___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Topic 3.2
Structure & Bonding
3.2 Structure and bonding
3.2.1 Bonding: the structure of matter
Core
• Describe the differences between elements,
mixtures and compounds, and between metals
and non-metals
• Describe an alloy, such as brass, as a mixture of a
metal with other elements

3.2.2 Ions and ionic bonds

Core Supplement
• Describe the formation of ions by electron loss • Describe the formation of ionic bonds between
or gain metallic and non-metallic elements
• Describe the formation of ionic bonds between • Describe the lattice structure of ionic compounds
elements from Groups I and VII as a regular arrangement of alternating positive
and negative ions

3.2.3 Molecules and covalent bonds

Core Supplement
• Describe the formation of single covalent bonds • Describe the electron arrangement in more
in H2, Cl2, H2O, CH4, NH3 and HCl as the sharing complex covalent molecules such as N2, C2H4,
of pairs of electrons leading to the noble gas CH3OH and CO2
configuration • Explain the differences in melting point and
• Describe the differences in volatility, solubility boiling point of ionic and covalent compounds in
and electrical conductivity between ionic and terms of attractive forces
covalent compounds

3.2.4 Macromolecules
Core Supplement
• Describe the giant covalent structures of graphite • Describe the macromolecular structure of
and diamond silicon(IV) oxide (silicon dioxide)
• Relate their structures to their uses, e.g. graphite • Describe the similarity in properties between
as a lubricant and a conductor, and diamond in diamond and silicon(IV) oxide, related to their
cutting tools structures

3.2.5 Metallic bonding

Supplement
• Describe metallic bonding as a lattice of positive
ions in a ‘sea of electrons’ and use this to describe
the electrical conductivity and malleability of

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Topic 3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

1 0620/43/O/N/22/Q4(b)

Complete
  the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl 3. Show outer shell electrons only.

Cl P Cl

Cl
[2]

2 0620/43/O/N/22/Q2(b,c,d)
The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical conductivities of six substances, D,
E, F, G, H and I.

melting point boiling point conducts electricity conducts electricity

substance
/ °C / °C when solid when liquid
D 1083 2567 yes yes
E –117 79 no no
F 3550 4827 no no
G 119 445 no no
H –210 –196 no no
I 801 1413 no yes

(a) Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is a metal. Give a reason for your choice.

substance ..................................................................................................................................

reason ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which has a macromolecular structure. Give two
reasons for your choice.

substance ..................................................................................................................................

reason 1 .....................................................................................................................................

reason 2 .....................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is an ionic solid. Give a reason for your choice.

substance ..................................................................................................................................

reason ........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

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3 0620/42/O/N/22/Q6(d)

 omplete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of

C
carboxylic acid Y.

H C O H

[3]

4 0620/41/O/N/22/Q2(b iv)
Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of
the ions in sodium oxide.

....... .......

Na O

.......

Na
[3]

5 0620/42/O/N/22/Q(a,b,c,d,e,f)
Diamond and graphite are different solid forms of carbon. The carbon atoms in diamond and
graphite are arranged in different ways.

(a) State the number of covalent bonds each carbon atom has in diamond.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) State the term used to describe the structure of diamond.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Name an oxide that has a similar structure to diamond.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Describe the arrangement of atoms in graphite.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(e) Explain how graphite conducts electricity.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) Buckminsterfullerene is a simple molecular form of carbon.

The relative molecular mass of Buckminsterfullerene is 720.

Determine the number of carbon atoms in one molecule of Buckminsterfullerene.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

6 0620/41/O/N/22/Q6(b)
Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of
ester Y.

O
H

H C O C H

H [3]

7 0620/41/O/N/22/Q2(a,b)
Potassium is a Group I element.

(a) Name and describe the bonding in potassium.

name ..........................................................................................................................................

description .................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) Potassium combines with sulfur to form an ionic compound, potassium sulfide, K2S.

(i) Give two physical properties of ionic compounds.

1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(ii) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of
the ions in potassium sulfide.

....... .......

K S

.......

[3]


8 0620/43/M/J/22/Q5(a)

This question is about copper and its compounds.

Describe the bonding in a metallic element such as copper.

You may include a diagram as part of your answer.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

9 0620/43/M/J/22/Q3(d)
Hydrazine, N2H4, is another compound that contains nitrogen and hydrogen.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

hydrazine. Show outer electrons only.

H H

N N

H H
[2]

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Topic 3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

10 0620/43/M/J/22/Q2

(a) 16S
32
and 16
33
S are isotopes of sulfur.

Use your knowledge of protons, neutrons and electrons to answer the following questions.

(i) Describe how these isotopes of sulfur are the same and how they are different.

same ....................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

different ................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) Explain why each of these isotopes have an overall charge of zero.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Explain why both isotopes have the same chemical properties.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Sulfide ions, S2–, have the electronic structure 2,8,8.

(i) Explain why sulfide ions have a charge of 2–.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Give the formula of:

● an anion which has the same electronic structure as S2–

..............................................................................................................................................

● a cation which has the same electronic structure as S2–.

..............................................................................................................................................
[2]

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11 0620/42/M/J/22/Q4(c,d,e)

(a) Nitrogen trichloride, NCl 3, is a covalent compound.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of NCl 3.

Show outer electrons only.

Cl N Cl

Cl
[3]

(b) Lithium chloride, LiCl, is an ionic compound.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of the
ions in lithium chloride.
..... .....

Li Cl

[3]

(c) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why LiCl is a solid at room temperature
but NCl 3 is a liquid with a relatively low boiling point.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

12 0620/41/M/J/22/Q4(b i)

Hydrogen sulfide has the formula H2S.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

hydrogen sulfide. Show outer shell electrons only.

H S H

[2]

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Topic 3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

13 0620/41/M/J/22/Q3

This question is about sodium and compounds of sodium.

(a) (i) Describe the bonding in a metallic element such as sodium.

You may include a diagram as part of your answer.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [3]
(ii) Describe how solid sodium conducts electricity.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Some properties of sodium chloride are shown:

●  elting point of 801 °C

m
● non-conductor of electricity when solid
● conductor of electricity when molten
● soluble in water.
(i) Name the type of bonding in sodium chloride.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Explain why sodium chloride conducts electricity when molten.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

14 0620/42/F/M/22/Q2(b,c)

(a) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement of the ions in
magnesium chloride.
The inner shells have been drawn.

Give the charges on the ions.

....... .......

Mg Cl

.......

Cl

[3]

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(b) C
 omplete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
carbon dioxide.
Show outer shell electrons only.

O C O

[2]

15 0620/43/O/N/21/Q3(f)

Lead(II) oxide and carbon dioxide are oxides of Group IV elements.

(i) Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in one molecule of CO2.
Show only the outer electrons.

O C O

[2]
(ii) The melting points of lead(II) oxide and carbon dioxide are shown.

melting point / °C
lead(II) oxide 886
carbon dioxide –56

Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why lead(II) oxide has a much
higher melting point than carbon dioxide.

Your answer should refer to:

● the types of particles involved

● the relative strength of the forces of attraction between the particles.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

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16 0620/42/O/N/21/Q5(b)

Transition elements and Group I elements have some similar physical properties.

They can both:

●  e hammered into a shape

b
● conduct electricity
● be stretched into wires.

(i) Name the term used to describe the ability of elements to be hammered into a shape.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Describe what happens to the particles in iron when it is hammered into a shape.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Suggest why copper, rather than other transition elements, is used for wires which conduct
electricity.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

17 0620/42/O/N/21/Q4(e)

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of COCl 2.

C
Cl Cl

Show outer electrons only.


Cl Cl

[3]

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18 0620/43/M/J/21/Q3(e,f)

(a) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
fluorine, F2.
Show the outer electrons only.

F F

[1]

(b) The melting points and boiling points of fluorine and sodium fluoride are shown.

melting point boiling point

/ °C / °C
fluorine –220 –188
sodium fluoride 993 1695

(i) Deduce the physical state of fluorine at –195 °C. Use the data in the table to explain your
answer.

physical state .......................................................................................................................

explanation ..........................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why sodium fluoride has a much higher melting
point than fluorine.

Your answer should refer to the:
● types of particle held together by the forces of attraction
● types of forces of attraction between particles
● relative strength of the forces of attraction.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [3]

19 0620/43/M/J/21/Q3(b)
Sodium fluoride is an ionic compound.
Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in the outer shells of the ions present
in sodium fluoride.
Give the charges on both ions.
........ ........

Na F

[3]

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20 0620/42/M/J/21/Q5(b iii, c)

(a) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
NF3.
Use dots for nitrogen electrons and crosses for fluorine electrons.

Show outer electrons only.

F N F

[3]
(b) Lithium nitride melts at 813 °C. Nitrogen trifluoride melts at –206 °C.

Explain in terms of attractive forces why lithium nitride has a much higher melting point than
nitrogen trifluoride.

 your answer refer to the types of attractive forces between particles and their relative
In
strengths.

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [3]

21 0620/42/M/J/21/Q5(a ii)

Lithium nitride is ionically bonded.

Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of the nitride ion.
Show the charge on the nitride ion.

........

[2]

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22 0620/41/M/J/21/Q3(e,f)

(a) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
chlorine, Cl 2.
Show the outer electrons only.

Cl Cl

[1]

(b) The melting points and boiling points of chlorine and potassium chloride are shown.

melting point boiling point

/ °C / °C
chlorine –101 –35
potassium chloride 770 1500

(i) Deduce the physical state of chlorine at –75 °C. Use the data in the table to explain your
answer.

physical state .......................................................................................................................

explanation ..........................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why potassium chloride has a much higher
melting point than chlorine.


Your answer should refer to the:
● types of particle held together by the forces of attraction
● types of forces of attraction between particles
● relative strength of the forces of attraction.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [3]

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23 0620/41/M/J/21/Q3(a,b)

Potassium reacts with chlorine to form potassium chloride, KCl.

(a) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.

............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Potassium chloride is an ionic compound.

Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in the outer shells of the ions present
in potassium chloride.
Give the charges on both ions.

........ ........

K Cl

[3]

24 0620/43/O/N/20/Q3(a)

This question is about nitrogen and some of its compounds.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

nitrogen, N2.
Show the outer shell electrons only.

N N

[2]

25 0620/42/O/N/20/Q2(f i)

Sodium chloride does not conduct electricity when solid, but does conduct electricity when
molten.

Explain why, in terms of structure and bonding.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

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26 0620/41/O/N/20/Q7(d)

The table shows the melting points of ethanol and sodium chloride.

substance melting point / °C

ethanol –114
sodium chloride 801

The difference in melting points is due to differences in attractive forces between particles in
these substances.
Name the type of attractive force in each substance, which is responsible for the difference in
melting points.

ethanol .......................................................................................................................................

sodium chloride .........................................................................................................................

[2]

27 0620/41/O/N/20/Q4(c)

Carbon dioxide, CO2, is a covalent molecule.

Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in one molecule of CO2.

Show only the outer electrons.

O C O

[2]

28 0620/43/M/J/20/Q3(c)

Magnesium reacts with chlorine to form magnesium chloride.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement of the ions in
magnesium chloride. Give the charges on the ions.

The inner shells have been completed.

......... .........

Mg Cl

[3]

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29 0620/42/M/J/20/Q2

Fluorine forms both ionic and covalent compounds.

Magnesium reacts with fluorine to form the ionic compound magnesium fluoride.

The electronic structures of an atom of magnesium and an atom of fluorine are shown.

Mg F

(i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagrams to show the electronic structures of one magnesium
ion and one fluoride ion. Show the charges on the ions.

......... .........

Mg F

[3]

(ii) What is the formula of magnesium fluoride?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Magnesium fluoride does not conduct electricity when it is solid.

What can be done to solid magnesium fluoride to make it conduct electricity?

In your answer explain why magnesium fluoride conducts electricity when this change is
made.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

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30 0620/41/M/J/20/Q5(e)(ii)

The structural formula of ethanal is shown.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement of a molecule of
ethanal. Inner shells have been drawn.

H O

H C C

[3]
H
H

31 0620/41/M/J/20/Q2
Magnesium is a metal.
(a) Name and describe the bonding in magnesium.

name ..........................................................................................................................................

description of bonding ...............................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) Magnesium oxide, MgO, is formed when magnesium burns in oxygen.
(i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement of the ions in
magnesium oxide.
The inner shells have been drawn.
Give the charges on the ions.

......... ........ .

Mg O

[3]

(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs when magnesium burns in oxygen.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

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32 0620/42/F/M/20/Q3(f)

Lithium fluoride has ionic bonding.

(i) What is an ionic bond?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Give two physical properties of ionic compounds.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

33 0620/2/)/0/2/Q F

Group V chlorides are covalent molecules. The boiling points of some Group V chlorides are
shown.
chloride boiling point / °C
NCl 3 71
PCl 3
AsCl 3 130
SbCl 3 283

(i) Suggest the approximate boiling point of PCl 3.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain the trend in boiling points in terms of attractive forces between particles.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
PCl 3.
Show outer electrons only.

Cl Cl
P

Cl
[3]

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34 0620/3/O/N/1/Q E LL

Phosphorus reacts with chlorine gas to produce phosphorus(III ) chloride, PCl 3.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl 3. Show outer shell electrons only.

Cl

Cl P Cl

[2]

35 0620/3/O/N/1/Q2

The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical conductivities of six substances
D, E, F, G, H and I.

melting point boiling point electrical conductivity electrical conductivity

substance
/ °C / °C when solid when liquid
D 1610 2230 non-conductor non-conductor
E 801 1413 non-conductor good conductor
F –119 43 non-conductor non-conductor
G 1535 2750 good conductor good conductor
H 114 184 non-conductor non-conductor
I –210 –196 non-conductor non-conductor

Choose substances from the table which match the following descriptions. Each substance may be
used once, more than once or not at all.

(a) Which substance is a liquid at 25 °C? .................................................................................. [1]

(b) Which substance is a gas at 25 °C? .................................................................................... [1]

(c) Which three substances contain simple molecules?

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

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(d) Which substance could be a metal? Give a reason for your answer.

substance ..................................................................................................................................

reason ........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(e) Which substance has a macromolecular structure? Give two reasons for your answer.

substance ..................................................................................................................................

reason 1 .....................................................................................................................................

reason 2 .....................................................................................................................................
[3]

(f) Which substance is an ionic solid? Give one reason for your answer.

substance ..................................................................................................................................

reason ........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

36 0620/2/O/N/1/Q E

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of methanol.

Show outer shell electrons only.

H C O H

H
[2]

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37 0620//O/N/1/Q F

Ethanol can be oxidised by hydrogen peroxide to form ethanal, CH3CHO. A catalyst for this
reaction is Fe3+.

(i) The structure of ethanal is shown.

H

H C C O

H H
Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
ethanal. Show outer shell electrons only.

H C C O

H H

[3]
(ii) The table gives the boiling points of ethanal and ethanol.

substance boiling point / °C

ethanal 20
ethanol 78

In terms of attractive forces between particles, suggest why ethanal has a lower boiling
point than ethanol.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

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38

This question is about metals and metal oxides.

Most metals have a high melting point.

State one other physical property that all metals have.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

39 0620/3/O/N/1/Q

Lead is an excellent roofing material. It is malleable and resistant to corrosion. Lead

rapidly becomes coated with basic lead carbonate which protects it from further corrosion.

Lead has a typical metallic structure which is a lattice of lead ions surrounded by a ‘sea’
of mobile electrons. This structure is held together by attractive forces called a metallic
bond.
(i) Explain why there are attractive forces in a metallic structure.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Explain why a metal, such as lead, is malleable.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

40 0620/3/O/N/1/Q

Nitrogen can form ionic compounds with reactive metals and covalent compounds with non-metals.

(a) Nitrogen reacts with lithium to form the ionic compound lithium nitride, Li3N.

(i) Write the equation for the reaction between lithium and nitrogen.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Lithium nitride is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram which shows its formula, the charges
on the ions and the arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion.
Use x for an electron from a lithium atom.
Use o for an electron from a nitrogen atom.

[2]

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(b) Nitrogen fluoride is a covalent compound.

(i) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the
covalent compound nitrogen trifluoride, NF3.

Use x for an electron from a nitrogen atom.

Use o for an electron from a fluorine atom.

[2]
(ii) Lithium nitride has a high melting point, 813 °C. Nitrogen trifluoride has a low melting point,
–207 °C.
Explain why the melting points are different.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

41 0620/3/2/1/12/Q

Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2, and zirconium(IV) oxide, ZrO2, are both macromolecules.
They have similar physical properties but silicon(IV) oxide is acidic and zirconium(IV) oxide
is amphoteric.

(a) Define the term macromolecule.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) Predict three physical properties of these two oxides.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) Name an element which has the same physical properties as these two oxides.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

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(c) (i) Name a reagent that reacts with the oxides of both elements.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Name a reagent that reacts with only one of the oxides.

reagent ......................................................................................................................

oxide which reacts ............................................................................................... [2]

42 0620/2/0/-/1/Q

(a) Iodine reacts with chlorine to form iodine monochloride, ICl , as the only product.

(i) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Draw a dot‑and‑cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

iodine monochloride. Show outer shell electrons only.

[2]

(b) Potassium bromide has a melting point of 734 °C.

Iodine monochloride has a melting point of 27 °C.
In terms of attractive forces, explain why there is a large difference between these melting
points.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

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43 0620//0/-/1/Q

This question is about masses, volumes and moles.

(a) Which term is defined by the following statement?

The average mass of naturally occurring atoms of an element
on a scale where the 12C atom has a mass of exactly 12 units.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Butane, C4H10, has a relative molecular mass of 58.

Potassium fluoride, KF, has a relative formula mass of 58.

Explain why the term relative molecular mass can be used for butane but cannot be used for
potassium ����K

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

44 0620/2/)/0/1/Q2

Sodium chloride is a typical ionic compound.

The diagram shows part of a lattice of sodium chloride.

(i) Complete the diagram to show the ions present. Use ‘+’ for Na+ ions and ‘–’ for Cl – ions.
One ion has been completed for you.

[2]

(ii) How many electrons does a chloride ion have?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Identify an element which has atoms with the same number of electrons as a sodium ion.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

NOUMAN AHMAD 88
89
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45 0620/2/)/0/1/Q

NF3 has covalent bonds.

(i) What is a covalent bond?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
NF3.
Show outer shell electrons only.

F N F

[3]

46 0620/3/O/N/1/Q

Explain why silicon(IV) oxide cannot move through the air in the same way that
carbon dioxide can.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

47 0620/3/O/N/1/Q

(i) Describe the bonding in iron. Include a diagram in your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Use your diagram in (c)(i) to explain why iron is malleable.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

NOUMAN AHMAD 89
90
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3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

(iii) Iron containing a small amount of carbon is known as steel.

Explain why steel is less malleable than iron.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
48 0620/2/O/N/1/Q2
(a) Complete the table to show the electronic structure of the atoms and ions.
electronic structure

F 2,7

Si

Ca2+

N3– [3]

(b) Predict the formula of the compound formed between Ca2+ and N3–.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangements in the two ions present in
lithium chloride, LiCl.
Show outer shell electrons only. Include the charges on the ions.

[3]
(d) Sulfur dichloride, SCl 2, is a covalent compound. It has the structure Cl –S–Cl.

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

sulfur dichloride.
Show outer shell electrons only.

[3]
(e) In terms of attractive forces, explain why LiCl has a higher melting point than SCl 2.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(f) Suggest the identity of a covalent compound with a higher melting point than LiCl.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

NOUMAN AHMAD 90
91
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49 0620//O/N/1/Q

Aluminium oxide is an ionic compound with a high melting point.

(i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in one of the
oxide ions present in aluminium oxide. Include the charge on the oxide ion.
One of the aluminium ions is shown.
3+ ........

Al O

[2]

(ii) The melting point of aluminium oxide is above 2000 °C.

Explain why aluminium oxide has a high melting point.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

50 0620//O/N/1/Q

A molecule of ethanoic acid has the structure shown.

H O
H C C

H O H
Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in ethanoic acid.
Show outer shell electrons only.

H O

H C C

H O H

[3]

NOUMAN AHMAD 91
93
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51 0620/3/0/-/1/Q
Magnesium is a metal.

(a) Describe the structure and bonding in magnesium.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Why can magnesium conduct electricity when solid?

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Why is magnesium malleable?

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

NOUMAN AHMAD 92
94
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52 0620/2/0/-/1/Q2
(a) Silicon has a giant structure which is similar to the structure of diamond.

(i) Name the type of bond which is present between silicon atoms in silicon.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest two physical properties of silicon.

Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why silicon has these physical
properties.

property 1 ...........................................................................................................................

reason 1 ..............................................................................................................................

property 2 ...........................................................................................................................

reason 2 ..............................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) Carbon dioxide, CO2, is a gas at room temperature and pressure, whereas silicon(IV)
oxide, SiO2, is a solid.

(i) Name the type of structure which the following compounds have.

carbon dioxide .............................................................................................................. [1]

silicon(IV) oxide ............................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain why carbon dioxide is a gas at
room temperature and pressure, whereas silicon(IV) oxide is a solid.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) Silicon(IV) oxide is an acidic oxide. When silicon(IV) oxide reacts with alkalis, the salts formed
contain the ion SiO32–.

Write a chemical equation for the reaction between silicon(IV) oxide and aqueous
sodium hydroxide.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

NOUMAN AHMAD 93
95
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3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

53 0620/42/F/M/17/Q3
Nitrosyl chloride, NOCl, is a gas at room temperature. It has the structure shown.

O N Cl

(i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of the outer shell electrons
in nitrosyl chloride.

O N Cl

[2]

(ii) Nitrosyl chloride has a boiling point of –6 °C.

Explain why nitrosyl chloride has a low boiling point.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

54 0620/42/O/N/16/Q2

Aluminium is a metal in Group III.

Describe the bonding in aluminium.

Include a labelled diagram and any appropriate charges in your answer.

[3]

NOUMAN AHMAD 94
96
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55 0620/43/M/J/16/Q5

The diagram shows the electron arrangement in a molecule of ammonia, showing only outer
shell electrons.

N H

(i) State the type of bonding in ammonia.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Hydrazine, N2H4, is another compound of nitrogen and hydrogen.

Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of hydrazine,

showing only outer shell electrons.

H H

N N

H H
[3]

NOUMAN AHMAD 95
97
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3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

56 0620/43/M/J/16/Q3

Potassium iodide is an ionic compound.

(i) Describe what happens, in terms of electron loss and gain, when a potassium atom reacts
with an iodine atom.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe the structure of solid potassium iodide. You may draw a diagram.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Explain why potassium iodide has a high melting point.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

NOUMAN AHMAD 96
98
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57 0620/42/M/J/16/Q3

Gallium is a metallic element in Group III. It has similar properties to aluminium.

(i) Describe the structure and bonding in a metallic element.

You should include a labelled diagram in your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Explain why metallic elements such as gallium are good conductors of electricity.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

58 0620/2/)/0/1/Q

The diagram shows the structure of a hydrazine molecule.

H H

N N

H H

Draw the electron arrangement of a hydrazine molecule. Show the outer shell electrons only.

[2]

NOUMAN AHMAD 97
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59 0620/2/)/0/1/Q
Carbon dioxide and silicon(IV) oxide are oxides of Group IV elements.

(a) Complete the following table.

carbon dioxide silicon(IV) oxide

formula SiO2

melting point / °C –56 1610

physical state at 25 °C gas

conduction of electricity non-conductor

structure macromolecular [4]

(b) (i) Name the type of bonds that exist between the atoms in silicon(IV) oxide.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why silicon(IV) oxide has a very high melting point.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why carbon dioxide has a very low
melting point.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Explain, in terms of particles, why carbon dioxide is a non-conductor of electricity.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

NOUMAN AHMAD 100

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60 0620/2/)/0/1/Q2

Rubidium, Rb, is a Group I element. It has similar physical and chemical properties to the other
elements in Group I.
(a) Predict how many electrons there are in the outer shell of a rubidium atom.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Predict one physical property of rubidium which is the same as that of a transition element
such as iron.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Predict two physical properties of rubidium which are different to those of a transition element
such as iron.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

NOUMAN AHMAD 101

99
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Topic 3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

1 M1 3 dot and cross bonding pairs (1) 2

M2 All lone pairs correct.

All octets should be complete AND dots and crosses should
be different on P and all Cl (1)

2 (a) M1 D (1) 2

M2 conducts electricity when solid (1)

(b) M1 F (1) 3
M2 high melting point (1)

M3 non-conductor of electricity when solid and liquid (1)

(c) M1 I (1) 2
M2 conducts electricity when liquid but not when solid / ONLY conducts
when liquid (1)

3 M1 all single bonding dot and cross pairs correct (1) 3

M2 double C=O bond dot and cross pairs are correct (1)

M3 four non-bonding cross electrons on each O atom (1)

4 M1 eight crosses in second shell of both Na (1) 3

M2 six dots and two crosses in second shell of O (1)

M3 ‘+’ charge on each Na ion on correct answer line and ‘2–‘ charge
on O ion on correct answer line (1)

5 (a) 4 1

(b) giant covalent 1

(c) silicon dioxide 1

(d) M1 layers 2
M2 hexagon(al) (rings of carbon)

(e) mobile electrons 1

(f) 60 1

NOUMAN AHMAD 100

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Topic 3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

6 M1 all single bonding dot and cross pairs correct (1) 3

M2 double C=O bond dot and cross pairs are correct (1)

M3 complete diagram is correct (1)

7 (a) M1 metallic (1) 4

M2 lattice of potassium ions (1)

M3 sea of electrons (1)

M4 attraction between potassium ions and electrons (1)

(b)(i) any two (one from each bullet point) 2

• physical constants: high boiling point / melting point

• conductivity: conduct electricity when aqueous / conduct electricity

when molten

• solubility: soluble in water

( b)(ii) M1 eight dots in third shell of both K (1) 3

M2 six crosses and two dots in third shell of S (1)

M3 ‘+’ charge on each K on correct answer line and ‘2–‘ charge on S ion on correct

answer line (1)

8 (lattice of) positive ions (1) 3

sea of / delocalised / mobile electrons (1)

attraction between positive ions and electrons (1)

9 all 4 NH dot and cross bonds (1) 2

single bonding pair between N’s and two non-bonding electrons on each

N and no non-bonding e on H and nitrogen octet complete (1)

NOUMAN AHMAD 101

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Topic 3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

10 (a)(i) number of protons (are the same) / 16 protons (1) 3

number of electrons (are the same) / 16 electrons (1)

number of neutrons (are different) / 16,17 neutrons (1)

(ii) number of protons is the same as (the number of) electrons 1

(iii) same number of (outer shell) electrons 1

(b)(i) (they have) two more electrons than protons 1

(ii) P3– OR Cl– (1) 2

K+ OR Ca2+ (1)

11 (a) N with 1 dot-cross bonding pair with each Cl 3

2 non-bonding dots for N
6 non-bonding crosses for Cl

(b) two crosses in first shell of Li 3

7 dots and 1 cross in third shell of Cl
‘+’ charge on Li on correct answer line and ‘–‘ charge on Cl ion
on correct answer line

(c) ionic bonds in LiCl 3

attraction between molecules in NCl3
weaker attraction (between particles) in NCl3 ORA

12 2 bonding pairs as one dot and cross each (1) 2

2 lone pairs on S (and no additional electrons on Hs) to complete

the outer shell on S and both Hs (1)

13 (a) (i) positive ions / cations (1) 3

sea of electrons / mobile electrons / delocalised electrons (1)

attraction between positive ions and electrons (1)

(ii) electrons move / 1

electrons mobile /
electrons flow

(b) (i) ionic 1

(ii) ions move / 1

ions are mobile /
ions flow

NOUMAN AHMAD 102

104
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Topic 3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

14 (a) eight crosses in second shell of Mg 3

7 dots and 1 cross in third shell of both Cl
2+ charge on Mg and – charge on both Cl ions on correct answer line

(b) C atom double bonded to 2 O atoms 2

4 non-bonding e- on each O and no non-bonding e– on C and both
octets complete
(c) (i) gradient (of line) decreases 1

(ii) concentration of particles (of acid) decreases 2

lower rate of collisions of particles

15 (i) M1 two double bonds (1) 2

M2 two pairs of non-bonding electrons on each oxygen and no

non-bonding electrons on carbon (1)
(ii) M1 bonds between ions or ionic bonds in lead(II) oxide (1) 3

M2 attraction between molecules in carbon dioxide (1)

M3 weaker attraction (between particles) in carbon dioxide ORA (1)

16 (i) malleability/ malleable 1

(ii) (particles) slide (over each other) 1

(iii) unreactive 1

17 M1 all single bonding dot and cross pairs correct 3

M2 double C=O bond dot and cross pairs are correct

M3 complete diagram is correct

18 (a) one shared pair of electrons and 6 non-bonding electrons on 1

each fluorine atom
(b)(i) liquid (1) 2
BOTH melting point is below –195 °C and boiling point is
above –195 °C
OR –195 °C is in between melting point and boiling point / –220 °C
and –188 °C (1)
OR
BOTH –195 °C is higher than –220 °C / melting point AND
lower than –188 °C / boiling point

(ii) ionic bonds in NaF (1) 3

attraction between molecules in F2 (1)
weaker attraction (between particles) in F2 ORA (1)

NOUMAN AHMAD 103

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Topic 3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

19 Na outer shell with 8 crosses (1) 3

F outer shell with 7 dots and 1 cross (1)
Na+ and F− (1)

20 (a) N with 1 bonding pair with each F (1) 3

2 non-bonding dots for N (1)
6 non-bonding crosses for F (1)

(b) ionic bonds in Li3N (1) 3

attraction between molecules in NF3 (1)
weaker attraction (between particles) in NF3 ORA (1)

21 new octet of 8 electrons consisting of 5 crosses and 3 dots 2

in second shell (1) charge of 3– (1)

22 (a) one shared pair of electrons and 6 non-bonding electrons on 1

each chlorine atom
(b)(i) liquid (1) 2
BOTH melting point is below –75 oC AND boiling point is above –75 oC
OR
BOTH –75 oC is higher than –101 oC / melting point AND lower
than –35 oC / boiling point

OR
–75 oC is between melting point or –101 oC and boiling point or –35 oC
(ii) ionic bonds in KCl (1) 3
attraction between molecules in Cl2 (1)
weaker attraction (between particles) in Cl2 ORA (1)

23 (a) 2K + Cl2 → 2KCl 2

Cl2 on left hand side (1)
equation fully correct (1)
(b) K outer shell with 8 crosses (1) 3
Cl outer shell with 7 dots and 1 cross (1)
+ and – (1)

24 triple bond (1) 2

diagram completely correct (1)

25 ions (1) 3
(ions) are fixed (in a lattice) (1)
ions are mobile (1)

NOUMAN AHMAD 104

106
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Topic 3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

26 ethanol: (forces of attraction) between molecules (1) 2

sodium chloride: (force of attraction) between positive and

negative ions/ionic bonding (1)

27 2 double bonds (1) 2

whole molecule correct (2 pairs of lone pairs on each O) (1)

28 magnesium ion has an outer shell with eight crosses 3

chloride ion has an outer shell with seven dots and one cross

chloride has a charge of 1– and magnesium has a charge 2+

29 (a)(i) magnesium 2.8 (all crosses) (1) 3

fluorine 2.8 (seven dots and one cross in outer shell) (1)
Mg2+ and F-(1)

(a)(ii) MgF2 1

(a)(iii) heat until molten or dissolve in water (1) 2

moving ions / mobile ions (1)
(b) two single bonds (1) 3
one double bond (1)
six non-bonding electrons on both F
atoms and four non- bonding electrons on O
atom to complete the octet in each case (1)
(c)(i) forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions / ionic bonds (1) 2
strong / need a lot of energy to break / weaken (1)

(c)(ii) forces of attraction between molecules (1) 2

weak / need a small of energy to break / weaken (1)

30 M1 4 × C–H dot cross bonds and 1 C–C dot cross bond 3

M2 1 × C=O dot cross bond

M3 non-bonding electrons on O

31 (a) metallic (bonding) 1

sea of electrons 1

positive ions 1

attraction between 1

NOUMAN AHMAD 105

107
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3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

(b)(i) Mg octet of eight dots 1

O octet of six crosses and two dots. 1

correct charges on both ions 1

(b)(ii) 2Mg + O2  2MgO 2

M1 species

M2 balancing

32 (i) oppositely charged ions 2

(ions) are attracted

(ii) any two from: 2

physical constants: high boiling point / melting point
conductivity: conduct (electricity) when aqueous
or conduct (electricity) when molten solubility: soluble in wate r

33 (i) any number in the range 72

– 129°C 1

(ii) attraction increase (1) 2

between molecules (1)

(iii) 3 P – Cl dot cross bonds (1) 3

2 (only) non-bonding electrons to make an ctet on P (1)
6 (only) non-bonding electrons to make an octet on each Cl (1)

34 (b)(ii) 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair on P (1) 2

six non-bonding electrons on 3 chlorine atoms (1)

35 (a) F 1

(b) I 1

(c) F (1) 3
H (1)
I (1)

(d) G (1) 2
good conductor when solid (1)

(e) D (1) 3
high melting point (1)
non-conductor of electricity when solid or liquid (1)

NOUMAN AHMAD 106

108
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3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

(f) E (1) 2

only conducts when liquid / conducts when liquid but not when solid (1)

36 all bonding pairs correct (1) 2

H atoms have 2 electrons and C and O atoms have 8 electrons (1)

37 (i) 4 electrons in double bond between C and O (1) 3

all single bonds correct (1) 
C and O each have 8 electrons in outer shell, all H have 2 electrons
in outer shell (1)
(ii) (attractive) forces between molecules weaker in ethanal 1

38 malleable / conduct electricity / conduct heat 1

39 (i) (attractive force between) positive ions [1]

and (negative) electrons [1]
opposite charges attract ONLY [1]
electrostatic attraction ONLY [1]

(ii) lattice / rows / layers of lead ions / cations / positive ions [1]
NOT: atoms / protons / nuclei
[1]
can slide past each other / the bonds are non-directional

40 (a) (i) 6Li + N2 = 2Li3N

species (1) balancing (1)

(ii) N3– ion drawn correctly [1]

Charges correct (minimum 1 × Li ion and 1 nitride ion) [1]

(b) (i) 3 × shared pairs between N and 3 × F [1]

only 2 non-bonding electrons on N, 6 non-bonding electrons on each F

(COND on first point) [1]

(ii) Strong attractive forces/strong ionic bonds in lithium nitride [1]

weak (attractive) forces between molecules in NF3 [1]

NOUMAN AHMAD 107

109
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3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

41 (a) giant covalent; [1]

or: polymer made from monomers;

(b) (i) any three from:

high mp / bp;
hard;
brittle;
insoluble (in water);
poor conductor of electricity / heat; [3]

(ii) carbon / diamond / silicon / boron; [1]

not: graphite
(c) (i) sodium hydroxide / any named alkali / reactive metal; [1]
(ii) named acid; [1]
zirconium oxide; [1]

42 (a) (i) I2 + Cl2 → 2ICl 2

1 mark for formulae all correct
1 mark for correct balancing
(ii) one bonding pair 1
6 non-bonding electrons on each atom 1
(b) (potassium bromide): ionic bonds / attraction between ions 1
(iodine monochloride): intermolecular forces / forces between 1
molecules / named
intermolecular forces, e.g. van der Waals / London forces / dispersion
forces / dipole- dipole
bonds in KBr are stronger / need more energy to break bonds / ORA 1

43 (a) relative atomic mass 1

(b) C4H10 is covalent 1

KF is ionic 1

44 (i) M1 correct orientation of ‘+’ and ‘–’ on front four ions 2

M2 rest of structure

(ii) 18 1

(iii) Ne or Neon 1

NOUMAN AHMAD 108

110
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3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

45 (i) a shared pair of electrons (between two atoms) 2

M1 shared electrons
M2 pair of / two electrons

(ii) M1 three correct bonding pairs from one N atom to each of three F atoms 3
M2 (3 pairs of) non-bonding electrons on each of three F atoms to complete an octet
M3 (1 pair of) non-bonding electrons on N atom to complete an octet

46 silicon(IV) oxide is a solid, whereas carbon dioxide is a gas 1

47 (i) positive ions / cations 1

sea of electrons / mobile electrons / delocalised electrons / moving 1
electrons / flowing electrons
attraction between positive ions and electrons 1
(ii) layers / rows / sheets of ions 1
slide / slip / shift (over each other or past each other) 1
(iii) particles have different sizes / radii 1
layers cannot slide / slip / shift 1

48 (a) Si: 2: 8 : 4 1

Ca2+: 2 : 8: 8 1

N3–: 2 : 8 1

(b) Ca 3N2 1

(c) Li shown as having one shell with 2 electrons OR no electrons OR no outer shell 1

Cl shown as having an outer shell of 7 electrons of one type, plus one different 1

electron which matches Li electrons ‘+’ charge on Li AND ‘–‘ charge on Cl 1

(d) two shared pairs of electrons 1

both Cl with complete outer shells 1
S with complete outer shell 1

(e) SCl2 has intermolecular forces (of attraction) 1

LiCl has (electrostatic) forces (of attraction) between ions 1
intermolecular forces are weaker / less energy is needed to break intermolecular forces 1

(f) silicon(IV) oxide 1

NOUMAN AHMAD 109

111
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3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

49 (i) oxide ion has an outer shell with six dots and two crosses 1

oxide ion has a charge of 2– 1

(ii) (electrostatic) forces of attraction between ions 1

(are) strong OR require lots of energy to overcome 1

50 3

M1 all shared pairs of electrons correct for single bonds

M2 2 shared pairs of electrons for the C=O bond
M3 total of 8 electrons on each O including 4 non-bonding electrons and
no additional non-bonding electrons

51 (a) regular arrangement / lattice of positive ions / magnesium ions / Mg2+ ions 1

sea of electrons OR delocalised electrons 1

attraction between (positive) ions and (delocalised / sea of) electrons 1

(b) electrons 1

move / flow (throughout / through the structure) 1

(c) layers (of atoms or ions) 1

layers / atoms / ions can slide / slip / glide (over each other) (without breaking 1
the metallic bonds)

NOUMAN AHMAD 110

112
 52 (a) (i) covalent 1

award 1 mark for each correct property and one mark for each correct matching reason. 4
Topic

(ii)

property: high melting point / high boiling point

reason: bonds between atoms are strong OR covalent bonds are strong / bonds need large amount of energy to break

property: non-conductor / poor conductor(of electricity) / insulator

NOUMAN AHMAD
reason: no moving charged particles / no moving ions / no moving electrons / all (outer shell) electrons used in bonding

property: hard
reason: bonds between atoms are strong OR covalent bonds are strong

property: brittle
3.2: Structure & Bonding

reason: bonds between atoms are strong OR covalent bonds are strong / bonds are directional

property: insoluble
reason: does not form hydrogen bonds with water / no ions that can be hydrated

(b) (i) carbon dioxide: (simple) molecular / simple covalent 1

`

111
113
silicon(IV) dioxide: macromolecular / giant molecular / giant covalent / giant atomic 1

(ii) carbon dioxide: weak (force of) attraction between molecules / weak intermolecular forces / weak van der Waals’ 1
forces / weak dispersion forces / weak London forces

silicon(IV) dioxide: covalent bonds are strong / force of attraction between atoms is strong / no weak bonds (are 1
present) / all bonds are strong

(weak) forces of attraction in carbon dioxide need small amounts of energy or heat to break / less energy or heat 1
needed to break forces of attraction in carbon dioxide
OR
(strong) bonds in silicon(IV) dioxide need large amounts of energy or heat to break / more energy or heat needed to
break bonds in silicon(IV) dioxide

(c) 2NaOH + SiO2 → Na2SiO3 + H2O 2

IF full credit is not awarded, allow 1 mark for Na2SiO3
OR
2OH– + SiO2 → SiO32– + H2O
M1 species correct
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

M2 balancing
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3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

53 (i) M1 all bonding pairs correct (two pair of electrons shared between O and 1
N AND one pair of electrons shared between N and Cl)

M2 four non-bonding electrons on O AND two non-bonding electrons on 1

N AND six non-bonding electrons on Cl to give a fully correct diagram

(ii) M1 weak forces (of attraction) 1

M2 between molecules / intermolecular 1

54 lattice of labelled Al3+ ions 3

electrons seen on the diagram between the ions
attraction between (positive) ions and (sea of / delocalised) electrons

55 (i) covalent; 1
(ii) M1 one shared pair of electrons between each N and H; 3
M2 one shared pair of electrons between the N atoms;
M3 one lone pair on each N and no additional electrons anywhere;

56 (i) M1 movement of electron(s) from potassium to iodine; 2

M2 one electron transferred;

(ii) M1 regular arrangement / (giant) lattice of alternating; 2

M2 positive potassium ions / K+ and negative iodide ions / I–;
(iii) M1 strong (forces of) attraction (between oppositely charged ions) / 2
ionic bonds are strong;
M2 which require lots of energy to overcome / break;

57 (i) number of protons in one atom of an element; 1

(ii) M1 number of protons and neutrons in one atom of an element; 2

M2 in one atom of an element;

58 2
H H
N N
H H

M1 all shared electrons correct (5 bonds);

M2 exactly two non-bonding electrons on each N and no additional non-bonding electrons;

NOUMAN AHMAD 112

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Topic 3.2: Structure & Bonding ` IGCSE Chemistry P4 Topical

59 (a) 4
CO2;

solid;
poor conductor / non-conductor;
simple molecular / simple (covalent);

(b) (i) covalent; 1

(ii) all bonds are (very) strong or bonds; 1
or
bonds need a lot of energy or heat to break;
or
(there are) no weak bonds / no (weak) intermolecular forces;
(iii) weak forces between molecules; 1
or
weak intermolecular forces or weak van der Waals’ forces;
or
low amount of energy needed to break intermolecular / van der Waals’ forces;
(iv) no (moving) ions / no mobile or moving electrons / all electrons used in bonding 1
/ made of uncharged molecules;

60 (a) 1; 1

(b) conducts electricity or heat / malleable / ductile / sonorous / shiny; 1

(c) any two from: 2

• (low) melting point / (low) boiling point;
• hardness / softness / rubidium can be cut easily;
• strength;
• (low) density;

NOUMAN AHMAD 113

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