Class 12th TOPIC: Integrals

5𝑥−2
1. Evaluate: ∫ 1+2𝑥+3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution

5𝑥 − 2
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
𝑑
Let 5𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴 (1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) + 𝐵 = 𝐴(2 + 6𝑥) + 𝐵
𝑑𝑥
On comparing the coefficients of like terms, we get
5 −11
6𝐴 = 5 ⇒ 𝐴 = and 2𝐴 + 𝐵 = −2 ⇒ 𝐵 =
6 3
5 𝑑 11
(1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) −
∴ 𝐼 = ∫ 6 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
5 𝑑𝑥 11 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 − ∫
6 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 3 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
5 11 𝑑𝑥
= log |1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 | − ∫
6 3⋅3 2 1
𝑥2 + 3 𝑥 + 3
5 11 𝑑𝑥
= log |1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 | − ∫ 2
6 9 1 2
√2
(𝑥 + ) + ( )
3 3
1
5 11 1 𝑥+3
2 −1
= log |1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 | − ⋅ tan ( )+𝐶
6 9 √2/3 √2/3
5 11 3𝑥 + 1
= log |1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 | − tan−1 ( )+𝐶
6 3√2 √2

(𝑥 2 +1)𝑒 𝑥
2. Find: ∫ (𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥

Solution
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥
Let 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥+1)2
𝑒 𝑑𝑥

(𝑥 2 − 1) + 2
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 ⋅ [ ] 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥2 − 1 2
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 ⋅ [ 2
+ ] 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥−1 2
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 ⋅ [ + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥−1
Take 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+1
(𝑥 + 1) ⋅ 1 − (𝑥 − 1) ⋅ 1 2
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2
=
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)2
By using the formula, we get
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
 𝑥−1
𝐼 = 𝑒𝑥 ⋅ [ ]+𝐶
𝑥+1

sin(𝑥−𝑎)
3. Evaluate: ∫ sin(𝑥+𝑎) 𝑑𝑥

Solution
sin (𝑥−𝑎) sin (𝑥+𝑎−2𝑎)
Let 𝐼 = ∫ sin (𝑥+𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 =∫ sin (𝑥+𝑎)
𝑑𝑥

sin (𝑥 + 𝑎)cos 2𝑎 − cos (𝑥 + 𝑎)sin 2𝑎

=∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
sin (𝑥 + 𝑎)
cos (𝑥 + 𝑎)
⇒ 𝐼 = cos 2𝑎∫ 𝑑𝑥 − sin 2𝑎∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin (𝑥 + 𝑎)
Put sin (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 𝑡 ⇒ cos (𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝐼 = cos 2𝑎∫ 𝑑𝑥 − sin 2𝑎∫
𝑡
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑥cos 2𝑎 − sin 2𝑎log |𝑡| + 𝐶
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑥cos 2𝑎 − sin 2𝑎log |sin (𝑥 + 𝑎)| + 𝐶

𝜋 𝑥 tan 𝑥
4. Evaluate: ∫0 𝑑𝑥
sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥

Solution

𝜋 𝑥tan 𝑥
Let 𝐼 = ∫0 sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
𝜋 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝜋
𝑥sin 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 0 1 + sin 𝑥
0
cos 𝑥 + cos
𝜋
(𝜋 − 𝑥)sin (𝜋 − 𝑥)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + sin (𝜋 − 𝑥)

𝑏 𝑏
[Using the property ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥]
𝑎 𝑎

𝜋
(𝜋 − 𝑥)sin 𝑥
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + sin 𝑥

Adding (i) and (ii), we get

 𝜋
𝜋sin 𝑥
2𝐼 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + sin 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 sin 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 1 + sin 𝑥 − 1
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 0 1 + sin 𝑥 2 0 1 + sin 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 1
= ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0 1 + sin 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1
= [∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥]
2 0 0 1 + sin 𝑥
𝜋
𝜋 1 − sin 𝑥
= [[𝑥]𝜋0 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥]
2 0 cos 2 𝑥
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
1 sin 𝑥
= [[𝑥]0 − ∫ ( 2 − 2 𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥]
2 0 cos 𝑥 cos

𝜋
𝜋
= [(𝜋 − 0) − ∫ (sec 2 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 ⋅ sec 𝑥)𝑑𝑥]
2 0
𝜋
= [𝜋 − (tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥)𝜋0 ]
2
𝜋 𝜋
= [𝜋 − [(0 − (−1)) − (0 − 1)]] = [𝜋 − 2]
2 2