Unit (20)

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

20.1 Relations Between Two Sets
Relation between two sets A and B, is a rule that relates the elements of A and the
elements of B.
A B
Example
Tokyo Japan
Paris France
London UK

The relation from A to B is :

“ is the capital of ”
Example
2 1
4 2
6 3

A B
The relation from A to B is “ is twice of ”
Description of a Relation
A relation can be described by
(i) using word statements (in words) or,
(ii) using arrow diagrams or,
(iii) using a set of ordered pairs or,
(iv) drawing a graph.

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Example (1) Yangon “is the capital” of Myanmar.

Example (2)
4 3

5 4

6 5

The relation from A to B is “is one greaterthan”

Set of ordered pairs

In a relation from A to B, if x  A and y  B.
the set of all ordered pairs is written as
{ (x1, y1) , (x2, y2) , . . . }.

Example (3)
A = { 1, 4, 9} , B = {1, 2, 3} . The relation from A to B is “is the square of”. Then the
set of ordered pairs for this relation is written as :
{ (1, 1), (4, 2) , (9, 3)

Example (4)
A = (1, 2, 3, 4} , B = { 2, 4, 6, 8}
The relation from A to B is “is half of”.
B
8
6
4
2
A
1 2 3 4

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Domain and Range
The set of first elements of ordered pairs is called the domain and the set of the
second elements of ordered pairs is called the range.

Relation : { ( 2, 1 ), ( 4, 2 ) , (6, 3)}

Domain = { 2, 4, 6 }
Range = { 1, 2, 3 }

Exercise 20.1
(1) Let A = { 5, 7 } and B = { 8, 10} Let the relation from A to B be “is three less
than”. Draw an arrow diagram.

(2) Let P = { 1, 2 } and Q = { 10, 12 }. Let the relation from P to Q be “is a factor
of”. Write down the set of ordered pairs, which describes this relation.

(3) X = { 2, 6, 8 } and Y = { 1, 3, 4 }

The relation from X to Y is “ is twice of” . Draw the graph of this relation.

(4) A = B = { 1, 3, 5, 7 }

Write down the set of ordered pairs which describes the relation “ is less
than” from A to B. Draw the graph of this relation.

20.2 Functions
A function from a set A to a set B is a special relation such that each element
of A is related to exactly one element in B.
It is also a relation in which each first element of an ordered pair has only
one second element.

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Example (1)
 
 
 
 

A B

Not a function
Example (2)






A B
Function

Example (3) { ( 1, 3 ) , ( 3, 6 ) , ( 1, 8 ) } Not a function.

Example (4)
 
 

 

A B
Function

Notations of functions
Functions are described ; using small letters f, g, h, etc, ........... .

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Image
If a relation from A to B is a function and x  A is related to y  B , then y is called
the image of x under this function.

Range The set of all images is the range of the function.

Domain A is the domain of the function. (see Example 2)

Description
1. Function notation f : x  ......
2. Formula form f (x) = ...... Read “f of x”

Example 1. f : x  3x + 5
2. f (x) = 3x + 5

Example 3. If A = { 0, 1, 2} and B = The subset of real numbers, a function

from A to B is defined as f : x  x2 + 3. Find the range.

A B
f
0 f(0)
1 f(1)
2 f(2)

Thinking Process
Write function in formula form.
i.e. f (x) = x2 + 3
The image of x in A is f(x) in B.
 The image of 0 in A is f (0) in B.
Range = { f (0), f(1), f(2)}

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Solution:
f (x) = x2 + 3
 f (0) =0+3 = 3
f (1) = 12 + 3 = 4
f (2) = 22 + 3 = 7
 3, 4, 7 are images of 0, 1, 2.
 Range = { 3, 4, 7 }

Exercises 20.2
1. A function f whose domain is { -2 , 0 , 2 } is given as f : x  x2 + 3. Find the
range of f.

2. A function g whose domain is { x : x2 - 5x + 6 = 0 , x  R} is given as

g : x  x3 - 4, find the range of g.

2
3. A function f whose domain { 1, -2, } is given as f : (x)  2x + 3. Find the
3
range of f.

4. If f (x) = 2x - 3 , find.
2
(a) f (1) (b) f (-2) (c) f ( )
3
1
5. Given f : x  , copy and complete the following.
6 x
(a) f : 3  _________
(b) f : -4  _________
1
(c) f : -  _________
2
6. If f : x  x ( x - 3) , find x if
(a) f:x  4 (b) f : x  -2

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7. Given f(x) = 2x, find
2
(a) f (3) (b) f (-2) (c) f ( )
3
8. If f(x) = ax + b, f (0) = 2 and f (1) = 5, find a and b. Hence find f (3) and
f (-4).
1
9. If f : x  x + , find x if f : x  2.
x
x 1
10. If g (x) = , find.
x 1 2
(a) g (0) (b) g(-1) (c) g(- )
3
a 1
11. The function f : x  + b , ( x 0), is such that f (-1) = -4 and f(2) =
x 2
Find the value of a and b.

2
12. Given f (x) = 6x + , find x if :
x
(a) f (x) = 7, (b) f(x) = -8

13. If f(x) = 5 – (x - 1)2 , find

1
(a) f ( ) (b) x if f (x) = –4
4
14. In each of the following functions, find the images of –3, 0, 2 and 5.
(a) f:x x2 – x – 5 (b) g:x 2x – x2

15. The domain for the function f : x 2x2 + 1 is {–2, –1, 0 , 1 , 2}.
Find the range of the function f.

16. The function g is given by g(t) = 7t – 2t2. Find the values of t which have an
image of 5.

17. If h (x) = 3x + 2, what is the value of x which is mapped onto 8?

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18. The function g is given as g : x x2 – 5x + 9.
(a) Find the values of x which have an image of 15.
(b) Find the value of x which maps onto itseft.

19. If the range of the function f(x) = x2 – 2 is {–2, –1, 7}, find the domain.

2
20. The range of the function g(x) = 1– is {–1, 2, 4}. Find the domain.
x
21. The function f is defined by f : x ax + b, where a and b are constants,
f(–2) = 7 and f(2) = – 1. Find the value of a and of b.

22. f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are constants. If f(0) = 7, what is the
value of c ? Given also that f(1) = 6 and f(–1) = 12, find the value of a and of b.

9
23. Given the function f : x where a and b are constants.
ax  b
f(2) = 3 and f(–4) = –1, find the value of a and of b.

24. Given that f(x) = x2 – 4x + 1, solve the equations

(a) f(x) = x–3 (b) f(2x) = 13.

25. Functions f and g are given as f(x) = x2 – x and g(x) = 2x – 3.

(a) If f(x) + g(x) = 3, find x.
(b) If f(p) + g(–p) = 1 , find p.

x 1
26. If f(x) = 2 , find the value of k (other than k = 1) such that f(k) = f(1).
x  x 1

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