ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Math teacher ‘Miss ’ madam. For
giving the opportunity to do this wonderful project on ‘Trigonometry’.
I completing this project on ‘Trigonometry’. It would never have been possible without the
support of my group partners. I am also grateful to my collage for allowing me to use the library
and internet Facility. According to my will and my teachers for their Academic guidance and
support.
 INTRODUCTION

Trigonometry is a branch of Mathematics that deals with the distance or heights of objects
which can be found using some mathematical techniques. Trigonometry is the study of how
the sides and angles of a triangle are related to each other. There are fix functions names and
abbreviations are Sin(sin), Cosine(Cos), Tangent (tan), Cotangent (Cot), Secant(Sec) and
Cosecant(CSC) in trigonometry. We came to know about the Ratios, Identities, Application
and Formulas. Trigonometry developed from a need to compute angles and distances in such
fields as astronomy, mapmaking, surveying, and artillery range finding. Problems involving
angles and distances in one plane are covered in plane trigonometry. Applications to similar
problems in more than one plane of three-dimensional space are considered in spherical
trigonometry.
 ❖ HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY.
The Origin Of trigonometry can be traced to the civilizations of ancient Egypt,
Mesopotamia and the Indus valley, more than 4000 year ago. Some experts
believe that trigonometry was originally invented to calculate sundials, a
traditional exercise in the oldest books.
The First recorded use of Trigonometry came from the Hellenistic Mathematician
Hipparchus circa 150 BC, who compiled a trigonometric table.

(Mathematician, Hipparchus Circa.)

Mathematician Hipparchus Circa Also know as ‘Father Of Trigonometry'. The
same Babylonian influence as a Hipparchus, divide the circle into 360° and
diameter in 120° parts. He developed trigonometry and constructed trigonometric
tables, and he solved several problems of spherical trigonometry. With his solar
and lunar theories and his trigonometry, he may have been the first to develop a
reliable method to predict solar eclipses.
 ❖ What Is Trigonometry ?

Trigonometry is the branch of Mathematics that studies triangles and their relationship. The
word ‘Trigonometry’ is derived from the Greek words ‘Tri’(three), ‘Gon’(sides) and
‘Metron’(measure). Trigonometry is the study of the sides and angles of a triangles related to
each other.

❖ What can we do with Trigonometry ?

Historically, it was developed for astronomy and geography, but scientist have been using
it for centuries for other purposes too. Besides other fields of mathematics, trigonometry is
used in physics, engineering and chemistry. Within mathematics, trigonometry is used
primarily in calculus (which is perhaps it’s greatest application), linear algebra and statistics.
Since these fields are used throughout the natural and social sciences. Trigonometry is a very
useful subject to know.

❖ Describe Trigonometry.
1) Measuring in accessible lengths.
2) Height of a building.(tree, tower etc.)
3) Width of a river.(canyon, etc.)
 ❖ INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY : Main Terms.

❖ Basics Of Trigonometry.
Trigonometry basics deals with the measurement of angles and problems related to angles.
There are three functions of trigonometry: Sine, Cosine, and tangent. These three basic ratios
or functions can be used to derive other important trigonometric functions: Cotangent, Secant
and Cosecant. All the important concepts covered under trigonometry are based on these
functions. Hence further, we need to learn these functions and their respective formulas at first
to understand trigonometry.

Right Angled Triangle :

In a Right angled triangle, we have the following three sides.

Perpendicular - It is the side opposite to angle θ.
Base - This is the adjacent side to the angle θ.
Hypotenuse - This is the side opposite to the right angled triangle.

• Sinθ :- Opposite Side *TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES.

Hypotenuse 1) Sin² θ + Cos²θ = 1
• Cosθ :- Adjacent side 2) Tan²θ + 1 = Sec²θ
Hypotenuse 3) Cot² θ + 1 = Cosec²θ
• Tanθ:- Opposite Side
Adjacent Side
• Secθ :- Hypotenuse
Adjacent Side
• Cosecθ:- Hypotenuse
Opposite side
 ❖ TRIGNOMETRIC ANGLES.
Trigonometric angles are the angles in right angled triangle using which different.
Trigonometric functions can be represented. Some standard angles used in trigonometry are
0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°. The trigonometric values of these angles can be observed directly in a
trigonometric table. Some other important angles in trigonometry are 180°, 270°, and 360 °.
Trigonometry angles can be expressed in terms of trigonometry ratios

❖ TRIGONOMETRIC TABLE.
The trigonometric table is made up of trigonometric ratios that are interrelated to each other –
Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Cosecant, Secant, Cotangent. These ratios, in short written as Sin, Cos,
tan, Cosec, Sec, Cot and are taken for standard angle values. You can refer to the trigonometric
table chart to know more about these ratios.

Trigonometric Table:-

❖ TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS.
Trigonometric Ratios are defined as the values of all the trigonometric functions
based on the value of the ratio of sides in a right-angled triangle. The ratios of
sides of a right-angled triangle with respect to any of its acute angles are known
as the trigonometric ratios of that particular angle.
• Tanθ = (Sinθ / Cosθ)
• Cotθ = ( Cosθ/ Sinθ)
• Secθ = ( 1/ Cosθ)
 • Cosθ = ( 1/ Sinθ)

❖ UNIT CELL.
The unit circle is a circle that is centred at the origin and always has a radius of 1. The unit
circle will be helpful to us later when we define the trigonometric ratio. In algebra the equation
of unit circle is x² + y² = 1.

❖ TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF ALLIED ANGLES.

Two angles are said to be allied when their sum or difference is either zero or a
multiple of 90°. The angles — θ, 90° ± θ, 180° ± θ, 270° + θ, 360° —θ etc., are
angles allied to the angle θ, if θ is measured in degrees.

❖ TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPOUNDS ANGLES.

Compound angles are widely used in both trigonometry and geometry. They
are the algebraic sum of two different angles. In trigonometry, finding these
angles is a very easy procedure. They can be found using the trigonometric
formulas of compound angles. One can find the values of sine and cosine
values of the given triangle just by dividing the perpendicular with hypotenuse
for sine and hypotenuse with perpendicular for cosine. It is limited up to
trigonometry, not involved in geometry and other shapes. Compound angles
are found by summing the two angles of the triangles and comparing them
with 90°.A compound angle is an algebraic sum of two or more angles. We
use trigonometric identities to connote compound angles through
trigonometric functions. The sum and difference of functions in trigonometry
can be solved using the compound angle formula or the addition formula.
Here, we shall deal with functions like (A+B) and (A-B)
❖ Even and Odd Trigonometric Functions.
The trigonometric function can be described as being even or odd.

• Odd trigonometric functions: A trigonometric function is said to be

an odd function if f(-x) = -f(x) and symmetric with respect to the
origin.
• Even trigonometric functions: A trigonometric function is said to
be an even function, if f(-x) = f(x) and symmetric to the y-axis.

(1)Sin (-x) = – Sin x

(2)Cos (-x) = Cos x
(3)Tan (-x) = -Tan x
(4)Cos (-x) = – Cos x
(5)Sec (-x) = Sec x
(6)Cot (-x) = -Cot x

Therefore, cosine and secant are the even trigonometric functions,

whereas sine, tangent, cosecant and cotangent are the odd trigonometric
functions. If we know the even and odd trigonometric functions, it helps
us to simplify the trigonometric expression when the variable inside the
trigonometric function is negative.

❖ TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES.

(1) Sin²θ + Cos² θ = 1

a)Sin² θ = 1- Cos²θ
b)Cos² θ = 1- Sin² θ
(2) 1 + Tan²θ = Sec²θ
a)Tan²θ = Sec²θ -1
b)Sec²θ – Tan²θ = 1
(3) Cot²θ + 1 = Cosec²θ
a) Cot²θ = Cosec²θ -1
 b) Cosec²θ - Cot²θ = 1

All the trigonometric identities are based on the Six trigonometric ratios.

Applications Of Trigonometry.

❖ Trigonometry In Architecture.

• In architecture, trigonometry plays a massive role in the compilation of building plans.

• For example, architects would have to calculate the exact angles of interaction for
components of their structure to ensure stability and safety.
• Some instances of trigonometric use in architecture include arches, domes, supports
beams and suspension bridges.
• Many modern buildings have beautifully curved surfaces.
• Making these curves out of steel, stone, concrete or glass is extremely difficult.
• One way around to address this problem is to piece the surface together out of many
flat panels, each sitting at an angle to the one next to it, So that all together they create
what looks like a curved surface.
• The more regular these shapes, the easier the building process.
• Regular flat shapes like squares, Pentagons and hexagons, can be made out of triangles,
and so Trigonometry plays an important role in architecture.
• Architecture remains one of the most important sectors of our society as they plan the
design of buildings and ensure that they are able to withstand pressures from inside.
❖ Trigonometry In Astronomy.

• Astronomy has been studied for millennia by civilizations in all regions of the world.
• In our modern age, being able to apply. Astronomy helps us to calculate distance
between stars and learn more about the universe.
• Astronomers use the method of parallax, or the movement of the star against the
background as we orbit the Sun, to discover new information about galaxies.
• Menelaus’ Theorem helps astronomers gather information by providing a backdrop in
spherical triangle calculation.
• Since ancient times trigonometry was used in Astronomy.
• The technique of triangulation is used to measure the distance to nearby starts.
• In 240 B.C., a mathematician named Eratosthenes discovered the radius of the earth
using trigonometry and geometry.
• In 2001, a group of European Astronomers did an experiment that started in 1997 about
the distance of Venus from the sun. Venus was about 105,000,000 kilometres away
from the sun.
• Without the knowledge of Trigonometry, Human beings would never have gone to the
moon and there would not be any satellites in space.
❖ TRIGONOMETRY IN GEOLOGY.
• Trigonometry used in Geology to estimate the true dip of bedding angles.
Calculating the true dip allows geologists to determine the slope stability.
• Although not often regarded as an integral profession, geologists contribute to the
safety of many buildings foundations.
• Any adverse bedding conditions can result in slope failure and the entire collapse
of a structure.
❖ TRIGONOMETRY IN MARINE BIOLOGY.

Marine biologists often use trigonometry formula to establish measurements. For

example, to find out how light levels at different depths affect the ability of algae to
photosynthesis. Trigonometry is used in finding the distance between celestial bodies.
Marine biologists may use trigonometry to determine the size of wild animals from a
distance.
In Marine engineering, trigonometry is used to build and navigate marine vessels. To
be more specific trigonometry is used to design the marine ramp, which is a slopping
surface to connect lower and higher-levels areas, it can be a slope or even a staircase
depending on its application.

❖ Trigonometry Uses In Daily Life.

• It is used in oceanography in calculating the height of tides in Oceans.

• The sine and cosine functions are fundamental to the theory of periodic functions, those
that describe sound and light waves.
• Calculus is made up of trigonometry and algebra.
• Trigonometry can be used to roof a house, to make the roof inclined and the height of
buildings, etc. Architects use trigonometry to calculate structural load, roof slopes,
ground surfaces, and many other aspects, including sun shading and light angles.
• Flight engineers have to take into account their speed, distance, and direction along
with the speed and direction of the wind. Trigonometry table comes in handy for basic
calculations. The wind plays an important role in how and when a plane will arrive
where ever needed this is solved using vectors to create a triangle using trigonometry
to solve.
 • In criminology, trigonometry can help to calculate a projectile’s trajectory, to estimate
what might have caused a collision in a car accident or how did an object fall down
from somewhere, or in which angle was a bullet shot, etc.
• It is used in the naval and aviation industries.
• It is used in cartography ( creation of maps).
• This field of mathematics can be applied in navigation, music theory, acoustics, optics,
analysis of financial markets, probability theory, Number theory, meteorology and
many physical sciences etc.

----------------------------------------:THANK YOU :-------------------------------------

❖ Conclusion.
Trigonometry begins in the right angled triangle, but it does not have to be
restricted to triangles. The trigonometric functions carry the ideas of triangle
trigonometry into a broader world of real- valued functions and waves forms.
Trigonometry functions are the relationships among various side in right angle
triangles. Trigonometry is making the world in progress.

❖ Reference.
We collect information from the help of book .
• https//topper.com
• Brainly.in
• WWW.embe.com