VOXEL BREAST TISSUE
12.85 and loss tangent of 0.0001 is placed on the ground Data of computerized tomography (CT) scan and magnetic
plane of 80 × 80 mm2 .The diameter of DRA is 16.45 mm resonance imaging (MRI) images of patients and from the
and height is 7.73 mm. The substrate of dielectric constant “Visible Human” project are used to create human models
12.85 has dimension 80 mm × 80 mm × 1.27 mm. For [24].
proper impedance matching the feed is a 50 ohm microstrip Anatomically realistic heterogeneous human voxel models
line, which has length 23.37mm and width of 6.0 mm. The are obtained. Later on, dielectric properties are assigned to
dimension of cross slots used to achieve CP operation is 13.25 tissues in the voxel model.

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 shape is modified by providing diagonally opposite cut on
the cylindrical DRA to improve the AR bandwidth. In the
third antenna structure, a solid copper block is placed on the
ground plane to achieve more pure AR value. The AR and
S11 characteristics are shown in Figs. 4 (a) and (b). Antenna
3 provides the maximum simulated 3-dB AR bandwidths of
15.22%. Hence, antenna 3 is chosen as the antenna structure
for detection.

(a) (b)
B. TUMOR DETECTION

Breast section of LAURA model has been sandwiched be-

tween two CP DRA as shown in Fig. 2 (b). To test the
sensitivity of the system for various tumor sizes, the simulation
was carried out for tumor size from 1 mm to 8 mm. The plot of
the various parameters obtained is shown in Figs. 5(a), (b) and
(c). As the size of the tumor increase, the overall permittivity
of the tissue increases, that disturbs the phase of orthogonal
components of currents, so, AR increases from 3.5 dB to 4.8
(c) dB. Similarly, after careful study of Fig. 5 (b), it is concluded
Fig. 5: Effect of existence of tumor and its size on (a) axial that as increment in size of the tumor, for the same reason
ratio (b) return loss (c) S21 characteristics. stated earlier, the impedance matching between antenna feed
and radiating element disturbs and due to this effect, the value
of S11 rises from -42.72 dB (no tumor condition) to -13.33
Seven human model voxel are available in the CST voxel dB (8 mm tumor size). The dielectric loss also increases with
family, which are created from data sets of person of different increment in average permittivity, the S21 increases from -22.6
gender, age and stature. The female model named LAURA is dB to -19.86 dB as described in Fig. 5 (c).
used by the proposed detection system for simulation purpose. Theoretically, as increment in dielectric permittivity, the re-
They are included in the CST STUDIO SUITETM installation turn loss increases, while resonant frequency and transmission
and can be imported using the voxel data import. Only certain coefficient (S21 ) decreases. In addition to that, the bandwidth
frequencies can be chosen while importing the model. So, of the antenna increases. The simulation results obtained are
first the model has been imported using selectable frequency in line with the theoretical behavior for most of the tumor
(say 900 MHz), then the human material properties VBA sizes. The modeling of the breast tissue as a heterogeneous
macro used to set the desired frequency. Relative dielectric structure instead of homogeneous structure, accounts for this
permittivity values of the tissues inside the breast phantom behavior. The results obtained are shown in Table II. In this
model selected at the centre frequency of the CP antenna table, f0 is resonance frequency of the antenna, fL and fH
are shown in Table I. This was modified by using macro are lower and upper cutoff frequency of the bandwidth of the
materials define human material properties (according to Cole- antenna respectively.
Cole model) for broadband operation over the frequency range
1 to 3 GHz in CST Microwave Studio simulation software. Taking into account of the results obtained, more than one
A spherical tumor with dielectric constant 68 and a diameter parameters were used to analyze the presence of tumor. An
of 1 mm (variables for analysis) is embedded inside the breast impact factor was formulated as taken into account number of
phantom. To decrease the number of mesh cells and thus to antenna parameters with different weights and it is given by,
reduce the simulation time, a small section of the LAURA
2
model, including the breast section in the left is considered Impact factor = [S11 − (fS11 + BW + AR + S21 )]
for the simulations. The complete detection system set up is
shown in Fig. 2 (b).
Where, S11 is value of return loss in dB at resonance fre-
IV. R ESULTS & D ISCUSSION quency, fS11 is resonance frequency in GHz, BW is bandwidth
of antenna in MHz, AR is axial ratio in dB, S21 is value of
A. Antenna characteristics transmission coefficient in dB. It was found that this factor is
Three antenna structures were designed and analyzed and positive and having a large value in the absence of tumor.
optimized. Step by step modifications done in design are In case of presence of the tumor, the value of the impact
described in Fig. 3. The first antenna structure contains a cylin- factor is negative and becomes more negative as the tumor
drical DRA. In the second antenna structure, the cylindrical size increases.

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 TABLE II: Simulated value of various parameters with increment in tumor size.

Tumor S11 S11 S11 S11 BW AR S21 S21 f0 Impact

Diameter f0 (GHz) (dB) fL (GHz) fH (GHz) MHz (dB) (dB) (GHz) Factor
Nil 2.455 -42.72 2.3 2.610 310 7.92 -22.6 2.325 1527.22
1mm 2.435 -19.14 2.2422 2.629 386.4 4.8956 -19.6 2.3275 -7.7225
2mm 2.436 -19.16 2.2422 2.630 387.8 4.8703 -19.67 2.3275 -8.5764
3mm 2.438 -19.22 2.2422 2.634 391.8 4.8142 -19.68 2.3275 -10.123
4mm 2.439 -19.06 2.2363 2.641 405.1 4.8188 -19.65 2.325 -29.238
5mm 2.438 -18.18 2.2305 2.645 414.6 4.9408 -19.69 2.325 -71.64
6mm 2.426 -16.07 2.2267 2.625 398.5 5.6899 -19.91 2.3275 -128.6
7mm 2.405 -13.45 2.2255 2.585 359 6.6740 -20.24 2.33 -166.92
8mm 2.406 -13.33 2.2218 2.590 368.3 6.6068 -19.86 2.325 -179.74

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