d and F block elements

d block elements
The elements in which last entering electron enters into
a orbital of Penultimate shell are called a block elements
In a block there are four series of elements
3d series Sc to
38h
yd series 3
to

bd series 54914 to
go 9

Gd series f to
gfc oy
The general electronic configuration of
a block elements is n d tons 2

except Pd Kr 4210 55

some d block elements have abnormal electronic

configuration
Cr 2 24 AT 315 us
Cu 2 29 AS 3210 4s
Mo 2 42 Kr 425 5s
Pd Z 46 Ks 4210 55

Ag 2 47 Kr yd 5s

All Z 79 Exe 4514 51106s

Pt Z 78 Xe 4514 519 65
 This is due to
1 Full filled and half filled electronic configuration
stable electronic configuration
are
2 electron electron repulsions
3 Nuclear electron attractions
Transition elements
The elements in which partially filled d orbitals are
there in their elementary state or chemically
signif cant
oxidation state are called transition elements
ex sept 12ᵗʰ group or IIB Zn Cd Hg Cn all
the d block elements are transition elements
In fact Zn Id Itg are
verymuch similar in
as alkaline prop rties
earth metals

General characteristics of transition elements

1 all the transition elements metals They are hard
heavy metals
and
2 They have high melting and boiling Points
3 They have high enthalpies of vapour sation high

e thalpies
of atomisation high enthalpies of hydration of
their ions
4 show variable oxidation states
They
5 Most of the transition metals and their compounds
act as catalysts
 6 Most of the compounds of transition elements are
coloured compounds
7 Most of the transition elements and their compounds
are paramagnetic in nature
8 They have more
tendency to form complex compounds
9 They form alloys easily
10 They form interstitial tompounds

Noble metals Cu
Ag Au Pt Hq These are less

metals
General trends
re ctive
in the properties of transition elements
1 Atomic radius
In the series of transition elements the atomic
radius decreases from left to right but the decrease
inthe atomil radius less when compare to decrease
is
in the atomic radius of representative elements This
is due to screening effect of d electrons
The In Dd electrons act as screen between nucleus
and valence electrons The increase in the nuclear force
is
partially cancelled by screening effect d electrons
In 3d series fromthe atomic radius
SC to Zn
decreases but Cr to Cu have almost same atomic
radius but cu to Zn the atomic radius increases
 Thus at the end of each transition series there is
slight increase in the atomic radii Near the end of
the series the increased electron electron repulsions
between the electrons in the same orbital are greater than
the attractive forces due to increased nuclear charge
In the groups of transition elements the atomic radius
increases from 3d series to yd series But ud series
and 5d series elements have similar atomic size This
is due to Lanthanoid contraction

netallic character
All the d block elements are metals They have
hCP cap or bet structure
They exhibit all the characteristics of metals
They are mealable and ductile
They have high tensile strength They have high thermal
and electrical conductivity
Greater the number of unpaired d electrons
isthe bonding str nger
Cr Mo and W have maximum number of unpaired

d electrons and are therefore hard metals whereas Zn

Cd and Ag are not hard metals due to absence
very
of unpaired electrons
 melting and boiling Points
The transition metals have melting and boiling
very high
Points M P BP Oltrap of a block elements are much
than the s and
h gher
p block elements due to strong
metallic bonding in a block The melting points of the
transition metals rise to a maximum then fall as the
atomic number increases Mn and Tc have abnormally
low melting points
The stronger metallic bonds are responsible for
the high melting and boiling points
a block metals unpaired n
d electrons
In
take part in metallic bonding Hence greater are no
of In 1 d unpaired electrons greater will be M P

mn in first transition series

second Tc in
transition series and somewhat in Re in the third
transition series have low
melting Points Because
these metals have half filled d orbitals Due to
presence of stable electronic configuration the
elect ons
held tightly by the nucleus so that the
are
del calisation
is less and the metallic bonding is
much weaker than that of Preeding element
As there are no unpaired electrons in zn Cd and Hg

they are soft and have low melting points Hg is

 liquid with melting Point of 234K
3d 4dC5d
same group
1 increasing order Mip in the
Ag4 AUG exceptional ordeal
Yp
Tungsten has the highest melting Point among d block
elements
M.PT Hvap BP
As the strength of metallic bond

Density
The density increases from left to right in series due
to decrease in the atomic size
In a
group from top to bottom the density increases
due to increase in the atomic mass
The density of Zn Cu This is due to large
atomic volume of Zn and hence lower density

Among d block elements iridium has the highest

density 22.61 g cm whereas scandium has the lowest
density 3.43 g cm Osmium has slightly lesser density
22.5991cm than iridium
Ionisation energies or Ionisation enthalpies
The first ionisation enthalpies of d block elements lie
between S block and P block elements
 The ionisation enthalpy gradually increases with increase
in atomic number along a given transition series with
some elleptions This is due to increase in nuclear charge
and decrease in atomic size

The irregular trend in the first ionisation enthalpy

If
of 3d metals is due to the fact that the removal of
the electron alters the relative energies of 4s and 3d
orbitals Thus there is a reorganisation energy
accomp nying
ionisation This results into the release of

exch nge
energy which increases as the number of
elect ons
in the d configuration and also from the
tra sference
of s electrons into d orbitals
Ex Fe AT 326 45
316 A8 327 45
Fet A8 us
Thus the no of unpaired é in Fet 3 but not 5
er has low first energy because loss
ionisation
of one electron gives stable 325 electronic configuration
Zn has very high ionisation energy because of
pres nte
of stable electronic configuration
In a given series the difference in the ionisation

enthalpies between any two succesive d block elements

is
very much less than the difference in case of
s succe sive
block or P block elements
 The ionisation enthalpies of Zn Id and Hg are
first
more due to stable electronic configuration
In the groups of d blolk elements from 3d se

ries to yd series ionisation energy increases but a

series elements have more ionisation energy than
yd series elements This is due to lanthanoid
contraction
Mcu 9
Zn
I E OF CU Zn this is due to stable e c
IEz of CU ZN
LE of Un 8

Eg of Un Cr
I E
of 5d yd Hence generally
IE 52732 Ud
Ex AU CU
Ag
Exieption Nic a t
Cr Mo W
Tic 28 CHF Nb Ta
IE of un Co Fe
Fet to Fet
very small
from is
IEz for change
because of attaining of stable electronic configuration
standard electrode potentials E and chemical
reactivity
Thermodynamic stability of the compounds of tran
 sition elements can be determined by magnitude of
IE of transition elements smaller the ionisation
of the metal en halpy
Stabler is its compound
Ex Nickel I compounds are more stable than
Platinum III where as Platinum IV compounds are more
stable than nickel v compound
f pt
IE Mol 2 49 103 2.66 18
IE2 kJ
103 103
IE KJ mol 8.80 6.7
IEy
In solution the stability of the compounds depends
upon electrode Potentials rather than ionisation enthalpies
Electrode Potential Potential values depend upon
1
Enthalpy of sublimation or atomisation
2 Ionisation enthalpy
3
Hydration enthalpy
mᵗ2 M SRP

151
14
2 OH
Oltsus OH
Δ
sub OHIE E

More is the negative value

1g MT of 0H Easier is the
OHIE Formation of 14 2 ion

The lower the electrode potential i.e more negative the

standard reduction Potential of the electrode more
 stable is the oxidation state of the transition metal
in the aqueous solution
Element Ti V 18 Mn Fe co Vi CU Zn
4 214 1 63 1.18 0.91 1.18 0.44 0.28 0 25 to34 0.76
volts
0443114421 0 37 026 0.4 1 57 0.77 1.97 highest

stability 3 2 27 3

The high value of E mn mn shows that mn is

very
stable which isaccount of d5 configuration of Mnt2
on
The low value of Eo Fet Fet2 is on account of extra
stability of Fe 5 i.e low third I E
The high Positive value Elcot coty can not be explained
satisfactorily by electronic configuration In aqueous
102T is more sostable
ution
than lost
501
M Mta
IF sop is more easier is formation of 14 2 ion
E znt3 zntz very high Znt2 Znᵗ stable
mnt3 mn 2 very high 25mn72 Mnt3
Feth
Fet Feta
low d5Fet3
Setz
set seta
2.08 dose
verylow stability
In znt2 0.76 high a
oZnᵗ is stable
 t act as strong oxidising agents
cost and Mn
due
coat act as reduring agent This is
good

tzg eg electronic configuration v86 Ti also

Equatley s positive It be due

may to its

high second ionisation enthalpy

In aqueous solution cut 2 is more stable than cut
This is due to more
negative hydration energy of
cut Henle cuta is more stable than cut
The transition metals vary widely in their chemical
reactivity some them are highly electropositive and dissolve
of
a mineral acids whereas a few of them are nobe

Generally the fluorides with lower o's are

less stable because is the strongest oxidising

agent
Oxidation State
Transition elements exhibit variable oxidation states
The energy difference between ns a Cn Dd electrons
is low Hence both the type of electrons Participate
in bonding and hence transition elements exhibit variable
oxidation states
Except so the most oxidation state of the
common
first row of transition metals is 2 SC exhibits 13
oxidation state only
 ionic bonds are formed in 2 and 3 oxidation
mostly
states
unda Ionic
Mnoy covalent

In 3d series mn exhibit highest oxidation state i e 7

In led series Ru exhibit 8 oxidationstate and
in 5d series 0s exhibit 8 oxidation state
The higher oxidation states are more stable for
heavier elements Mo v11 and W VI are Found to be more
stable than co v1 For this reason crell in the form

of dichromate is a stronger oxidising agent in acidic

medium where as Moo and WO are not
The compounds of
metals with fluorine and oxygen
exhibit the highest oxidation states as fluorine and oxygen
are small in size and the most electronegative elements

CUI2 and eI do not exist because I is

a strong
oxidising agent
220 2 UI 1 Iz
4212
Felt I Felt Iz 08

CU ti compounds are unstable in aqueous solution and

ve heat of
undergo disproportionation because
more

hydration of cu2t
 2 Cut cut CU

oxygen stabilizes the highest oxidation state even

more than fluorine Ex
highest fluoride of Mn is MnFy
whereas highest oxide is Mn207 The reason for this
is the ability of oxygen to form multiple bonds

unoy exist but mn does exist his

is due to steric factor oxygen can form multiple
bonds Fluorine forms
single bond only

The following d block elements do not exhibit

variable oxidation states SC Zn Cd

Sc exhibits fixed oxidatation state i e set

2h and Cd also exhibit fixed is zn
t
cat
the maximum 0 s of Fe is 6 In Feop

the OS of Fe 6

catalytic properties
most of the transition element and their compounds

act as good catalysts

Ex it V20 act as catalyst in contact process in

the manufacture of Hasoy

Iii for hydrogenation of oils Ni act as catalyst

Citi it act as catalyst in the manufacture of Hason in
contact Process
iv Iron act as catalyst in Haber process for the

of NH3 synth sis the catalyst

V In Ostwald Proless For HNO Pt is

This is due to
i Presence of unpaired d electrons
ii
ability to exhibit variable oxidation states
iii presence of large surface area with Free valencies

205
2502 0
259
502 V20 503 V64
2
V04 02 1 2405
Fet
2 I 52082 Igt 2505
2Fet3 21 1212 2 I

2 Fet2 52052 2 Fe 25052

colour Property
Most of the compounds of transition metals are 10106
red in solid state and aqueous solution state
in
This is due to presence of unpaired d electrons
d d transition takes place
 when the visible light falls on the transition
me al
ion or compound some part of light is utilized
for the excitation of electrons from lower d energy
level to higher d level Remaining energy
energy
is transmitted in the form ofcomplementary 101042
complementary colours can be identified using
Munsell colour wheel
V
R B

O G
y

Cpt salts are blue due to absorption of the red

wav length
sc Tilt are colourless due to absence of unpaired
d electrons

cut Agt Act Znt2 cat and

Hgta are colourless
They have all completely filled d orbitals and hence
hey have no unpaired d electrons
complementary colours are those which when mixed
together produce white light
 colour of some important ions
Maat Pale pink
Ti purple
Feat 1 Green
v34 Green
Fe I yellow
834 1 violet Green In a A
Cures cost 1 Pink
mn violet Ni 1 Green
UH Blue

Magnetic properties
most of the transition metals are Paramagnetic in
nature This is due to presence of unpaired d electrons
As the no of unpaired d electrons increases the
magn tic
moment and hence paramagnetic character increases
The magnetic moment of an electron is partly
due to its orbital motion and Partly due to its spin
motion
M
TD LCL D
For the compounds of the first series of transition
the contribution me
of als momentum
the orbital is effectively

quenied and hence no significance Henie spinonly formula

is used to tallulate the magnetic moment

µ US Stl BM

M F 2 BM

where n no of unpaired electrons

complex formation
Transition metals form large no of complex compounds
This is due to
1 small atomil or ionic size
2 High charge density
3 Presence of vacant d orbitals
4 High charge
Ex FeKN 6 to NHS NIKOL etc

Interstitial compounds
These are compounds which formed when small
atoms like hydrogen nitrogen carbon boron occupy the
empty spaces of crystal lattices of metals
These are usually non stoichiometric and the
bonds Present in them are neither typitally ion is nor
lovalent

Ex Tic Titty Flight

Tilt
7 MayN V
6.5 etc

carbon steel is also an example of

compound inte stitial
is called cementite It is an important
Fee
of steel con tituent
Imiortant characteristil properties of interstitial compounds
 I They are
very hard and rigid some borides are as

hard as diamond
ii They have high melting Points which are higher than
those of Pure metals
iii They retain metallic conductivity
iv They are chemically inert
Alloy formation
Homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or
metal and non metal is called an
alloy
Alloys are formed when the metals atomic radii
difference is less than 15 and they have same

crystal lattice structure

Due to similar atomic size and same crystal
lattice structures transition metals form alloyseasily
 __o

Isomerases
Ivf
some important compounds of transition elements
oxides
The metals of first transition series form oxides
with oxygen at high temperature
All the metals except scandium form the oxides
with the formula MO which are ionic in nature
As the oxidation number of the metal increases
ionic character decreases
In general the oxides in lower oxidation states
of the metals are basic and in their higher
oxid tion
states they are acidic where as in the
inte mediate
oxidation state the oxides are amphoteric
MNO MM203
Mazoy MM MM207
basic
Lamptey acidic

acidic nature
Ionic nature
80 Cryo V03
basic amphoteric acidic

403 404 4205

basic basic amphoteric
 1228207 Potassium dichromate

It prepared from the ore talled chromite

is
or Ferrochrome or chrome iron FEO.cr.dz

Finely Powdered ore is mixed with Nazco and

quick lime and then roasted when yellow colour
sodium chromate is formed Quick time keeps
the mass Porous and thus facilitates oxidation
UFEO.CN 02 I 271203 468203
UNALCO 20203 302 1 4192804 4102 2

UFeo 8 Nazcroy 277203

18203 SNAG 702 8102
After the
reaction the roasted mass is extracted
with water when sodium chromate is completely
dissolved The Flag is separated by filteration
The filterate
containing sodium chromate
solution treated with con Hasoy when NECK is
converted into NazCr2O7
2192804 112504µm
I N9282077 NQzSOy H2O

sodium sulphate being less soluble crystallised as

Naysoy 10H2O and is removed
Hot concentrated solution of sodium dichromate
treated with Kcl when kzCrzOz crystals are formed
on cooling 2k 7k220g 2Nacl
Nazero
properties

1 Action of heat
Δ
4 4268207 4K280g 208203 302

2 Action of alkalies
4268207 QKOH 2k260g
orange red yellow
on
acidifieng the colour again changes to orange
red due to the reformation of dichromate
2k280g 12504 I K2C207 KzSOy H2O

Because the dichromate ions are in equilibrium

with chromate ion at PH y
exist in acidic
Dichromate ion only
In basic m diumchanges
medium it to

chromate ion

Cr2O H2O 208042 2H

PH Y yellow
orange red
v undergoes disproportionation in acidic
m dium
2080 8H 809 83 4H20
3 Oxidising Properties
In acidic medium act as strong
agent oxid sing kero
 1 2504 82504 4H20 310
28207 4112504
08
82072 141ft 65 I 28 3 7H20
9 It liberates Iz From KI
4H20 3101
2207T 4112504 Kasoy Crz 0
QKI Hasoy ol Iz t KzSOy 1120 3

148207 4112504 I GKI 312 4K250g 7H20

b It oxidises ferrous salts to Ferric salts
4H20 3101
24207 4112504 Kasoy Crz 0
3
2Fesoy 42504 107 1 Fez 50413 420

KzC8207 4172504 GFesoy 73 Fez5043 42504 82604

7H20
to sulphur
C It oxidises to Has
4H20 3101
KzCr207 4112504 Kasoy Crz 0
10 5 3
Has H2O

K2Cr2O7 Has Hasoy I KzSOy C8zsoy 35 7H20

d It oxidises sulphites to sulphates

Kasoy 4280413 4H20 3101
KzCr207 4112504

NA 503 101 I Nazsoy 3

2207 42504 3092503 42504 8260413 4H20

4092504
C It oxidises thiosulphates to sulphates and sulphur
Kasoy 8280413 4H20 3101
2207 4112504
01 5 3
925203 7 N9zSOy

4268207 Na25203 172504 KzSOy 3N92504T 825043

4H20 35
F It oxidises nitrites to nitrates
8280413 4H20 3101
KzCr207 4112504 Kasoy
NANOL 10 NANO 3
3 NANO
3NANO2 K2C8207 342504 1K250g Crals043
4H20
9 It oxidises halogen acids to halogens

1528207 1444 2K4 2080ft 7H20 342

h It oxidises 502 to sulphuric acid

8280413 4H20 3101
KzCr207 4112504 Kasoy
502 H2O 101 7 Hasoy 3

1420207 42504 3502 K2SOy 8280413 31125041

H2O

i It oxidises stannous salts

82072 141ft 35m 2083 7H20 35Mt
 4 chromyl chloride test
when kzerzo is heated with con HCl or with
a chloride and con 112504 reddish brown vapours

chromyl chloride are obtained

2112504 H2O
K2Cr2O7 I 2KHSOy 2503
KCI 112504 KHSOy HCl XY
20803 44C I 2080242 2H20

1224207 6112504 Ykel I 2120242 6K450g 3H20

chromyl Chloride Red vapour
5 Reaction with 4202
Acidified 1128207 reacts with 11202 to give deep blue
solution due to formation of 805

1428207 112504 411202 I 20805 KzSOyt5H20

The structure of Cros is
0
cr
o 0

uses
i In volumetric analysis it is used as primary
st ndard
for the estimation Feth of and I_ion in
redox titrations
ii idustry it is used in chrome tanning in
In
leather industry In the preparation of chrome
alum In calico printing and dying
iii As oxidising agent

structures of crop and 82072

R
G
o o
o
f o f
235 435
Tetrahedral Tetrahedral
In 009
all er o bonds are
identical
In 282072 the two Cr o bonds which share
an oxygen atom at the common vertex of
two tetrahedral units are
longer than the
other six equivalent Cr o bonds
Note crop are
Crpf Mnoy and
ions though colo red
they have do electronic
of charge
conf guration
This is due to momentary
from 0 atom to metal atom i e
transfer

ligand to metal charge transfer L M

Crof 82072 MMOy SnIy
yellow purple orange
orange
note Fe 075 Cr n 16H02 Fe 755 1572
exhibit netal 1M L
colour due to to
ligand
charge transfer phenomenon

Potassium Permanganate KMnOy

is prepared from the mineral Pyrolusite
KMnoy
The finely powdered Pyrolusite is fused with
Kolt or 4203 in the presence air or of oxidising
agent like KNO KC03 when
green coloured
mangate Pot ssium
is formed

Fusion
2mn02 4 KOH 02 242mn04 2H20

k2 n geo
2mn02 2k210g 02
MN02 2 KOH KNO K2MnOy KNO H2O

G Colt KC 03 3K2MnOy KCI 3H20

3mn02
Kamnoy thus formed undergoes disproportionation
in the neutral or acidic solution
3mn09 UH 2mn04 MMO2 2H20
Ñ minor is stable only in strongly alkaline
medium In acidic or neutral or weakly
basic medium it undergoes disproportionation
oxidation of Kamnoy to KMnoy
Kamnoy is oxidised to kMnOy
by bubbling

602 or Cl or Oz through the solution of Kamndy

3K2MNOy 2402 214mn04 MhO2v 2112103

2K2MnOy Clg QKMnoytQK.cl

QK2MNOy H2O 03 1 2KMnOy 2KOH 02
Electrolytic oxidation
K2MNOy 2kt MNOT

420 Ht OH_
At anode 2mn42 72mn05 25
At lathode 21ft 25 H2
Laboratory Preparation
In the laboratory knnoy is Prepared by oxidation
manganese II ion salt by Peroxodisulphate
2mn24 105042 16 Ht
55208 8H20 1 2mn04
Properties
Kuno is Purple solid

1 Action of heat
200 C MMO
212mn04 K2MNOy 02
At red heat Potassium manganate formed decomposes
into Potassium manganite K2Mn03

2K2MnOy 1 242mn03 02
2 Reaction with conc 42504

KMnOy 112504 on I May07 KHSOy 720

Cexless explosive

May07 I MMO2 02
3 Recin with con HCl
HCI
Kunoy 1
May cly H2O
while as oxidising agent in
using knnoy
qualitative analysis or volumetric analysis
Hyson is preferred
2 oxidising Property
KMnoy is a Powerful oxidising agent The
nat re
of reaction depends on the use of Permanganate
in a neutral b alkaline or c acidic medium
9 In neutral or weak alkaline medium

2kMnOy H2O 12 KOH MMO2 3101

or
4015 1.69 V
Mnou 2H20 1 35 MMO

if It oxidises hot Masoy to Mno in the presence

of Zn or 2h0
2kMnOy H2O 12 KOH MMO2 3101
MASO 1120 o MMO 3
12504
2104 Hasoy 1K250g 21120
2h
2KMnOy 3mn50 2H20 Kasoy 2172504T 5mn02
Zno
It is a tomproportionation reaction
ii It oxidises sodium thiosulfate to sodium
sulphate
8 KMNOy 3 N9z5203 1720 3K250g 8mn02
3N92504 2KOH
iii It oxidises hydrogen sulphide to sulphur

212mn04 Has 214ns 5 KzSOy 4H20

it It oxidises Potassium iodide to Potassium

odale in basic medium
24mn04 H2o KI 1 2mn02 21011 KI0z
V It oxidises olefinic compounds to glycols
04
City Clt H2o o City Ut
8H 6H
b In acidic medium
3172504 1K250g 2mn50 3H20 510
2kMnOy
i
Has to Sulphur
It oxidises
1K250g 2mn50 3H20 510
2kMnOy 3172504
42s 101 I 1 20 S

ii It oxidises so to sulphuric acid

1K250g 2mn50 3H20 510
2kMnOy 3172504
502 120 10 42504 5

QKMnOy 5502 2H20 1K250g 2MnSOy 2172504

iii It oxidises nitrites to nitrates arsenites

Aso to arsenate Asap
3172504 1K250g 2mn50 3H20 510
2kMnOy
O 7 KNO 5
KNOG
212mn04 3H25Out 5 KNOZ 1K250g 2mnSoy 5K NO

3H20
similarly
2 KMNOy 3172504 5N9zAs0 I 12504 2mn54 3H20

5N9 Asoy
2 KMNOy 3172504 5N92503 1K250g 2mn54 3H20

51492504

2 KMNOy 3172504 5N9zAs0 1K250g 2mn54 3H20

5N9 Asoy
in It oxidised oxalates or oxalic acid to CO2

2KMNOy 3172504 5126204 I 12504 2mn54 8H20

10
62
V It oxidises ferrous sulphate to ferric sulphate
2 KMNOy 342504 2K250g t 2mn
Soy 31120 50

2 Fesoy Hasoy 10 I Fe2 0y H2o 5

2KMnOy 8112504 10 Fesoy I 5Fe2504 3 12504T

2mn50 8H20
Vi It oxidises 11202 to 1120 and 02 This is

knnoy is bec use

strong oxidising agent
2 KMNOy 342504 2K250g t 2mn
Soy 31120 50

4202 01 I 420 02 5

2KMnOy 3112504 54202 KzSoy 2mn50

81120 502
Vii It oxidises Potassium iodide to iodine
2 KMNOy 342504 2K250g t 2mn
Soy 31120 50
2KI 101 Iz H2O 5
Hasoy 7K250g
2KMNOy 8112504 LOKI 16K250g 512 2mn04
8H20
Viii It oxidised HX where C1 Br I to X2
2 KMNOy 342504 2K250g t 2mn
Soy 31120 50
2H X 01 1 X2 H2O 5
2KMnOy 342504 10 HX 1 KzSOy 2mn50 5
2
8H20
medium
C In strong alkaline
2 KMNOy 2KOH K2MNOy H2O 101

MNOT e MMOG E 0.56N

Potassium manganate is also further reduced to

Mnog when a reducing agent is Present or in
dilute medium
242mn04 H2O 1 2mn02 UKOH 2 0

structure May 9 Mnoy

o
235 Diamagnetic
to Tetrahedral
All mn 0 bond lengths are equal
 0

d's hybridisation
o

Paramagnetic
are identical
All mn 0 bond lengths
Note In titrations
volumetric
involving KMnoy
are carried out only in presence of 12504 but
not in the Presence of HCl or HNoy Because HCI
is oxidised In case of HNG it
gets
oxid sed
UCly exists but CUIy does not exist
Because I reduces cut to cut
2CUI2 2 UI 1 12
Like I he CÑ also act as reducing
agent 202T CN act IN 2
cyanogen