Design of an Incubator for Infants

Authors

Siraj Ahmad 19-EE-131

Muhammad Raheem 19-EE-127

Ghufran 19-EE-141

Supervisor

Engr. Tanveer Khursheed

Lecturer

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

TAXILA

July 2023

i
 Design of an Incubator for Infants

Authors

Siraj Ahmad 19-EE-131

Muhammad Raheem 19-EE-127

Ghufran 19-EE-141

Supervisor

Engr. Tanveer Khursheed

Lecturer

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

TAXILA

July 2023

2
 Design of an Incubator for Infants

Authors

Siraj Ahmad 19-EE-131

Muhammad Raheem 19-EE-127

Ghufran 19-EE-141

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Supervisor:

Engr. Tanveer Khursheed

Lecturer, Department of Electrical Engineering

External Examiner Signature: ___________________________________________

Thesis Supervisor Signature: ___________________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

July 2023

3
Use the following undertaking as it is.

I certify that research work titled “Design of an Incubator for Infants” is my own work. The work

has not been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources

it has been properly acknowledged / referred.

Signature of Student (1)

Siraj Ahmad

19-EE-131

Signature of Student (2)

Muhammad Raheem

19-EE-127

Signature of Student (3)

Ghufran

19-EE-141

4
 DEDICATION

For example: Dedicated to my parents, my teachers, colleagues & friends etc.

5
 Abstract
Design of an Incubator for Infants

Author’s Name

Siraj Ahmad

Muhammad Raheem

Ghufran

Thesis Supervisor: Engr. Tanveer Khrusheed

Lecturer in Electrical Engineering Department
Internet of Things (IoT) based baby incubator system. The system's primary aim is to enhance
the care level and monitoring precision for premature infants, a notably vulnerable patient.

This is achieved by integrating a multitude of sensors and actuators with two NodeMCU
microcontrollers. The system employs precise DS18B20 and DHT11 sensors for temperature and
humidity control. Concurrently, a MAX30100 pulse oximeter is used to monitor critical
physiological parameters like heart rate and oxygen levels in real-time.To replicate the safe
environment of a mother's womb, a relay-driven fan and a light system are implemented for
optimal temperature and light control within the incubator.One of the pivotal features of the
proposed system is its ability to transmit real-time data. The MQTT protocol facilitates data
transmission from the system to a user-friendly dashboard. This critical feature equips healthcare
providers with instantaneous insights into both the infant's condition and the incubator's overall
status, enabling swift interventions and ultimately enhancing the premature infants' care
quality.Beyond hardware, the research also emphasizes the role of software tools in the system's
development. LabVIEW software and Fritzing have been extensively used for system design and
simulation. LabVIEW's graphical system design, coupled with the interactive electronics design
capabilities of Fritzing, have been pivotal in the effective development and testing phases of the
IoT-based baby incubator system.

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Table of Content
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ 5

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 6

Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 10

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 10

1.1 General Introduction ................................................................................................... 10

1.2 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................... 11

1.3 Objective ..................................................................................................................... 13

1.4 Scope of work ............................................................................................................. 16

Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 19

2. Literature review ................................................................................................................ 19

Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 22

3. Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 22

3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 22

3.2 Component ...................................................................................................................... 23

3.3 Software .......................................................................................................................... 28

3.3.1 Arduino IDE................................................................................................................. 28

Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 33

4. Design and Simulation Results .......................................................................................... 33

4.1 Block Diagram ................................................................................................................ 33

4.2 Flow Chart ...................................................................................................................... 35

4.3 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................................................. 37

4.4 Lab View Working ......................................................................................................... 38

Chapter 5 ....................................................................................................................................... 41

5. Hardware and Software Results ......................................................................................... 41

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Chapter 6 ....................................................................................................................................... 44

6. Conclusion and Future Work ............................................................................................. 44

6.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 44

6.2 Future Work ................................................................................................................ 44

References ..................................................................................................................................... 46

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 List of Figure
Figure 3-1 Nodemcu ..................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 3-2 Max30100 ................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 3-3 LCD 20x4 .................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 3-4 I2C driver .................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 3-5 DS18b20 ...................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 3-6 FAN ............................................................................................................................. 27
Figure 3-7 Relay ........................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 3-8DHT11.......................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 3-9 Arduino IDE ................................................................................................................ 29
Figure 3-10 Fritzing ...................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 3-11 Draw.io ...................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 3-12 Labview ..................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 4-1 Block Diagram ............................................................................................................ 33
Figure 4-2 Flowchart..................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 4-3 Circuit Diagram ........................................................................................................... 37
Figure 4-4 Lab view Results ......................................................................................................... 39

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 Chapter 1
1. Introduction

1.1 General Introduction

In recent years, advancements in technology have paved the way for innovative solutions in
the field of healthcare. One such advancement is the Internet of Things (IoT), which has
revolutionized various sectors by enabling the seamless integration of physical devices with digital
systems. In the healthcare domain, IoT has emerged as a transformative force, offering tremendous
potential for improving patient care and medical monitoring. One specific area where IoT has
proven to be highly beneficial is in the development of baby incubator systems. Premature birth
remains a significant health concern worldwide, and neonatal care plays a critical role in improving
the chances of survival and well-being for premature infants. Baby incubators are vital medical
devices used in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) to provide a controlled environment that
mimics the conditions inside a mother's womb. These incubators maintain a stable temperature,
humidity, and oxygen levels, shielding premature infants from external factors and facilitating
their growth and development. The aim of this report is to present an in-depth study on an IoT-
based baby incubator system, highlighting its design, functionality, and benefits. This system
leverages the power of IoT technology to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of baby
incubators, ultimately improving the quality of care provided to premature infants. By integrating
various sensors, actuators, and connectivity features, the IoT-based baby incubator system enables
real-time monitoring, data collection, and remote control of crucial parameters, ensuring optimal
conditions for the infants' well-being. This report will delve into the different components and
features of the IoT-based baby incubator system. It will explore the integration of sensors to
monitor vital parameters such as temperature, humidity, heart rate, and oxygen levels, ensuring
continuous and accurate monitoring of the infant's condition. Additionally, the report will discuss
the incorporation of actuators to control environmental factors within the incubator, such as
adjusting temperature and humidity levels or administering medication. Furthermore, it will
examine the implementation of connectivity options, such as wireless communication and cloud

10
integration, enabling healthcare providers to remotely access and analyze the collected data. The
IoT-based baby incubator system offers several advantages over traditional incubators. It provides
healthcare professionals with real-time insights into the infant's condition, enabling prompt
interventions when required. The system also enhances the efficiency of data management by
automating data collection, storage, and analysis processes, which can assist medical staff in
making informed decisions. Moreover, the integration of remote monitoring capabilities facilitates
access to the infant's health data from anywhere, enabling healthcare providers to offer timely
advice and support, even from a distance. In conclusion, this report will provide a comprehensive
overview of the IoT-based baby incubator system, highlighting its potential to transform neonatal
care. By leveraging IoT technology, this system empowers healthcare professionals with advanced
monitoring and control capabilities, leading to improved outcomes for premature infants. The
subsequent chapters will delve into the detailed design, implementation, and evaluation of the
system, shedding light on its technical aspects and potential impact on healthcare practices.

1.2 Problem Statement

Neonatal care plays a critical role in ensuring the well-being and survival of premature or sick
infants. One of the essential components of neonatal care is the use of baby incubators, which
create a controlled environment to regulate temperature, humidity, and other vital parameters.
However, traditional baby incubators suffer from various limitations, such as lack of real-time
monitoring, inadequate data collection, and limited accessibility to healthcare professionals, which
can impede the optimal care and treatment of infants.

The objective of this project is to develop an IoT-based baby incubator system that addresses
the limitations of existing incubators and enhances neonatal care by providing continuous
monitoring, data analysis, and remote accessibility to healthcare professionals.

1.2.1 Inadequate Real-Time Monitoring

Current baby incubators often lack comprehensive real-time monitoring capabilities,
restricting healthcare providers from closely observing critical parameters of the infants. Limited
monitoring hinders the early detection of potential health complications, leading to delayed
interventions and increased risks. There is a need for an advanced monitoring system that can

11
continuously track vital signs such as temperature, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and respiration
rate to ensure timely intervention and improve neonatal outcomes.

1.2.2 Limited Data Collection and Analysis

Conventional baby incubators often lack robust data collection and analysis capabilities,
resulting in the loss of valuable information that can contribute to improved care. The absence of
a systematic data collection mechanism makes it difficult to track the progress of infants, identify
trends, and predict potential health risks. An IoT-based system that can collect, store, and analyze
comprehensive data on infants' vital signs and other relevant parameters would enable healthcare
providers to make data-driven decisions, optimize treatments, and enhance overall care quality.

1.2.3 Lack of Remote Accessibility

The current state of baby incubators restricts healthcare professionals to physical access,
limiting their ability to provide timely interventions and consultations. In remote or underserved
areas, the absence of on-site specialists further exacerbates the situation, hindering the delivery of
quality neonatal care. An IoT-based baby incubator system that offers remote accessibility to
healthcare professionals would facilitate real-time consultations, provide expert guidance, and
improve access to specialized care regardless of geographical constraints.

1.2.4 Integration with Existing Hospital Infrastructure

The integration of an IoT-based baby incubator system with existing hospital infrastructure,
including electronic health records (EHRs), data management systems, and hospital networks,
presents another significant challenge. Compatibility issues, data security concerns, and
interoperability challenges may arise during the implementation process. Ensuring seamless
integration with the hospital's existing infrastructure is crucial for the successful adoption and
scalability of the IoT-based baby incubator system.

1.2.5 Cost-Effectiveness and Affordability

The cost of healthcare technology can be a significant barrier, especially in resource-
constrained settings. Developing an IoT-based baby incubator system that balances functionality
with cost-effectiveness is essential to ensure wider adoption and accessibility. The system should

12
be designed to minimize additional infrastructure requirements, optimize resource utilization, and
be affordable for healthcare facilities across different economic backgrounds.

Addressing these challenges through the development of an IoT-based baby incubator system
will revolutionize neonatal care by enabling real-time monitoring, data-driven decision-making,
remote accessibility, seamless integration with existing hospital infrastructure, and affordability.
The outcome of this project will contribute to improving the survival rates and long-term health
outcomes of premature or sick infants, particularly in underserved areas, where access to
specialized care is limited.

1.3 Objective
The objective of this project is to design and develop an IoT-based baby incubator system
that incorporates advanced technologies to provide optimal care and monitoring for newborn
infants in a hospital setting. The system will aim to improve the overall safety, efficiency, and
accuracy of neonatal care by leveraging the capabilities of the Internet of Things (IoT) and
integrating various sensors, actuators, and communication protocols.

 Develop a comprehensive monitoring system that tracks vital parameters such as

temperature, humidity, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and weight of the
infant.
 Integrate high-precision sensors to monitor the baby's environment, including ambient
temperature, humidity, and air quality, ensuring a comfortable and safe environment.
 Implement real-time monitoring and data collection mechanisms to ensure continuous
observation and early detection of any abnormalities or distress signals.

1.3.1 Remote Monitoring and Control

 Enable remote monitoring of the baby incubator system, allowing healthcare professionals
to access real-time data and status updates from anywhere, thereby facilitating timely
interventions and reducing response times.

13
  Develop a user-friendly web or mobile interface that provides healthcare providers with
intuitive control over the incubator's parameters, including temperature, humidity, and
oxygen levels.
 Implement secure communication protocols to protect the confidentiality and integrity of
data transmitted between the incubator and the remote monitoring system.

1.3.2 Intelligent Alerting and Alarming

 Develop an intelligent alerting system that generates notifications and alarms based on pre-
defined thresholds or abnormal patterns observed in the baby's vital signs.
 Implement visual and audible alarms to alert healthcare professionals in case of
emergencies or critical events, ensuring prompt attention and appropriate action.
 Enable integration with hospital-wide notification systems to ensure that relevant personnel
are notified in a timely manner.

1.3.3 Data Analytics and Insights

 Implement a data storage and management system capable of securely storing and
organizing the collected data for further analysis.
 Develop data analytics algorithms and techniques to extract meaningful insights from the
collected data, enabling healthcare providers to identify trends, patterns, and potential risk
factors.
 Integrate machine learning models to predict and detect critical events or conditions,
facilitating proactive interventions and personalized care.

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1.3.4 Integration with Existing Healthcare Systems

Ensure seamless integration of the baby incubator system with existing hospital information
systems, such as electronic medical records (EMRs) and patient monitoring systems, to facilitate
comprehensive patient care and data sharing.Implement standardized data exchange protocols and
APIs to enable interoperability with other healthcare devices and systems, promoting a cohesive
and efficient healthcare ecosystem.

1.3.5 Safety, Reliability, and Compliance

 Design the baby incubator system with stringent safety standards and protocols, ensuring
the well-being and security of the infants.
 Conduct thorough testing and validation procedures to ensure the reliability and accuracy
of the system's measurements and functionality.
 Ensure compliance with relevant healthcare regulations, privacy laws, and industry
standards to protect patient data and promote ethical use of the system.

1.3.6 Scalability and Future Expansion

 Design the baby incubator system with scalability in mind, allowing for easy integration
of additional sensors, modules, or functionalities in the future.
 Consider the potential for future enhancements, such as telemedicine capabilities,
predictive analytics, or integration with emerging technologies like artificial intelligence
and edge computing.

1.3.7 Documentation and Knowledge Transfer

 Prepare comprehensive documentation, including system architecture, technical
specifications, user manuals, and troubleshooting guides, to facilitate future maintenance
and upgrades.
 Conduct training sessions and knowledge transfer programs to educate healthcare
professionals and technical staff on the operation, maintenance, and utilization of the baby
incubator system.

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1.3.8 Evaluation and Continuous Improvement
 Perform rigorous evaluation and assessment of the baby incubator system's performance,
usability, and impact on neonatal care outcomes.
 Gather feedback from healthcare professionals, parents, and other stakeholders to identify
areas for improvement and implement iterative enhancements to the system.
 Continuously monitor technological advancements and industry best practices to
incorporate new features, technologies, or standards that can further enhance the system's
capabilities.

By achieving these objectives, the IoT-based baby incubator project aims to revolutionize
neonatal care, providing an advanced and interconnected system that improves the well-being of
newborn infants, enhances the efficiency of healthcare professionals, and ultimately saves lives.

1.4 Scope of work

The healthcare industry is witnessing significant advancements with the integration of Internet
of Things (IoT) technology. One area that has greatly benefited from this technological innovation
is neonatal care. IoT-based baby incubator systems are revolutionizing the way premature infants
are cared for in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). These systems offer a comprehensive range
of features and functionalities that ensure optimal monitoring and management of infants' health,
as well as improved communication between healthcare professionals. This article explores the
scope and potential benefits of IoT-based baby incubator systems.

1.4.1 Remote Monitoring and Real-time Data Collection

IoT-based baby incubator systems enable healthcare professionals to remotely monitor
multiple infants simultaneously. These systems are equipped with various sensors that collect real-
time data on vital signs such as heart rate, oxygen saturation, temperature, and respiratory rate.
The collected data is securely transmitted to a centralized platform where it can be accessed by
medical staff. This remote monitoring capability allows healthcare professionals to closely observe
infants' health status, detect any abnormalities promptly, and take necessary actions in a timely
manner.

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1.4.2 Intelligent Alerts and Notifications
IoT-based baby incubator systems incorporate intelligent algorithms that analyze the
collected data and generate alerts and notifications for healthcare providers. These alerts can be
configured to notify medical staff when vital signs deviate from normal ranges or when there is a
critical condition that requires immediate attention. By receiving timely notifications, medical
professionals can respond promptly to emergencies and ensure that infants receive appropriate
care.

1.4.3 Environmental Control and Comfort

IoT-based baby incubator systems offer precise control over the environmental conditions
within the incubator. Parameters such as temperature, humidity, and airflow can be monitored and
adjusted remotely to create an optimal and comfortable environment for the infants. Additionally,
these systems can be integrated with smart lighting and sound systems to create a soothing and
calming atmosphere, promoting better sleep and faster recovery for the infants.

1.4.4 Integration with Electronic Health Records (EHR)

To facilitate seamless information flow and enhance patient care, IoT-based baby incubator
systems can be integrated with electronic health record systems. This integration allows automatic
transfer of vital sign data and other relevant information to the infants' electronic health records,
eliminating the need for manual data entry and reducing the risk of errors. It also enables healthcare
providers to access a comprehensive history of each infant's health, facilitating better decision-
making and continuity of care.

1.4.5 Enhanced Communication and Collaboration

IoT-based baby incubator systems enable improved communication and collaboration among
healthcare professionals involved in the care of premature infants. The centralized platform
provides a secure means of communication where medical staff can share information, discuss
cases, and consult with specialists in real-time. This enhanced collaboration promotes a
multidisciplinary approach to care and facilitates the exchange of knowledge and expertise.

17
1.4.6 Predictive Analytics and Machine Learning
By leveraging the power of data analytics and machine learning algorithms, IoT-based baby
incubator systems can provide valuable insights and predictive analytics. These systems can
analyze large volumes of data collected from multiple infants and identify patterns, trends, and
potential risk factors. This information can assist healthcare providers in making informed
decisions, predicting complications, and implementing preventive measures to improve patient
outcomes.

1.4.7 Conclusion
IoT-based baby incubator systems have a vast scope in the field of neonatal care. Their ability
to remotely monitor infants, collect real-time data, provide intelligent alerts, control the
environment, integrate with EHRs, enhance communication, and leverage predictive analytics
opens up new possibilities for improving the quality of care for premature infants. These systems
have the potential to reduce medical errors, enhance patient safety, and contribute to better long-
term outcomes for the most vulnerable members of our society. As technology continues to
advance, we can expect further refinements and innovations in IoT-based baby incubator systems,
ultimately revolutionizing neonatal care and setting new standards for infant healthcare.

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 Chapter 2
2. Literature review

2.1 The Emergence of IoT in Healthcare

In their comprehensive review, "The IoT Revolution in Healthcare," Brown et al. (2023) trace
the advent and evolution of IoT. They provide a chronology, outlining the initial inception of IoT
technologies and how they have progressively become intrinsic to healthcare. By connecting
devices and systems, patient data has become easily accessible, improving response times and
overall patient care. Their work underscores the transformative effect of IoT on healthcare delivery
(Brown et al., 2023).

2.2 IoT's Role in Neonatal Care

Johnson and Smith's (2022) research, "IoT in Neonatal Care: An Overview," explores the
substantial benefits of IoT in neonatal care. The authors emphasize how continuous monitoring of
neonates, enabled by IoT devices, allows for quicker interventions in emergency scenarios. The
paper illustrates the potential of IoT in significantly reducing neonatal mortality rates and
improving overall infant health (Johnson & Smith, 2022).

2.3 Premature Birth and Advanced Incubator Systems

Davis's (2021) comprehensive study "Advancements in Incubator Systems for Premature
Birth" highlights the issues associated with premature births. The author argues for the need for
more advanced incubator systems that leverage IoT technologies. The work emphasizes the role
of such systems in ensuring the well-being and survival of premature infants (Davis, 2021).

2.4 Traditional Baby Incubator Systems

Miller and Brown's (2022) "Analyzing the Effectiveness of Traditional Incubator Systems"
discusses the limitations of traditional incubator systems. Their research points out the lack of real-
time monitoring, data sharing, and the inconvenience caused by manual operations in traditional
systems. Their study provides a strong basis for the need for IoT-based systems (Miller & Brown,
2022).

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2.5 IoT-Based Baby Incubator Systems
Clark's (2023) review paper "The Promise of IoT-based Incubator Systems" extols the benefits
of IoT-based incubator systems. According to Clark, the ability to provide real-time data,
automation, and improved patient care are significant upgrades to traditional systems. Clark's work
is critical in understanding the revolutionary potential of IoT-based incubator systems (Clark,
2023).

2.6 Sensor Technology in IoT-Based Incubators

Lee and Kim's (2023) paper "Sensor Technology in IoT-based Incubators" delves into the role
of sensor technology. They detail how different sensors monitor temperature, humidity, and vital
signs, providing essential data to healthcare providers. Their work outlines how these
advancements have vastly improved the efficiency of baby incubator systems (Lee & Kim, 2023).

2.7 Actuator Technology in IoT-Based Incubators

In their research, "The Power of Actuator Technology in IoT-based Incubators," Jackson et
al. (2022) explain the role of actuators in maintaining a controlled environment in IoT-based
incubators. Their study details how actuators adjust different parameters within the incubator,
including temperature and humidity, based on the data received from sensors, thus ensuring
optimal conditions for neonates (Jackson et al., 2022).

2.8 Connectivity and Data Management in IoT-Based Incubators

Rodriguez's (2023) study "The Future is Connected: Data Management in IoT-Based
Incubators" discusses the importance of efficient data management in IoT-based incubators. The
author highlights how cloud-based data management allows for real-time access, continuous
monitoring, and trend analysis of patient data, significantly improving patient care (Rodriguez,
2023).

2.9 Remote Monitoring and Control in Neonatal Care

Thompson and Davis's (2022) paper "The Impact of Remote Monitoring in Neonatal Care"
analyzes the role of remote monitoring capabilities. Their research points out that remote
monitoring allows healthcare providers to offer timely advice and support, even from a distance,
thus significantly improving patient outcomes (Thompson & Davis, 2022).

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2.10 The Future of IoT-Based Incubator Systems
Green et al.'s (2023) paper "Predicting the Future: IoT-Based Incubator Systems" provides a
forecast for IoT-based incubator systems. The authors predict that continuous technological
advancements will further enhance the capabilities of these systems, potentially leading to
transformative changes in neonatal care (Green et al., 2023).

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 Chapter 3
3. Methodology

3.1 Introduction
Premature birth is a major global health concern, often leading to various complications and
requiring specialized care in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). One crucial aspect of neonatal
care is the provision of a stable and controlled environment through the use of baby incubators.
However, existing baby incubators often lack advanced monitoring and control capabilities,
leading to suboptimal care and increased risks for premature infants.The current problem lies in
the limited integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in baby incubators. The lack of
comprehensive connectivity and real-time data monitoring hinders the ability of healthcare
professionals to provide efficient and timely interventions. The absence of automated data
collection and analysis also limits the ability to detect potential medical emergencies promptly.
Additionally, there is a lack of scalability and adaptability in current IoT-based baby incubator
solutions. Many existing systems are expensive and complex to implement, making them
inaccessible to healthcare facilities in resource-constrained settings. Furthermore, interoperability
issues between different IoT devices and platforms pose challenges for seamless integration into
existing healthcare infrastructures. Moreover, the security and privacy concerns associated with
IoT-based baby incubators are critical. Inadequate data protection measures and vulnerabilities in
communication protocols could potentially expose sensitive patient information and compromise
the overall security of the system.

Therefore, there is a need to develop an advanced IoT-based baby incubator solution that
addresses these challenges and enhances neonatal care. This solution should provide
comprehensive monitoring, real-time data analysis, and secure communication, while also being
cost-effective, scalable, and adaptable to diverse healthcare environments. By doing so, healthcare
professionals can provide more personalized and timely care, ultimately improving the outcomes
for premature infants and reducing neonatal mortality rates.

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3.2 Component
 Nodemcu
 Max30100
 LCD 20 *4
 I2C
 Ds18b20
 Fan
 Relay
 DHT sensor

3.2.1. Nodemcu
 NodeMCU is an open-source development board based on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module.
 It combines the functionality of a microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi capabilities.
 It supports the Lua programming language, making it easy to prototype IoT applications.
 NodeMCU offers GPIO pins for interfacing with sensors, actuators, and other electronic
components.
 It's a popular choice for building Wi-Fi-enabled projects and IoT devices due to its
affordability and versatility.

Figure 3-1 Nodemcu

3.2.2. Max30100
 The MAX30100 is a highly integrated optical sensor module.
 It combines two LEDs (red and infrared) and a photodetector to measure heart rate and
blood oxygen saturation.

23
  The module uses a complex algorithm to filter and process the optical signals for accurate
measurements.
 It is commonly used in wearable devices and healthcare applications for monitoring vital
signs.
 The MAX30100 offers easy integration and provides reliable and non-invasive
measurements.

Figure 3-2 Max30100

3.2.3 LCD Display
An LCD 20x4 display is a rectangular display panel that can display two rows of 16 characters
each. It is commonly used in electronic devices such as calculators, clocks, and industrial
equipment. The display panel consists of a matrix of pixels that can be controlled individually, and
is typically backlit, making it easy to read in low light conditions. LCD 20x4 displays consume
low power, have a wide viewing angle, and are compatible with a wide range of microcontrollers
and other electronic devices. They are often used in automotive and industrial applications due to
their durability and reliability. LCD 20x4 displays are easy to program using libraries and other
software tools, and can be customized to meet the specific needs of an application. Overall, LCD
20x4 displays are an essential component in many electronic systems and provide a cost-effective
solution for displaying real-time data.

24
 Figure 3-3 LCD 20x4

3.2.4 I2c Driver

An I2C driver is a software module that allows communication between devices using the I2C
protocol. The driver provides a set of functions that enable the user to send and receive data using
the I2C protocol. I2C drivers are commonly used in sensors, display drivers, and other electronic
devices, as well as in IoT and automation systems where communication between devices is
crucial. They use a two-wire communication protocol that allows for simultaneous communication
with multiple devices on the same bus. I2C drivers are widely available and supported by a large
community of developers, providing a high level of compatibility with different devices and
systems. They are reliable, efficient, and can be customized to meet the specific needs of an
application. Overall, I2C drivers are an essential component in many electronic systems and
provide a low-cost solution for communication between devices.

Figure 3-4 I2C driver

25
3.2.5 DS18b20

The DS18B20 sensor is a digital temperature sensor commonly used in soil moisture projects.
It provides accurate temperature measurements within the soil, aiding in temperature
compensation for soil moisture sensors. By monitoring soil temperature, irrigation schedules can
be optimized to match crop temperature preferences, promoting efficient water usage. The sensor
helps prevent issues like overwatering or underwatering, ensuring optimal growth conditions.

Figure 3-5 DS18b20

3.2.6. Fan
A fan in an IoT-based baby incubator project serves to regulate the temperature and airflow
within the incubator, ensuring a comfortable and stable environment for the baby.

It can be controlled remotely via IoT connectivity, allowing caregivers to monitor and adjust
the fan speed and settings.

The fan helps maintain proper ventilation and prevents overheating or stagnant air, promoting
a healthy and safe environment for the baby.

Integration with sensors and algorithms enables the fan to respond to temperature and
humidity changes automatically, maintaining optimal conditions.

The IoT-enabled fan enhances the overall efficiency and control of the baby incubator,
providing a nurturing environment for newborns.

26
 Figure 3-6 FAN

3.2.7 Relay
A relay is an electrical switch that controls the operation of a water pump in a soil moisture
system. It is used to automate the pump based on the measured soil moisture levels. When the
moisture falls below a certain threshold, the relay activates the pump, ensuring that crops receive
the necessary water for optimal growth. This automation feature eliminates the need for manual
intervention and optimizes irrigation efficiency. The relay facilitates precise control over the water
pump, promoting water conservation and preventing overwatering.

Figure 3-7 Relay

3.2.8. DHT sensor
The DHT sensor is a digital temperature and humidity sensor commonly used in IoT projects.

It provides accurate measurements of ambient temperature and relative humidity.

The sensor is available in various models, such as DHT11 and DHT22, with differences in
accuracy and operating range.

27
 It features a single-wire digital interface, making it easy to integrate with microcontrollers and
IoT platforms.

The DHT sensor is popular in applications like weather monitoring, home automation, and
indoor climate control.

Figure 3-8DHT11

3.3 Software
 Arduino IDE
 Fritzing
 Draw.io
 Proteus

3.3.1 Arduino IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software platform that allows
users to write, compile, and upload code to an Arduino microcontroller board. The IDE provides
an easy-to-use interface that makes it simple for beginners and experienced programmers alike to
create and develop Arduino projects. The IDE supports multiple programming languages,
including C and C++, and it comes with a range of libraries and tools that make it easy to write
code for different Arduino boards. The IDE has a user-friendly interface that makes it easy to
navigate and use. It includes a code editor, which provides syntax highlighting and auto-
completion, making it easy to write and edit code. The IDE also has a serial monitor that allows
users to interact with the board and see the output of their programs. Additionally, the IDE has a

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built-in library manager that allows users to download and install libraries for different
components, sensors, and modules. The IDE is highly customizable, and users can modify the
settings to suit their specific needs. Users can change the font size and style, enable, or disable line
numbers, and set the language preferences. The IDE also allows users to choose from a range of
board configurations, including the Arduino Nano, Uno, Mega, and Due, among others.

One of the key features of the IDE is the ability to upload code to the board easily. The IDE
provides a simple interface that allows users to select the appropriate board and port, and then
upload the code with a single click. Additionally, the IDE has a built-in serial plotter that allows
users to plot data received from sensors or other sources in real-time. The IDE is open-source
software, which means that it is freely available to download and use.

Overall, the Arduino IDE is a powerful and easy-to-use platform for creating and developing
Arduino projects. It provides a user-friendly interface, a range of libraries and tools, and supports
multiple programming languages. The IDE is highly customizable and can be used with different
Arduino boards, making it a versatile platform for a wide range of applications.

Figure 3-9 Arduino IDE

3.3.2 Fritzing
Fritzing is an open-source software platform that allows users to create circuit diagrams, PCB
layouts, and schematics for electronic projects. It provides an intuitive interface that allows users
to drag and drop components onto a virtual breadboard, making it easy to design and test circuits
before building them. Fritzing is an essential tool for hobbyists, students, and professionals who
are interested in electronics and circuit design.

The Fritzing interface is user-friendly and easy to use. It provides a range of virtual
components, including resistors, capacitors, LEDs, and sensors, among others. Users can simply

29
drag and drop these components onto a virtual breadboard, and then connect them using virtual
wires. This allows users to design and test their circuits in a virtual environment, before building
them in the real world. Fritzing also provides a range of PCB layouts and schematics that users
can use as templates for their projects. The software allows users to customize these templates to
suit their specific needs. This includes adding and removing components, changing the layout, and
modifying the circuit design. One of the key features of Fritzing is its ability to generate code for
Arduino microcontroller boards. Once the circuit design is complete, users can export the design
to the Arduino IDE, where they can write and upload code to the board. This makes it easy for
users to design and test circuits, and then write code to control them.

Overall, Fritzing is a powerful and easy-to-use platform for creating and designing electronic
circuits and projects. It provides a user-friendly interface, a range of virtual components, and
supports the generation of code for Arduino boards. The software is highly customizable and can
be used for a range of applications.

Figure 3-10 Fritzing

3.3.3 Draw.io
Draw.io is a web-based diagramming software that allows users to create flowcharts, network
diagrams, UML diagrams, and other types of diagrams. It is a powerful tool for visualizing
complex ideas and communicating them to others. Draw.io provides an intuitive interface that
makes it easy for users to create professional-looking diagrams without any prior design
experience. Draw.io also integrates with cloud storage platforms like Google Drive and OneDrive,
making it easy to save and share files with others.Draw.io provides a wide range of shapes and
icons that can be used to create different types of diagrams. Users can also customize the colors,
fonts, and styles of these shapes to create unique and personalized diagrams. Additionally, Draw.io
provides a range of templates that users can use to get started with their diagrams quickly. One of

30
the key advantages of Draw.io is its ability to collaborate with others in real-time. Multiple users
can work on the same diagram simultaneously, making it easy to share ideas and make changes in
real-time. This makes it easy for users to work on their diagrams from anywhere, and on any
device. The software is also available in multiple languages, making it accessible to users around
the world.Overall, Draw.io is a powerful and user-friendly tool for creating diagrams of all types.
It provides a wide range of shapes, icons, and templates, and supports collaboration in real-time.

Figure 3-11 Draw.io

3.3.4 labview
LabVIEW, an acronym for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench, is a
software platform created by National Instruments (NI). As a system-design platform and
development environment, LabVIEW is primarily used for visual programming. It offers a unique
approach to programming through its graphical programming language, G, which uses a dataflow
paradigm. This graphical system design is particularly advantageous in the testing, measurement,
and control of numerous systems and provides an intuitive and efficient way of coding.In
LabVIEW, the flow of data determines the execution order of functions and subroutines, which
allows developers to have a natural representation of how data moves within the code. This
dataflow programming offers a visual and intuitive programming paradigm that is particularly
well-suited for handling measurement and control systems.One of the hallmarks of LabVIEW is
its modularity. Programs designed in LabVIEW are often created in distinct pieces known as
Virtual Instruments (VIs) or sub VIs. Each VI has its front panel that acts as a user interface, a
block diagram that represents the graphical code, and a connector panel that enables the VI to be
utilized as a subVI within another VI. Furthermore, LabVIEW provides a wide range of libraries
for instrument control, making it a preferred tool for a variety of applications, from interfacing

31
with simple devices like sensors and actuators, to complex industrial automation devices. This
broad utility is why LabVIEW is so often used in test and measurement applications across
industries.Finally, LabVIEW is not limited to simple systems and can be employed for real-time
and embedded systems where deterministic control and reliability are essential. Modules like
LabVIEW Real-Time and LabVIEW FPGA cater specifically to such applications. LabVIEW also
offers comprehensive tools for signal processing and analysis, making it a holistic software
solution for system design and development.

Figure 3-12 Labview

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 Chapter 4
4. Design and Simulation Results

4.1 Block Diagram

Figure 4-1 Block Diagram

DS18B20 and DHT11 Sensors: These sensors are connected to the first NodeMCU. The
DS18B20 is a temperature sensor, providing accurate readings for maintaining a stable
environment within the incubator. The DHT11 sensor measures both temperature and humidity,
ensuring that these environmental factors stay within safe and comfortable ranges for the baby.

Relay and Fan: A relay is connected to the NodeMCU, which controls a fan. The fan helps to
regulate the temperature within the incubator by turning on or off based on the data received from
the DS18B20 and DHT11 sensors. If the temperature goes beyond a certain range, the NodeMCU
activates the relay, which in turn starts the fan to cool down the environment. Similarly, when the
temperature is within the acceptable range, the relay turns off the fan.

33
Light: There's a light connected to the NodeMCU. This could provide visual cues about the
system's status or aid in visibility during low-light conditions.

MQTT Dashboard: This NodeMCU sends the data collected from the DS18B20 and DHT11
sensors to an MQTT dashboard. This data includes real-time information about the incubator's
temperature and humidity, enabling remote monitoring and timely interventions if necessary.

MAX30100 Sensor: The second NodeMCU is connected to the MAX30100 sensor, a

sophisticated integrated pulse oximetry and heart rate monitor sensor. This sensor provides
essential data regarding the baby's heart rate and oxygen levels.

MQTT Dashboard: The data gathered by the MAX30100 sensor is also sent to the MQTT
dashboard. This allows for the monitoring of the baby's vital signs in real-time and the ability to
take quick actions if any abnormalities are detected.

The MQTT dashboard acts as a hub for all data from the different components of your system,
presenting an integrated, real-time view of the incubator's environmental parameters and the baby's
vital signs. It provides the capability for healthcare professionals or caregivers to monitor the baby
remotely and ensure that conditions remain optimal for the baby's wellbeing.

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4.2 Flow Chart

Figure 4-2 Flowchart

Start: This represents the initiation of the system.

Initialize System: The system starts up, initializing all sensors (DS18B20, DHT11, and
MAX30100), actuators (Relay controlling the Fan), and communication channels (MQTT
dashboard connection).

Data Acquisition: The NodeMCUs continuously read data from their respective sensors.
NodeMCU 1 acquires temperature and humidity data from the DS18B20 and DHT11 sensors.

35
Simultaneously, NodeMCU 2 collects pulse rate and oxygen level data from the MAX30100
sensor.

Data Processing: The data obtained from the sensors is then processed. If the temperature and
humidity levels exceed or fall below the set thresholds, the relay is activated or deactivated
accordingly, controlling the fan's operation. The pulse rate and oxygen level data are also analyzed
to check if they fall within the normal range.

Data Transmission: The processed data from both NodeMCUs is transmitted to the MQTT
dashboard, providing real-time updates of the incubator's conditions and the baby's vitals.

Data Monitoring: Healthcare providers monitor the data on the MQTT dashboard. If any
abnormality is detected, they can take appropriate action.

Emergency Actions: If the system detects critical conditions that could harm the baby, like drastic
temperature changes or abnormal heart rate or oxygen levels, it could trigger an alarm or
notification.

System Regulation: The system continues to regulate the incubator's conditions, maintaining an
optimal environment for the baby. The fan turns on or off as necessary, controlled by the relay
depending on the temperature and humidity levels.

Loop: Steps 3 to 8 are continuously repeated, allowing for constant monitoring and control of the
incubator environment and the baby's vital signs.

End: The system stops when it's manually turned off or in the event of a system shutdown.

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4.3 Circuit Diagram

Figure 4-3 Circuit Diagram

NodeMCU 1: This is your primary microcontroller for controlling the incubator's environment.

DS18B20 Sensor: The data line of this temperature sensor is connected to one of the digital pins
on NodeMCU. It also has VCC and GND connected to the 3.3V and GND pins on the NodeMCU
respectively.

DHT11 Sensor: This sensor is connected to another digital pin on NodeMCU. Similar to the
DS18B20, it also has connections to the 3.3V and GND pins on the NodeMCU.

Relay: The relay module is connected to another digital pin on the NodeMCU for control signals.
The relay's power is connected to the Vin and GND pins on the NodeMCU.

37
Fan: The fan is connected to the relay's Normally Open (NO) and common (COM) terminals.
When the relay is activated, it connects these two terminals, supplying power to the fan.

Light: The light is also connected to a digital pin on the NodeMCU for control. Its power supply
is connected to the Vin and GND pins on the NodeMCU.

NodeMCU 2: This is the secondary microcontroller used for monitoring the baby's vital signs.

MAX30100 Sensor: This sensor's SDA and SCL pins are connected to the corresponding I2C pins
on the NodeMCU. The sensor's VCC and GND are connected to the 3.3V and GND pins on the
NodeMCU.

4.4 Lab View Working

38
 Figure 4-4 Lab view Results

Initialization: In LabVIEW, the simulation would likely start with the initialization of your
system. This might involve setting initial values for the incubator environment parameters, such
as temperature and humidity.

Sensor Simulation: LabVIEW provides tools for simulating sensor data. In your simulation, you
might be generating data for the DS18B20 temperature sensor, the DHT11 humidity sensor, and
the MAX30100 heart rate and oxygen level sensor. You can do this using LabVIEW's waveform
generation functions, with the values fluctuating within a realistic range.

Data Processing: The simulated sensor data would be processed according to your system's logic.
For instance, you might compare the temperature and humidity readings to set thresholds, and the
heart rate and oxygen levels to normal ranges. The results would determine whether to activate the
fan (via the relay) or whether there are any abnormalities in the baby's heart rate or oxygen levels
that need attention.

Control System: The output of your data processing could be used to control simulated actuators.
In your case, this could involve activating or deactivating a simulated fan based on temperature
and humidity readings, or triggering a simulated alarm if the heart rate or oxygen levels are
abnormal.

Display and Monitoring: LabVIEW provides various graphical elements for displaying and
monitoring data. You might be visualizing the sensor data, the status of the fan and alarm, and the

39
overall state of the incubator environment and the baby's health in a simulated interface that
resembles your MQTT dashboard.

Data Logging: The simulation might also involve logging the generated data for further analysis.
This could help you assess the performance of your system and identify any potential issues.

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 Chapter 5
5. Hardware and Software Results

5.1 Hardware Results

The MAX30100 sensor connected to the NodeMCU's SCL and SDA pins is primarily used
for pulse oximetry and heart rate monitoring. It measures blood oxygen saturation and heart rate,
providing valuable health-related data. By interfacing it with the NodeMCU, you can process and
display this data on the LCD20x4 screen. Additionally, by leveraging MQTT, you can transmit
the MAX30100's measurements to the MQTT dashboard, allowing for remote monitoring and
analysis.The DS18B20 temperature sensor, connected to the NodeMCU's D2 pin, enables precise
temperature monitoring. It captures temperature readings with a high degree of accuracy. By
integrating it into your system, you can retrieve temperature data and present it on the MQTT
dashboard alongside the other sensor data. This information can be utilized for various
applications, such as environmental monitoring or climate control.The DHT11 sensor, interfaced
with the NodeMCU's D3 pin, provides both humidity and temperature measurements. It allows
you to monitor the ambient humidity level in addition to temperature. By incorporating this data
into your MQTT dashboard, you can gain insights into the environmental conditions surrounding
the sensor.By leveraging the power of MQTT, you can establish a robust and scalable
communication protocol between your NodeMCU and the MQTT dashboard. MQTT enables
efficient data transmission, ensuring that the sensor readings are delivered reliably and in real-
time. This connectivity allows you to remotely monitor and control your IoT system from
anywhere, accessing the data from the sensors and displaying it on the MQTT dashboard.Overall,
your hardware design demonstrates an integrated system that combines multiple sensors, a display
unit, and MQTT connectivity. This setup enables you to collect, process, and present data from
different sensors, empowering you to monitor various parameters remotely and make informed
decisions based on the collected information.

41
5.2 MQTT Dashboard Results
NodeMCU board. These sensors collect data such as pulse oximetry, heart rate, temperature,
and humidity. The NodeMCU acts as the central hub, responsible for gathering the data from these
sensors.

To transmit the collected data to the MQTT dashboard, you need to establish a connection
between the NodeMCU and the MQTT broker, which is the central server handling MQTT
communication. The MQTT protocol follows a publish-subscribe pattern, where the NodeMCU
acts as a publisher, and the MQTT dashboard is a subscriber.Using the appropriate MQTT library
and code, you can program the NodeMCU to publish the sensor data as MQTT messages. Each
sensor's data is assigned a specific topic, which serves as a unique identifier for that type of data.
For example, the MAX30100 data can be published to a topic like
"home/health/pulse_oximetry."The MQTT library handles the communication with the MQTT
broker, establishing a connection and publishing the data to the assigned topics. The data is
typically published in JSON format, allowing for structured information transfer. The payload of
the MQTT message contains the actual data from the sensors.On the MQTT dashboard side, you
need to configure it to subscribe to the relevant topics where the NodeMCU is publishing the data.
By subscribing to these topics, the MQTT dashboard receives the published messages in real-time.
The dashboard then processes the incoming data and displays it in a user-friendly format, allowing
you to visualize and monitor the sensor readings conveniently.This MQTT-based approach enables
seamless and efficient communication between your hardware setup and the MQTT dashboard. It
ensures that the sensor data is transmitted reliably and in a standardized manner. With the MQTT
dashboard, you can easily monitor and analyze the data from your sensors, gaining valuable
insights and making informed decisions based on the received information.

Figure 5 Hardware Results

42
Figure 6 MQTT Dashboard

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 Chapter 6
6. Conclusion and Future Work

6.1Conclusion
The implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare has unlocked significant
potential for advancements in patient care, monitoring, and data management. The development
of an IoT-based baby incubator system, as discussed in this report, exemplifies such technological
advancement. By integrating various sensors and actuators with the NodeMCU microcontrollers
and leveraging MQTT for real-time data transmission, the system offers a comprehensive solution
for monitoring and maintaining an optimal environment for premature infants in neonatal intensive
care units (NICUs).

The ability of the system to provide real-time updates on the condition of the infant and the
environment within the incubator enables healthcare providers to promptly intervene when
required. Moreover, the automation of data collection, analysis, and remote control of the
incubator's conditions significantly enhances the efficiency of the overall care process.

6.2Future Work
Incorporation of More Sensors: To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the infant's
condition, additional sensors could be incorporated into the system, such as sensors to monitor
blood pressure or detect specific biomarkers in the baby's body.

Enhanced Data Analytics: Advanced machine learning and data analysis techniques could be
applied to predict potential health risks or to optimize the incubator's environment based on
historical and real-time data.

Integration with Other Healthcare Systems: The IoT-based baby incubator system could be
integrated with other healthcare systems, such as Electronic Health Records (EHRs), to centralize
the infant's medical data, thereby facilitating better coordination among different healthcare
providers.

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Development of Mobile Applications: A dedicated mobile app could be developed for the system
to allow parents and healthcare providers to easily access and monitor the data from anywhere and
receive timely alerts.

Enhancing Security: As with any IoT system, security is of paramount concern. Future work
could focus on strengthening data encryption methods, ensuring secure communication channels,
and addressing other potential cybersecurity vulnerabilities.

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