Physics

Investigator
y Project
Preparation Of A Street Light
With LDR

NAME-DIVYANSH PANDA
CLASS-XII-B
ROLL NO-
 Certificate
• This is to certify that Divyansh Panda of class XII has completed her physics
investigatory project titled “preparation of a street light with a LDR'' under the
guidance of Mr. Hemant Singhal for the academic year 2024-25. The certified
student has been dedicated throughout her research and completed her work
before the given deadline without missing any important details from the project. It
is also certified that this project is the individual work of the student and can be
submitted for evaluation.
 Acknowledgement
I am extremely thankful to my teacher Mr. Hemant Singhal, for the
constant support,
motivation and insights provided throughout the
project .I sincerely appreciate our Principal, Mrs.Manisha Kaushal , for
permitting access to the well-equipped lab and the resources required for
the project.
My special thanks to my classmates for assisting me during the
experiments and measurements.
The encouragement from my teacher, principal and friends was
invaluable. I will always remain grateful for their support.
AIM OF THE PROJECT :
To Prepare an Automatic Street Light With LDR
• An automatic street light control circuit using an LDR that turns lights
on and off based on light levels. The circuit uses an LDR, resistors,
capacitors, a transistor, and relay. When it gets dark, the resistance of
the LDR decreases which causes the transistor to turn on and activate
the relay, powering the street lights. When it gets light again, the
LDR's resistance increases and the lights turn off. The circuit provides
automatic light control with low power consumption.
•
 INTRODUCTION

• Automatic street light control using LDR system is simple yet powerful
concept,which uses transistor as a switch to switch ON and OFF the street light
automatically.
• By using this system manual work is 100% removed. It automatically switches
ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. By using
this system energy consumption is also reduced because nowadays the
manually operated street lights are not switched off properly even when the
sun light comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset. In sunny and
rainy days,ON time and OFF time differ significantly which is one of the major
disadvantages of using timer circuits or manual operation.
• LDR is the main component of this project. The resistance of a light
dependent resistor (LDR) varies according to the light falling on it. The LDR is
connected as a biasing resistor of the transistor. According To The light falls
on the LDR,the transistor is operated in saturation and cut off region. By
making use of the transistor switching condition, the controller operates the
light through a relay. In this project LED has been placed in place of relay,by
placing relay wecan control the ON and OFF of AC light. Moreover,the circuit
is carefully designed to avoid common problems like overload,relay and
inductive kick back in relay.
• Automatically street light needs no manual operation of switching ON and OFF.
The system itself detect whether there is a need for light or not. When darkness
rises to a certain value then automatically street light is switched ON and when
there is another source of light i.e. day time, the streetlight getsOFF. The
sensitivity of the street light can also be adjusted. In ourproject we have used
Two L.E.Ds for indication of bulb but for high power switching one can connect
relay (electromagnetic switch) at the output.
•
CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM
 EXPLANATION

• The circuit diagram of automatic street light control system

using LDR are as follows. The LDR monitors the illumination
level and outputs the input signal as a voltage drop.
Darlington circuits amplify input current to achieve maximum
current gain. Switch: A relay switch closes or opens electrically
and automatically, and is electrified or de energized by the
Darlington pair. Street light: This is the circuit's output. In this
circuit, it was replaced by an LED.
•
 COMPONENTS:-

● LDR
● 100 k preset
● Resistors
● 9 v Regulated DC supply
● LEDs
● Diode
● Variable Resistance
● (potentiometer)
● PCB (printed circuit board)
● Transistors
LDR :
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) as the name states is a special type of
resistor that works on the photoconductivity principle that means that
resistance changes according to the intensity of light. Its resistance
decreases with an increase in the intensity of light.
● Offers resistance in response to the ambient light
● Resistance decreases as the intensity of light increases and vice versa
● In the absence of light, LDR exhibits the resistance of mega ohms which
decreases to a few hundred ohms in the presence of light
● It can act as a sensor as varying voltage drop can be obtained in
accordance with varying light.
● Made up of Cadmium sulphide (CdS).
● An LDR has a zigzag cadmium sulphide track. It is a bilateral device, i.e
conducts in both direction and in the same fashion.
 Structure And Working

The snake like track shown below is the cadmium supplied filmwhich also passes
through the side’s.on the top and bottom are metal films which are connected to
the terminals leads. It is designed in such a way as to provide maximum possible contact
area with the two metal films.
• The structure is housed in clear plastic or resin case, to provide free access to external
light. As explained above, the main component for the construction of LDR is Cds
(cadmium supplied),which is used as the photoconductor and contains no or very few
electrons when not illuminated. In the absence of light it is designed to have a high
resistance in the range of mega ohms. As soon as light falls on the sensor, the
electrons are liberated and the conductivity of the materials increases. When the light
intensity exceeds a certain frequency the Photons absorbed by the semiconductor
give the band electrons the energy required to jump into the conduction band. This
causes the free electrons or holes to conduct electricity and thus dropping the
resistance dramatically (< 1kilo ohms)
EQUATION :

• R=A.E^a
• Where …E-illumination (flux)
• R –Resistance (ohms)
• A, a-constant
• The value of “a” depends on the Cds used and on the manufacturing
process. Values usually range between 0.7and 0.9.
•
ADVANTAGES :

● LDR’s are cheap and are readily available in many sizes and
shapes
● 2.Practical LDRs are available in a variety of sizes and
package styles, the most popular size having face diameter of
roughly 10mm.
● 3.They need very small power and voltage for its operation

BUT THERE IS 1 DISADVANTAGE THAT IT IS HIGHLY INACCURTATE

DIODE :

• A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a

one-way switch for current. It allows current to flow easily in
one direction, but severely restricts current from flowing in
the opposite direction.
• This unidirectional behavior is to extract modulation from
radio signals in radio receivers. When p-type and n-type
materials are placed in contact with each other, the junction
is depleted of charge carries and behaviors very differently
than either type of materials
 LED [ Light Emitting Diode ]:
• Light emitting Diode and its circuit symbol are the main advantage of Light emitting diodes over
other light sources is its increased efficiency. LEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow,
green, and blue and white. Blue and white LEDs are much more expensive than the other
colors. We have employed low cost Red LED in our electronic circuit. LEDs are elements for light
signalization in electronics. The basic Principle Behind the working of LEDs is electro
luminescence. The light emitting diode should be forward biased to get light In LEDs, electrons
are injected from low work function cathode to the conduction band of the n-type
semiconducting material and holes are injected from high work function anode to the valence
band of the p-type semiconducting material. When the electrons in the conduction band
combine with the hole in the valence band, energy is released. In case of indirect band gap
semiconductors. Photon will be released to conserve of both energy and momentum. But in
case of direct band gap semiconductors, light will be emitted whose wavelength depends on the
band gap of the semiconductors. LED has two connections, an anode and cathode.
• The cathode is the end of the schematic line. In other words, the triangle points to words that
cathode. The anode is, of course, the opposite end.Current flows from the anode to the point of
the triangle pointing towards cathode light emitting diodes
PCB [ Printed Circuit Board]
With the help of P.C.B it is very easy to assemble circuit with
neat and clean end products. P.C.B is made of Bakelite with
surface pasted with copper track layout. For each components
pin is passed through the hole and is soldered.
TRANSISTORS
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. It is
one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of semiconductor material,
usually with at least three terminals for connection to an electronic circuit
NPN and PNP, which basically describes the physical arrangement of the P-type and N-type
semiconductor materials from which they aremade. A transistor is made of a solid piece of
semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.
NPN transistors are used as a sink to the current i.e., current flows to the Collector. It means the
current points inwards. PNP transistors are used as a source to the current i.e., current flows out
of the Collector. In the NPN transistor, electrons are important current carriers.
PNP switches ON by a low signal whereas NPN switches ON by a high signal. In PNP transistors,
the P represents the polarity of the emitter terminal and N represents the polarity of the base
terminal.
Bipolar Junction : A bipolar junction transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device that
consists of two p-n junctions which are able to amplify or magnify a signal
❖ The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its
characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing.
❖ The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. ❖ In the absence of a base signal it
gets completely off.
 Resistors :
• A passive electrical component with two terminals that are used for either limiting or
regulating the flow of electric current in electrical circuits. The main purpose of the resistor
is to reduce the current flow and to lower the voltage in any particular portion of the
circuit.

• ● Its resistance is given by the ratio of voltage applied across its terminals to the current
passing through it.

• ● Thus the particular value of the resistor, for a fixed voltage, limits the current through it.
• ● They are omnipresent in the electronic circuits

• ● Resistors can either be fixed or variable

• FIXED RESISTORS : 1K ohm, this resistor provides fixed resistance we cannot vary the
resistance, we can get any range of resistances. Typically 1K ohm, ¼ watt resistor that can
be used with various circuits. The color band on the resistor is brown, black, red and gold.

• VARIABLE RESISTANCE : Resistors are one of the most common electronic components. A
resistor is a device that limits, or resists current, the current limiting ability or resistance is
measured in ohms,
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:-

• The automatic streetlight control system operates on 12 V DC supply.

The automatic streetlight controller has a
• photoconductive device whose resistance changes proportional to the
extent of illumination, which switches ON or OFF the LED with the use
of a transistor as a switch. Light dependent resistor, a photoconductive
device has been used as the transducer to convert light energy into
electrical energy. The central dogma of the circuit is that the change in
voltage drop across the light dependent resistor on illumination or
darkness switches the transistor between cut-off region or saturation
region and Turned ON and OFF LED
 WORKING OF STREET LIGHT:-

• The LDR offers Very low Resistance in brightness. In this case the voltage drop across the LDR is less than 0.7V.This
voltage is more sufficient to drive the transistor into saturation region. In the saturation region, IC (Collector
current) is very high. Because of this IC, The relay gets energized, and switches ON the lamp. LDR offers Very high
Resistance in darkness. In this case The voltage drop across the LDR is more than 0.7V.
• When there is light the resistance of LDR will be low. So, the voltage drop across POT R2 will be high. This keeps the
transistors Q1 ON. The collector of Q1 (BC 107) is coupled to the base of Q2 (SL 100). So Q2 will be OFF and so will
the relay. The bulb will remains OFF. When night falls the resistance of LDR increases to make the voltage across the
POT R2 to decrease below 0.6V. This makes a transistor Q1OFF which in turn ON Q2. The L.E.D will glow. The high
collector current flowing through the relay, diodes, LED and resistor makes the LED glow. When a light of suitable
intensity is incident on the light dependent resistor, the resistance decreases and the voltage drop across the light
dependent resistor is low In POT R2 can be used to adjust the sensitivity of the circuit. In this project we have used
one L.E.D for indication bulb but for high switching one can connect relay(electromagnetic switch)at the output.
• We Can Use bulb of any wattage, provided with relay should have a sufficient rating. The circuit can be powered from a
regulated 9V DC power supply.The resistance of LDR will be low. So, the voltage drop across POT R2 will be high. This keeps
the transistor Q1 ON. The collector of Q1 (BC 107) is coupled to the base of Q2 (SL100). So Q2 will be OFF. The bulb will
remain OFF
ADVANTAGES:-
1.LDRs are highly sensitive.
2.It works according to the light intensity.
3.Fit and forget system.
4.Low cost and reliable circuit.
5.To complete elimination of manpower.
6.It can handle heavy loads up to 7A.
7.This system can be switched into manual mode whenever required.
8.Good power and voltage handling capabilities with high accuracy

CONCLUSION:-
The uses of automatic street light control using LDR have many
advantages. Since we are using LDR it consumes low power, we
don’t to turn off the street light, and automatically it will turn off
by depending on day and the power and no need of ON/OFF the
switches without man power.
Bibliography

• https://www.electricaltechnology.org
• https://www.elprocus.com
• https://www.youtube.com