Introduction

People learn in different ways. Some people learn a language best by seeing it written down. Others learn by hearing it spoken. Some people like to experiment with new language, whereas others like to be sure they can produce new language correctly before they try using it. Because of this, teachers should use a variety of different techniques. That is why we have written this book. Activities for the Language Classroom contains over 100 activities to help your students become better English users. We have organised these activities into two main sections:

Skills-focused Activities, which looks at ways to improve students reading, listening, writing
and speaking. There are sub-sections with activities you can do before and after these tasks. set, grammar structure or pronunciation point. All these activities can be used to teach a variety of topics or structures. The activities we have selected for this book were chosen because: they all have clear language learning outcomes they have been used successfully by teachers who work with Myanmar students they dont have complicated instructions they dont use materials that are difcult to nd. You can do all these activities without electricity, a computer or a photocopier. All you need is a board, pens and paper. Some listening activities require a cassette or CD player and cassette or CD, but with most you can read the text aloud yourself. There is also an Appendix at the back, where we have sections on: how to vary and adapt these activities teaching techniques, such as giving instructions, eliciting and correcting mistakes specialist language used throughout the book, and what it means We have created a few software applications to accompany some of the activities in this book. Look out for the software logo. All our software can be downloaded free of charge from our website:

Language-focused Activities, covering activities you can do to focus on a specic vocabulary

http://educasia.org

Contents
Skills-focused Activities
Pre-task Activities
1. Introduce the Topic 2. Pre-teach Vocabulary 3. Prediction
1 2 2 5 6 7 8 12 15 16 19 20 21 26 27 32 33 36 37 37 45 45 52 52 55 56 60

Reading Activities
4. Presenting a Reading Text 5. Reading Practice Activities

Listening Activities
6. Presenting a Listening Text 7. Listening Practice Activities

Writing Activities
8. Writing Activities - from Controlled to Free

Speaking Activities
9. Speaking Activities - from Controlled to Free

Post-task Activities
10. Post-task Activities

Language-focused Activities
Focus on Vocabulary Focus on Grammar
12. Grammar Practice Activities 11. Vocabulary Practice Activities

Focus on Pronunciation
13. Pronunciation Practice Activities

Appendix 1: Adapting Activities Appendix 2: Classroom Techniques Appendix 3: Glossary

Skills-focused Activities
Activities, Reading Activities, Listening Activities, Writing Activities, Speaking Activities and Post-task Activities.
A common model for planning skills- focused lessons is: 1. Do some pre-task activities 2. Do the task, and some practice activities 3. Do some post-task activities. Here are two example lesson outlines: There are six sub-sections here: Pre-task

A.

Aim of lesson: To read, summarise and

B.

Aim of lesson: To make a short

discuss a text about childhood experience

A1. Pre-teach new vocabulary in text A2. Students predict content of text A3. Students read text A4. Students answer comprehension

persuasive speech
B1. Look at a UK election speech on TV B2. In groups, students decide on policies B3. Students write their speeches B4. Students practise their speeches B5. Students deliver their speeches. The

questions about text

A5. Students write summary of main

points in text A6. Students discuss whether they have had similar experiences to writer

audience gives each speaker marks for language, content and style B6. Students decide who has won the class election, and discuss why

A1, A2, B1 and B2 are Pre-task Activities. They are preparing students for the main task by focusing on language or content that will make the task easier. A3 and A4 are Reading Activities. In A3, students are presented with a reading text. A4 helps them to understand the language and meaning of the text. B3 is a Writing Activity. B4 and B5 are Speaking Activities. A5, A6, and B6 are Post-task Activities. These get students to use the language, skills or content from the task in a meaningful context.

Information Boxes
All activities have an information box which tells you the aims of the activity, whether it is practical to do it in your class, and how much preparation is needed.
The main learning objective of the activity. The physical conditions you need in your class. This includes things like people needing to move around, people needing to hear each other clearly, people needing a copy of the same thing, and any materials necessary to do the activity. What the teacher needs to do before the activity.

Purpose: students use new vocabulary in a meaningful context Practicalities: Students work in pairs. Each pair needs a picture Preparation: get pictures about the topic, or draw them on board

Page 1

Pre-task Activities
Before you read Before you listen Before you write Before you speak

1. Introduce the Topic

These activities focus students attention on the topic. They do this by eliciting opinions, ideas or prior knowledge students may have about the topic. As a teacher, nding out what students already know or think is very useful. You can use this information to gure out how long you need to spend on a topic, what language they are familiar with, and how interested they are.

1.1 Brainstorm
a. Tell students the topic. b. Elicit what they know or think about the topic. Write all their ideas on the board, even if they are factually incorrect. This could be:
- a list of items, e.g. animals or emotions

Purpose: activate students prior knowledge and ideas about the topic Practicalities: class discussion with board

- a list of facts about a situation, e.g. everything they know about ASEAN or global warming - opinions, e.g. arguments for and against free university education

1.2 Group Brainstorm Competition

a. Students work in groups of 3-8. Each group has one writer, who has a pen and paper. Give groups a time limit of 2-5 minutes. b. Groups list as much as they can about the topic within the time limit.

Purpose: activate students prior knowledge and ideas about the topic Practicalities: students work in groups of 3-8

c. Get groups to read out their lists. The group with the longest list is the winner. Write all their items or ideas on the board to make a class list.
bits of food old batteries small water bottles

Rubbish: The things we throw away

plastic bags

Page 2

1.3 Discuss the Topic

There are a few ways to do this:
- Ask students about their own experience. Have you ever seen a ghost? Are you afraid of ghosts? - Tell a short personal story about the topic.

Purpose: activate students prior knowledge, ideas and opinions about the topic Practicalities: class discussion

One night, I was walking home along the river. Suddenly I heard a voice, but I... - Write a sentence stating an opinion about the topic. Elicit students opinions.
Same here. I dont think ghosts exist. My grandmothers ghost speaks to me a lot.

I dont believe in ghosts.

What does she say?

In a large class, get students to discuss the topic in groups.

1.4 Mind-map
a. Write a key word on the board. b. Elicit other words from the students. Connect them to the key word. computers email You-tube World Wide Web music chat log on

Purpose: activate students prior knowledge, ideas and vocabulary related to the topic Practicalities: class discussion with board internet cafe Google Connect dial-up wireless

the internet

Search

1.5 Picture with Questions

a. Show the class a picture about the topic. b. Ask questions about the picture and the topic.
Whats this? When do you use it? Where do you play? What do you think todays topic is?

Purpose: activate students prior knowledge, ideas and vocabulary Practicalities: all students need to see the same picture Preparation: get a picture about the topic, or draw one on the board. It can be very basic
A ball When we play football and other games On a field sports

Page 3

1.6 Swap Questions

a. Write questions about the topic on pieces of paper. One question per student, e.g.
- Introducing: - Past Experience: - Malaria: Whats your name? Where do you work? Have you been to Bagan? Have you ever ridden an elephant?

Purpose: activate students prior knowledge and ideas on the topic Practicalities: students need to move around the classroom Preparation: write questions related to the topic on small pieces of paper

What is the best way to cure malaria? How can we prevent the spread of malaria?

You can use the same questions more than once - for a large class, write 7 or 8 questions and make several copies of each. b. Give a question to each student. Students walk around the room and nd a partner. c. In pairs, students ask and answer each others questions. d. They then exchange questions, and go and nd another partner. Continue asking and swapping for about 5 minutes. 1.
Who was your favourite teacher in middle school? My maths teacher. She got me interested in maths. What do you find difficult about teaching?

2.

Who was your favourite teacher in middle school?

U Gyi, the science teacher in 6th standard. Why do you want to learn to teach?

3.

With more experienced students, tell them the topic and get them to write their own questions.

Page 4

2. Pre-teach Vocabulary
These activities look at the key vocabulary students will need: - to understand a reading or listening text - to perform a writing or speaking task If you pre-teach key vocabulary, students can concentrate on the skill goal of the task more easily - the reading, listening, writing or speaking - without having to spend a lot of time nding out what each unfamiliar word means.

2.1 Match the Vocabulary

Students match unfamiliar key words with:
- a denition - a synonym - a picture - gaps in a text

ambitious bossy sociable

1. Someone who enjoys the company of other people 2. Someone who often tells people what to do 3. Someone who aims to be rich, famous or successful

Purpose: students are exposed to key words and meanings Practicalities: students work from the board or worksheets Preparation: prepare matching exercises

2.2 Elicit the Word

There are a few ways to do this:
- Mime the word. Use actions to demonstrate the meaning of the word: Swimming A key Disgusting

Purpose: students remember and share the meaning of key words Practicalities: class discussion Preparation: nd or draw some pictures if necessary
What is this like?

Mime with arm movements. Ask: What am I doing? Mime unlocking a door, point to the key. Ask: Whats this? Mime smelling old food and make a facial expression.

- Show or draw a picture: Global Warming Draw a picture of the Earth with ames around it. Love Draw a heart Often Draw a line. Mark never at one end and always at the other. Mark points along it: usually, hardly ever, etc. - Give a description of the word. - Give a translation of the word.
giant big large

My mothers fathers mother. great-grandmother

Allow the students time to think. If they dont know the word, tell it to them and write it on the board.

2.3 Concept-checking Questions

a. Write a key word on the board. b. Ask basic questions about it, e.g.
gigantic key
Is it more than big or less than big? (More) Is it made of wood? (No) cassette Where do you use it? (In a door)

Purpose: check that students understand meanings of new words Practicalities: class discussion with board
Does it have speakers? (No) Can you store music on it? (Yes)

It is a good idea to concept-check all new vocabulary, even if you have already elicited it. Page 5

3. Prediction
These activities generate interest in the task. They get students to guess the content or language of a text, or the language and content involved in producing one. They are more commonly used before reading or listening tasks.

3.1 Predict from the Title

a. Write the title of the reading or listening text on the board. b. Students guess what will be in the text. Write all their predictions on the board.

Purpose: students infer content of a text from the title Practicalities: class discussion with board

After they read or listen to the text, check which predictions were correct.

3.2 Predict from Key Words

a. Write key words from the text on the board. b. Students guess what will be in the text. Write all their predictions on the board.
Farmers are having problems harvest fails and crops are bad

Purpose: students infer content of a text from key words Practicalities: class discussion with board rural drought debt difficulties
- farmers are having problems - harvest fails and crops are bad - many farmers have to borrow money because they cant grow enough

Many farmers have borrowed money because they cant grow enough

After they read or listen to the text, check which predictions were correct.

3.3 Predict from Pictures

a. Show pictures from the text or related to the text. Some texts have pictures that you can copy and give to the students. b. Students guess what will be in the text. Write all their predictions on the board.

Purpose: students infer content of a text from pictures Practicalities: class discussion with board Preparation: get pictures related to the text

After they read or listen to the text, check which predictions were correct.

3.4 What do you Know?

a. Draw a chart on the board, or have students draw it in their books. The chart has 3 columns. b. Students complete the chart.
Nelson Mandela Things I Know First Black President of South Africa Was in prison a long time

Purpose: students identify prior knowledge and areas of interest Practicalities: students work individually, in pairs or groups or as a class
Things I Want to Know Does he support the war in Iraq? How long was he in prison?

Things I Think I Know Married twice? about 90 years old?

After they read or listen to the text, check whether their information is correct, and whether they found information about things they wanted to know. Page 6

Reading Activities
Presenting a Reading Text Reading Practice The following sections look at activities practising the receptive and productive skills needed to understand and use a language. The rst of these looks at Reading

Activities.

receptive

reading

listening

input

productive

writing

speaking

output

graphic

oral/aural

In the language classroom, there are two types of reading activities. One is reading for language study. This type of reading uses written text as examples of a target language structure or vocabulary in context. These types of activities are covered in the Language-focused Activities section of the book. This section looks at the other type of classroom reading - reading for skills development. The aim of these reading tasks might be: - to help students improve a reading technique (e.g. reading for gist, reading to nd specic information, scanning) - to help students understand content - the information and ideas in the reading text. This is often the case when you are teaching English for Specic Purposes (e.g. English for Academic Study, English for Medicine, English for Tour Guides) or teaching another subject, like social sciences or health, in English. This is divided into two sub-sections, Presenting a Reading Text, which looks at different ways to approach students rst reading of a text, and Reading Practice Activities which comprises a range of controlled practice activities designed to help students understand the ideas and language from the text. Your choice of text is important. If there is a lot of unfamiliar vocabulary or structures (more than about 10% unfamiliar) students will have difculty focusing on the skills or content. Authentic texts (real-life English) is normally too difcult for students below intermediate level. Page 7

4. Presenting a Reading Text

The most common way to present a reading text is to show them the text - by handing it to them on paper, telling them to read it in their textbook, or writing it on the board for them. This is ne, but it can be useful to also give students a task to do while they are reading.

4.1 Focus Questions

a. Write one, two or three questions that can be answered from reading the text. The questions should be general - focus on the main ideas. b. Students read the text and answer the questions.

Purpose: students read to identify the main ideas Practicalities: students work from board. They can work individually, or in pairs or groups. Preparation: prepare questions

4.2 Order the Text

a. Make enough copies of a reading text so there is one per student, pair or group. Cut it into phrases, sentences or paragraphs. b. Students put the text in order.
Yes please. Carl took the newspaper and looked at his ticket. Im in seat 5F. Wheres that? Its at the front of the plane, sir. On the left there, by the window.

Purpose: students read for gist and decide sequence Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups Preparation: cut up copies of a text one per student, pair or group
The ight attendant smiled. Welcome aboard, sir. Would you like a newspaper? I see. thank you very much. Carl smiled back at the ight attendant.

4.3 Identify the Main Idea

a. Write the correct main idea of the text, and two or three incorrect main ideas (supporting points or incorrect ideas) in multiple choice format. b. Students read the text, and identify which is the correct main point.

Purpose: students read for gist and identify the main idea Practicalities: best with a non-ction text; an article, essay or opinion text, rather than a story. Students work individually, or in pairs or groups Preparation: prepare a multiple choice question about the main idea

4.4 Match the Summaries

a. Write short summaries of each paragraph, in random order, on the board. b. Set a time limit. Students skim-read the text, and match the most appropriate summary with each paragraph. . Page 8

Purpose: students read for gist and identify key information Practicalities: students work from board. They can work individually, or in pairs or groups. Preparation: prepare paragraph summaries

4.5 Match Pictures to Paragraphs

a. Collect or draw pictures related to the text. Give them to the class, or a set to each group. The pictures could be:
- a short comic strip of the whole story - a picture related to each paragraph - beginning, middle and end pictures

Purpose: students read for gist and identify main topics Practicalities: all students need to see the same pictures Preparation: nd or draw pictures related to the text

b. Set a time limit. Students scan the text and put the pictures in the correct order.
Last night I was walking past the shop when I saw a large dog. The dog barked loudly at me, so I started walking quickly. It started running after me so I started to run. Luckily, it was chasing a cat in front of me.

Students could then re-tell the story, using the pictures as prompts.

4.6 Choose the Title

a. Students skim-read the text, and choose a title. Write all suggestions on the board. b. Tell them the real title. Whose title was closest? This can be done in pairs or groups, or you could do it as a pyramid activity: a. Individually, students skim-read the text and choose a title. b. They get into pairs, discuss the text and agree on a title.

Purpose: students read for gist and rephrase the main point Practicalities: students work from board or worksheets Preparation: make copies of the text, or write the text on the board, without the title Practicalities: students need to move around the room and form groups.

c. Each pair joins with another pair, and in a group of four, agree on a title. d. Each four joins with another four, and in a group of eight, decide on a title. e. As a class, decide on a title.

Page 9

4.7 Gap-fill Reading Text

Students read the text with key words missing. They work out what words are needed to ll the gaps.
- to make it easier, provide the key words needed to ll the gaps, in mixed order - or give the rst letter of each word needed to ll the gaps

Purpose: students read for detail and identify key words Practicalities: students work from board or worksheets Preparation: prepare a text with key words missing

This activity is useful after one of the pre-teaching vocabulary activities in Section 2.

4.8 Disappearing Paragraph

a. Write the paragraph on the board. Students say it. b. Erase about 10% of the words. Students say it. c. Erase another 10%. Students say it. d. Continue erasing 10% more after each repetition by the students until it is completely gone. e. Students say the whole paragraph from memory. Ko Ko to get school by 8.30 and 8.00. Hes brushed teeth but he got yet. He his homework - he did last , but he hasnt his bag . His little is still asleep. hasnt him up yet.

Purpose: students read a paragraph from memory Practicalities: students work from the board. This can get noisy Preparation: write the paragraph on the board

Ko Ko needs to get to school by 8.30 and now its 8.00. Hes brushed his teeth but he hasnt got dressed yet. Hes done his homework - he did it last night- but he hasnt packed his bag. His little brother is still asleep. He hasnt woken him up yet.

4.9 Jigsaw Gap-fill

a. Make two different versions of the text. Each version should contain gaps to ll key information, but the gaps should be different in each text. Text A has the answers to Text B, and Text B has the answers to Text A.

Purpose: students read for detail, and make questions to nd missing information Practicalities: students work in pairs Preparation: prepare and copy two versions of a text

b. Students work in pairs. Give Partner A of each pair Text A, and Partner B Text B. c. Students ask and answer questions to complete their text.
Text A: Ko Annan was SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations. He comes from Ghana, Africa. His name, Ko, means ______________. What does Kofi mean? Text B: Ko Annan was SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations. He comes from _______, in Africa. His name, Ko, means born on a Friday. Where is Kofi Annan from?

Page 10

4.10 Teach Each Other

a. Students work in groups of 3-6. Give each group a section of a longer text. b. Groups plan how they are going to explain the content of their text to the rest of the class. They are not allowed to read the text word for word they must use their own words. c. In order of the text, groups explain their part to the rest of the class.

Purpose: students read for gist and rephrase information based on contextual needs Practicalities: students plan in groups and present to the class Preparation: split a longer text into sections - one per group

With some difcult texts, you could let groups explain in their rst language.

4.11 Texts around the Room

a. Choose 3-6 texts and number them. They can be all on the same topic or about different topics. Stick these on the walls around the classroom. b. Write (2-4) comprehension questions for each text. Mix the order of these and write them on worksheets or on the board. c. Students move around the room reading the texts, answering the questions and identifying the texts they came from. This can be done as a group activity. Give a prize to the group who nishes rst with the most correct answers.
b.
d asjfbqf dgre we qey i 78 rg yj ee d sa w rfr e r 1qw d FGD G J J dge r lk .,mnbhj,, rer po jsdbdf w y sd fhdaswrth w tehth h htr k sef wef t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[f t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[pt hrtjwtyj jtyj yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhjt hrtjwtyj jtyj yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhj h i h4 fh ytjf t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[f t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[pt hrtjwtyj jtyj yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhjk w pt hrtjwtyj jtyj yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhjf t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[ rgerg jhk897 b doanw k g ds ujk m lfmr,

Purpose: students read for details from mutiple texts Practicalities: students move around the class reading texts, which are on the walls Preparation: put 3-6 texts on the wall and prepare a few questions about each text

question
a. Where did the cow live? b. How many eggs do emus lay? c. What is the capital of Fiji? d. Why was the calf angry?

text

a.

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asjfbqf dgre we qey i 78 rg yj ee d s a w rfr e r 1qw d FGD G J J dge r lk .,mnbhj,, rer po jsdbdf w y sd fhdaswrth w tehth h htr k sef yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhjf t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[ rgerg jhk FGD G J J dge r lk .,mnbhj,, rer po jsdbdf w y sd fhdaswrth w tehth h 897 b doanw k g ds ujk m lfmr,jpf dkgmflh fkfkg,, kk kk l,,lll df sh

c.

asjfbqf dgre we qey i 78 rg yj ee d s a w rfr e r 1qw d FGD G J J dge r lk .,mnbhj,, rer po jsdbdf w y sd fhdaswrth w tehth h htr k sef yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhjf t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[ rgerg jhk897 b doanw k g ds ujk m lfmr,jpf dkgmflh fkfkg,, kk kk l,,lll df sh

d.

4.12 Separate the Texts

a. Give each student (or pair, or group) a worksheet with two or more texts mixed up. These can be mixed sentence by sentence or paragraph by paragraph, depending on level. b. Students identify which sentence or paragraph belongs with which text.

Purpose: students read for gist and identify parts of texts Practicalities: students work from worksheets Preparation: prepare worksheets with two or more texts mixed together in the correct order

c. If you like, have students write out each complete text. Page 11

5. Reading Practice Activities

These are meaning-focused activities that help students process the content of a text. They are all highly controlled - they dont require a personal response, or encourage looking beyond the text. Those free practice activities happen later in the lesson; some are listed in Section 10. Form-focused activities that help students process language are in Sections 11-13.

5.1 Comprehension Questions

Write questions about the text, which students answer. With comprehension questions, the answer must be available in the text. Opinion style questions are better later in the lesson.
- wh- questions.

Purpose: students check their understanding of details in the text Practicalities: students work from board or worksheets

What do sharks eat?

Are you afraid of sharks?

Mostly smaller fish.

(if this information is in the text) Is not a comprehension question. Do these open-ended type of questions later in the lesson. This is very easy. This involves more thinking.

- or yes/no questions. With yes/no questions, it is better to also ask for more information, e.g.

Was Thida afraid of the shark? Was Thida afraid of the shark? Why or Why not?

5.2 True or False?

a. Write some true and some false statements about the text. b. Students decide whether the statements are true or false. c. If false, they write a true statement, e.g.

Purpose: students check their understanding of details in the text Practicalities: students work from board or worksheets Preparation: prepare true and false statements False. He was the leader of China.

Mao Tse-Tung was the leader of the USSR.

5.3 Text Quiz

a. Students think of closed questions (with only one possible correct answer) from the text. They must also know the correct answer to their questions.

Purpose: students form questions and answers based on the text Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups

b. They ask each other their questions and check their answers. This can be done individually, but is better in pairs or groups. You can make it into a group competition by getting groups to think of 3 questions each, and each group has to answer all the other groups questions. The winner is the group with the most correct answers.

Page 12

5.4 Summarise
a. Students write brief summaries of the text, in their own words. b. After they have written their summaries, check that they have included the main point(s) of the text.

Purpose: students read for details and restate the important information Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups

5.5 Information Transfer

After students have read a text, they take information from it and put it in a different format. This can be:
- a picture

Purpose: students present the same information in different ways Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups

A High School for Smallsway March 2010 Smallsway is a pretty little town 10km from Bigville. Smallsway is small - it has one main street with a shop, a clinic and a primary school.

- a map

Smallsway primary school clinic shop

Main Street to Bigville (10 km)

Unfortunately, there is no high school there, so the students have to catch a bus to Bigville high school. The parents want a high school, as there are more and more school-age children. Last year 25 students graduated from the primary school. In 2005 there were 14 graduates, and in 2000 there were just 6. The rst year the school opened, in 1995, only one student graduated. Last October, a group of parents held a meeting to discuss how they can get a high school. They have arranged to meet the District Education Committee next month.

- a table Graduates from Smallsway Primary School

Year Number of Graduates

- a graph - a dialogue, poem or song

1995 2000 2005 2009

- a timeline

1 6 14 25

25 students graduate October - parents April - planned meeting with District Education school opens 6 students graduate meeting Committee 1 student graduates 14 students graduate 1995 2000 2005 2010

Page 13

5.6 Classify the Information

After students have read a text, they take information from it and put it in categories.
- different types of things mentioned in the text:
mammals birds reptiles

Purpose: students categorise information from a text Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups

insects

other

human bear

eagle

crocodile snake

mosquito

shark

- different types of information mentioned in the text:

How often?

How to get to Sagaing How much? Where from?

How long?

bus car train boat

every 20 minutes when you want 3 times a day occasionally

1200 kyat 5-10,000 kyat 2000 kyat 800 kyat

bus station where you want train station river

1 1/2 hours 40 minutes 2 hours 2-3 hours

- different types of statements mentioned in the text:

statements for the war in Iraq
statements against the war in Iraq

We need to help Iraqis defend their country We had to remove Saddam Hussein

the war has killed too many civilians The US had no right to invade another country Purpose: students order information from a text Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups

5.7 Order the Information

After students have read a text, they take information from it and put it in order.
- chronological order (order of time) - order of frequency (how often)

- least to most (e.g. slowest to fastest, least liked to most liked, lowest marks to highest marks)

5.8 Whats the Question?

1. Prepare some questions and answers about the text. These can be:
- closed (there are only a few correct questions)
answer: question: His name was Lucky.

Purpose: students read for detail and identify how to get information Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups Preparation: prepare questions and answers about the text
A Cowboy Called Lucky
A long time ago a baby boy was born in the wild west. His parents were poor, but they worked hard on their small farm.

What was the cowboys name?

A cowboy.

- open (there are lots of possible correct questions)

answer: question:

Who was Lucky? What was Luckys job? What is the story about?

2. Students identify the correct questions they would ask to get the answers. Page 14

Listening Activities
Presenting a Listening Text Listening Practice This section looks at activities for presenting listening texts and practising listening skills.

receptive

reading

listening

input

productive

writing

speaking

output

graphic

oral/aural

Listening, like reading, is a receptive skill. Many of the reading presentation and practice activities can be used as listening activities too - we have listed these at the beginning of each sub-section. For example:

4.3 Identify the Main Idea - Write the choices for main idea on the board, then play
or read out the listening text. Students choose the best main idea.

5.5 Information Transfer - Students listen to the text and put information into a
different format: draw a picture, map, or graph, ll in a chart or form, etc. Similarly to the Reading Activities section, this is divided into two sub-sections: Presenting

a Listening Text, which has different ways students can rst hear a text, and Listening Practice Activities, which has a range of controlled practice activities designed to help
students understand the ideas and language from the text.

Choosing a Listening Text

Listening can be a difcult skill to teach and learn in a low-resource environment, where students dont normally have much opportunity to hear and use real-life English. Choosing a listening text that is the right level for your students is important - even more important than with a reading text. If you can only nd difcult texts, make sure the tasks are very simple. If you dont have access to a cassette player, computer or CD audio resources, read the text aloud yourself, or a have a student read it. This is useful, even if you dont think your English is good enough. Most of the people your students will interact with are not expert speakers either. Page 15

6. Presenting a Listening Text

Usually teachers present listening texts by playing the cassette or CD, or by reading a text aloud. Here are a range of activities students can do while they are listening. Many of the activities in Section 4: Presenting a Reading Text can be used to present listening texts as well.

4.1 Focus Questions 4.3 Identify the Main Idea 4.4 Match the Summaries 6.1 Listen for Context
Play the conversation. Students identify:
- where the conversation is taking place - how many people are speaking

4.5 Match Pictures to Paragraphs 4.6 Choose the Title

- information about the people: male or female? ages? occupations? appearance?

Purpose: students listen for gist to establish the context of a conversation Practicalities: all students need to hear the conversation clearly Preparation: cut up copies of a text one per student, pair or group

6.2 Order the Listening Text

a. Make enough copies of a listening text so there is one per student, pair or group. Cut it into phrases, sentences or paragraphs. b. Read or play the text. Students listen, and put the phrases, sentences or paragraphs in the correct order. This is also a good activity to use with songs.

Purpose: students listen for gist to put a text in order Practicalities: all students need to hear the text clearly Preparation: cut up copies of a text one per student, pair or group

This works well with conversations, where you can cut up what each speaker says.

6.3 Dictation
a. Read or play the text at normal speed. b. Read or play the text again. Pause after every clause or sentence so students can write what you are saying.

Purpose: students listen, write and check their writing for accuracy Practicalities: all students need to hear the text clearly

c. Read with pauses again. Repeat this for a third time if necessary. Allow students a few minutes to check and correct their writing. d. Give students a copy of the original text. Students check their writing and mark it for accuracy - spelling, nal consonants, prepositions, etc. Page 16

6.4 Dictogloss
a. Read or play the text at normal speed.

b. Read or play the text again. Pause after every paragraph so students can record the important information. They should not write word for word - they should use their own words. c. Read with pauses again. Repeat this a third time if necessary.

Purpose: students listen, write and check their writing for accuracy Practicalities: all students need to hear the text clearly

d. Show students the original text. Individually or in pairs, they compare this to their versions. Discuss as a class different ways students have expressed the same meanings.

6.5 Spot the Mistakes

a. Prepare a reading text with different information from a listening text. Make copies for the students, or write it on the board. b. Read the correct version of the text aloud. Students spot the mistakes in the written version.

Purpose: students listen for detail and identify wrong information Practicalities: all students need to hear the text clearly Preparation: prepare a reading text with some incorrect statements

To make it easier, write the words on the board so students can choose between them This activity is useful after one of the pre-teaching vocabulary activities in Section 2.
Wangari Maathai received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004. She was born in Kenya in 1940. She taught biology at university, and joined the National Council of Women of Kenya. In 1976 she founded the Green Belt movement. This movement encouraged poor women in Africa to plant 30 million trees. Wangari Maathai received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1904. She was born in the UK in 1940. She taught history at university, and joined the International Council of Women of Kenya. In 1976 she founded the Green Tree movement. This movement encouraged poor women in America to plant 30 thousand trees.

6.6 Gap-fill Listening Text

a. Read the text to the students, with some key words missing. Instead of saying the key words, say beep or ping. b. Students listen and write the text, lling the gaps with key words.

Purpose: students listen for detail and add key words Practicalities: all students need to hear the text clearly Preparation: delete key words from a text

To make it easier, write the words on the board so students can choose between them This activity is useful after one of the pre-teaching vocabulary activities in Section 2. flooded drought populated disease disaster drowned
Bangladesh, one of the most ping countries in the world, suffers from frequent natural ping , such as floods, cyclones, ping , landslides and earthquakes. In 1998 almost 70% of the country was ping , and 30 million people had to leave their homes. During this time more than a thousand people ping or died from ping .

Page 17

6.7 Pair Dictation

a. Students work in pairs. Give half the text to each partner. b. Partner A reads his/her text while Partner B writes. Then Partner B reads and Partner A writes.

Purpose: in pairs, students dictate a text to each other Practicalities: students work in pairs. This can get noisy Preparation: split a text into two parts and make copies for each pair

c. Pairs compare their texts to see if they have read and recorded it accurately. You can split the text into rst half and second half, or chunk by chunk:
A.___________________________________
__________________________________ so she didnt have enough time to plan it properly. ________________________ _____________________________________ ____ There wasnt enough room, so many of them had to stand outside in the corridor, ___________________________ _____________________________________ _________ but nobody brought any extra plates so people had to wait a long time to eat.

B. My sisters wedding was a disaster. She decided to get married suddenly, ___________________________________ ________ Nevertheless, about 50 of her friends and relatives came to her apartment. ___________________________ _____________________________________ _______ and the neighbours were very annoyed. My parents had organised the food, ________________________________ ______________________________________ ________.

6.8 Running Dictation

a. Students work in teams of up to 10. Each team appoints a writer. b. Put the texts in a place where nobody can read them from their chairs.

c. The rst team member runs to the text, memorises the rst part of it, runs back to the writer, and dictates what they remember. The writer writes it down.

Purpose: students accurately communicate and reproduce the language and content of a text Practicalities: a noisy activity that requires a large classroom where students can move around Preparation: prepare at least one copy of the text for every 2-4 teams

d. When the writer has nished writing what the rst runner dictates, the second runner runs to the text, memorises the next part, runs back to the writer and dictates. e. Continue until you reach a time limit (e.g. 10 minutes) or until a team nishes the whole text. f. Teams swap papers and mark another teams paper. The simplest way to mark is to give one point for every correctly-spelled word in the right place. If you like, deduct points for errors such as incorrect punctuation.
In 1940, during World War Two, the French gave up control of Vietnam to Japan. Ho Chi Minh, the Vietnamese independence leader, saw a chance to free his country. He created the League for the Independence of Vietnam, also called the Vietminh. The Vietminh began ghting the Japanese and successfully resisted the invasion. On September 2 1945, Ho Chi Minh gave a speech that announced his nations freedom.

...saw a chance to free his country. He created the League for the Independence of Vietnam...

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7. Listening Practice Activities

These are controlled meaning-focused activities that help students process the content of a listening text. They focus only on the content of the text, and do not require a personal response, nor encourage looking beyond the text. Free practice activities can be found in Section 10: Post-task Activities. All the activities in Section 5: Reading Practice Activities can be used to provide practice with listening texts as well.

5.1 Comprehension Questions 5.2 True or False? 5.3 Summarise 5.4 Text Quiz 7.1 Rewrite the Text
After students have listened to a text a few times, they rewrite it. To make this easier:
- write some of the key words or phrases on the board

5.5 Information Transfer 5.6 Classify the information 5.7 Order the Information

Purpose: students focus on the main points of a text Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups

- if it is a dialogue, provide one speakers text and have students write the other speakers text.

7.2 Mix and Match

a. Give each student a piece of paper with half a sentence from the text on it. b. Students move around the room trying to nd the student with the other half of their sentence.
Some cats make good house pets, but rats can spread disease,

Purpose: students focus on the details of a text Practicalities: students need to move around the room Preparation: cut half-sentences from the text, one for each student

Some cats make good house pets, but

others are too wild.

If you use the whole text, you can follow this by getting the class to put their sentences in order.

7.3 Act out the Conversation

a. After students have listened to a conversation, give them a copy of the audioscript. They work in groups, with the same number of people as in the conversation. b. Students roleplay the conversation. Encourage them to act as well as read. Page 19

Purpose: students focus on the details of a text Practicalities: students work in pairs or groups, depending on the number of people in the conversation Preparation: prepare copies of the audioscript for students to read

You could have them perform the conversations to the class.

Writing Activities
This section has activities for improving students writing skills. receptive

reading

listening

input

productive

writing

speaking

output

graphic

oral/aural

Writing is a productive skill. Writing tasks range from producing accurate letters of the alphabet to organising arguments into a persuasive essay. There are many different activities designed for particular genres (styles) of writing, but we have only included activities that can be used at all levels for many different types of writing. The section is ordered by levels of control. Highly controlled activities aim to produce an accurate written text where most of the language students need is provided already. Less controlled activities provide students with some of the language needed, but encourage them to use a lot of their own ideas. At the end of the chapter there are free writing activities, where the students choose the content and language themselves. Here are some examples of writing tasks at different levels of control:
copying from the board putting words or sentences into the correct order gap-lling where you choose the words or phrases rewriting in your own words writing your own ideas choosing the language yourself

controlled

free

When students are less familiar with the language, they need higher control activities. When they are more familiar with the language, they can move on to the free activities. Free activities are more typical of authentic (real-life) language needs.

Page 20

8. Writing Activities - from Controlled to Free

The earlier activities are more controlled, practising only the target language and ideas, with a small number of correct outcomes. The later activities are more free, with many possible successful outcomes. Some of the activities from other sections can be used to provide writing practice:

5.6 Classify the Information 6.3 Dictation 6.4 Dictogloss 8.1 Mixed Sentences
a. Create several sentences related to the topic or structure and mix up the word order in each sentence b. Students put the mixed sentences in order to form meaningful and accurate sentences.

6.7 Pair Dictation 7.1 Rewrite the Text 11.15 Write Yourself In
Purpose: students order words in a sentence Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups Preparation: prepare sentences with the words mixed up

You can also make higher level students order each sentence into a paragraph or text.

8.2 Sentences with Mistakes

a. Students write 5-10 sentences about the topic theyve been studying, or using the structures theyve been studying. Each sentence should have a mistake in it. The mistakes can be either:
- factual (something wrong with the content) - language (wrong grammar or vocabulary)

Purpose: students write and identify mistakes Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups

b. Students swap sentences with a partner, who identies and corrects the mistake.

8.3 Add Phrases or Sentences

a. Give each student, pair or group a text with some phrases or sentences removed. Write these phrases or sentences on the board. b. Students decide where these phrases or sentences t into the text.

Purpose: students complete a text Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups Preparation: prepare a text with some phrases or sentences removed

c. Students rewrite the text with the phrases or sentences added.

the arrogant, rude boss who had unfairly fired him who had to quit high school and get a job where he used to work who was sick and couldnt afford medical treatment
Myo Min walked past the ofce. He looked up at the highest window and thought about Mr Smythe. He remembered how Mr Smythe accused him of stealing. He thought of his mother. He thought of his little brother.

Page 21

8.4 Add Punctuation

a. Give each student, pair or group a text with punctuation removed. b. Students rewrite the text with correct punctuation added.

Purpose: students add punctuation to a text Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups Preparation: prepare a text with punctuation missing

With low level students, just remove basic punctuation (e.g. capitalisation, commas and full stops). With higher level students, remove more complex punctuation, such as dashes, colons and semi-colons.

8.5 Add Adverbs

a. Give each student, pair or group a text without adverbs. b. Draw attention to the text being quite boring - not very descriptive.

Purpose: students add adverbs to a text to make it more interesting Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups Preparation: prepare a text without adverbs

c. Students rewrite the text, adding adverbs to make it more expressive and interesting. To make this easier, write some suggested adverbs on the board.
She got tired of waiting. Where is he? she sighed, and walked over to the window.

Eventually, she got tired of waiting. Where is he? she sighed sadly, and walked slowly over to the window.

8.6 Add the Beginning and Ending

Students add a beginning and an ending to a text.
- for letters, especially formal letters, add an introductory and concluding sentence - for essays, add an appropriate introduction and conclusion

Purpose: students add a relevant beginning or ending to a text Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups Preparation: prepare a text with the beginning and ending removed

- for dialogues, add an appropriate beginning and ending statement

On the 25th of January, I bought a Telexon external hard drive from your showroom. I was told that this had 500GB of space. However, when I set it up, I discovered it only had 100GB of space. I particularly need the larger drive, as I have a lot of les to store. I also consider that 110,000K is too much to pay for a 100GB drive.

Page 22

8.7 Change the Text

Students rewrite a model text, changing parts of it. There are different ways to do this:
- personalise it - make about themselves
I was born in Freemantle on the West Coast of Australia in 1956. My parents worked on the boats. My father was a ships navigator and my mother was a nurse at the port. We lived in a large old house near the railway station.

Purpose: students rewrite a text from a different point of view Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups Preparation: prepare a model text for students to adapt

- rewrite it in a different tense - rewrite it so that it gives an opposite opinion

I was born in Bago in Central Myanmar in 1989. My parents worked in their stationery shop. My father worked in the shop front serving the customers and my mother looked after the accounts. We lived in a small new apartment in the centre of the city.

- rewrite it from a different point of view, e.g. rst person to third person

8.8 Write and Match the Description

a. Prepare some pictures - copy them from teaching books, cut them out of newspapers and magazines or draw them yourself. Give a picture to each student or pair of students. b. Students write descriptions of their picture on pieces of paper. c. Put the pictures on the wall, or on desks around the room. Give each picture a number.

Purpose: students write and recognise a description Practicalities: students need to move around the room reading descriptions and looking at pictures Preparation: get pictures - enough for each student or pair of students

d. Collect the descriptions, mix them up, and give them out to each student or pair. Make sure nobody has their own description. e. Students go around the room and match their description with its picture.

1.

2.

3.

This activity can be used as general writing practice, or you can choose pictures related to a topic students have been studying.

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8.9 Information Transfer

This is a variation of Activity 5.5, in reverse order. Students look at information and write it as text.
- a picture - a map - a timeline - a timetable
Worldwide English Academy: Intermediate Class 5 - 6 pm Mon General English Exam Preparation 6 - 7 pm Academic Reading and Writing General English General English 7 - 8 pm Public Speaking Academic Reading and Writing Guest Speaker

Purpose: students present the same information in different ways Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups Preparation: prepare a graph, picture, map or chart

The Intermediate Class at the Worldwide English Academy meets on Mondays, Wednesdays and Thursdays. Classes run from 5 to 8 pm. On Mondays, they start with General English. At 6.00 they have Academic Reading and Writing, followed by Public Speaking at 7. . .

Tues

Academic Thurs Reading and Writing

- a table

- a graph

- a dialogue, poem or song

8.10 Rephrase the Text

Students rewrite a text using their own words. They must have the same information, but different language.

Purpose: students write the same information using different language Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups

- lower level students can rewrite sentences. Allow them to use the same function words (prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, pronouns, articles) - higher level students can rewrite paragraphs or longer texts. To make it harder, you can tell them they are not allowed to re-use certain function words, e.g. conjunctions or modal verbs

8.11 Text from Key Words

a. Write some key words from a topic students have been studying. b. Students write a text using all the key words.

Purpose: students write a text using key words and phrases Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups

8.12 Group the Ideas

a. Provide a list of sentences or ideas that belong to different parts of a text. b. Students decide which ideas belong together in the same paragraphs. c. Students write an essay, using the sentences grouped in relevant paragraphs You can either provide full sentences or just notes. Page 24

Purpose: students sort information into different parts of a text Practicalities: students work alone Preparation: prepare a list of information that belongs in different paragraphs of an essay or article
- nice beaches - cheap guest houses - beautiful forests - comfortable hotels - convenient buses - fast trains

8.13 Invisible Story

a. Put students in groups of 3-5, and give the whole class a title of a story related to a topic students have been studying (or decide on the title with the class).

Purpose: students create a story Practicalities: students work in groups of 3-5

b. Each group has a sheet of paper with the title on the top. c. The rst group member starts the story by writing two sentences. They then fold the paper so only the second sentence can be seen. d. The next group member reads the sentence, and writes two sentences to follow this. They then fold the paper so only their second sentence can be seen. e. Continue this. After all students have had 1, 2 or 3 turns, get the next student to write a conclusion to the story. f. Groups read their stories to the class. 1. My Favourite Place I love to visit the zoo.
There are a lot of interesting animals there.

2.

There are a lot of interesting animals there.

Some are friendly, and some are dangerous. I am afraid of some of them.

3.

I am afraid of some of them.

I am also afraid of trains. I took a train journey last year and there was an accident.

8.14 Fast Writing

a. Give students a topic, and a time limit between one and ve minutes. Higher level students can use more time.

Purpose: students improve their written uency Practicalities: students work alone

b. Students write as much as they can about the topic. Encourage them not to worry about grammar or spelling, but to write as much as they can. c. After they stop, students count their words. The student with the most words is the winner. (Anything not connected to the topic doesnt count.)

8.15 Group Research Essay

a. In groups, students identify sources of information for their research. b. Each student chooses a different source (or more than one source) and nds out as much as they can about their topic. c. Groups share the results of their research, and decide what information should be in the essay.

Purpose: students do research, decide which information is important and write an essay Practicalities: students work in groups. They need sources: reference books, the internet, magazines and newspapers, and/or experts they can talk to

d. Each group member writes an essay using the groups research. Page 25

Speaking Activities
This section has activities to improve students speaking skills. receptive

reading

listening

input

productive

writing

speaking

output

graphic

oral/aural

Speaking, like writing, is a productive skill. In this section, we look at meaning-focused speaking activities, which require students to practise spoken language with real life-like outcomes. Pronunciation Practice Activities - producing the sounds, stress and intonation of a language - are in Section 13. No skill is taught in isolation. Except for repeating or reading aloud, speaking also involves (someone) listening, and many activities involve students taking turns speaking and listening - a conversation. Similarly, writing tasks usually have someone reading: input + output = interaction.

We have ordered this section, as with the writing section, by levels of control. The earlier activities are highly controlled, aiming for accurate speaking using a limited range of structures and language. The later ones are freer, with less planning or rehearsal beforehand, like most speaking is in real life. Here are some examples of speaking tasks at different levels of control:
reading aloud from the board singing a song you know quite well roleplay with some of the language provided making a formal, rehearsed presentation having an open discussion on a topic of your choice

controlled

free

When students are less familiar with the language, they need higher control activities. When they are more familiar with the language, they can move on to the freer activities. Free activities are more typical of authentic (real-life) language needs. Page 26

9. Speaking Activities - from Controlled to Free

The earlier activities are more controlled, practising only the target language and ideas, with only one correct outcome. The later activities are more free, with many possible successful outcomes. Some of the activities from other sections can be used to provide speaking practice:

4.8 Disappearing Paragraph 4.10 Teach Each Other 6.7 Pair Dictation 9.1 Whispers
a. Put students in groups of 6-10. Each group stands in a line. Show the rst member of each group the sentence.

8.1 Rewrite the Text 8.3 Text from Key Words 8.10 Information Transfer
Purpose: students communicate messages clearly Practicalities: students work in groups Preparation: Prepare sentences for groups to communicate

b. The rst group member whispers the sentence into the ear of the second group member.

c. The second group member whispers the message into the ear of the third group member. The message gets passed through the whole group. d. When the last group member hears the message, they write it on the board. Is it the same as the original message? So that students dont get bored, and they get more practice, you can have several sentences going through the group at the same time.
Good students do their homework regularly and read a lot of books. Good students do their own work effectively and need a lot of books. Some stupid food roast pork left act and need pots and cooks.

9.2 Interview and Tell

a. As a class, brainstorm a list of questions students can ask each other. This works best if you stick to one topic. b. In pairs, students ask and answer the questions.

Purpose: students ask for, give and rephrase information Practicalities: students work as a class and in pairs

c. Students explain their partners answers to the class (or to a group).

Mi Mi, what do you think of hunting endangered animals? I dont like it, unless it is poor people trying to feed their families.

Mi Mi doesnt like people hunting endangered animals, but she thinks its OK if they need to feed their families.

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9.3 Spoken Summary

Students quickly read a text on a topic they have been studying, then give a brief summary.
- students can summarise the same texts - students can summarise different but related texts. - texts can be in English, or students rst language.

Purpose: students summarise a text without written preparation Practicalities: this is best done with higher level students Preparation: prepare a text for students to summarise

With a large class, have students do this in groups.

9.4 Keep Talking

a. Give each group a picture. b. In turn, students say a sentence describing the picture. c. One by one, students say more sentences about the picture until nobody can think of any more. d. Groups swap pictures, and do the activity again.

Purpose: students improve their spoken uency Practicalities: students work in groups of 3-8 Preparation: prepare one picture per group, related to a topic or structure students have been studying

Another variation is Behind the Picture, where students take turns describing the background to the picture, rather than what they can actually see.

The old woman has just bought a new motorbike. He is worried that she will have an accident.

The young man is her grandson. She always drives too fast.

9.5 3-2-1
a. Students prepare a 3 minute talk on a topic they have been studying. Give them a few minutes to make notes - they shouldnt write it down word for word.

Purpose: students gradually summarise their talks Practicalities: students need to work in pairs, and change partners. This can get noisy

b. Students work in pairs. Partner A talks for three minutes while partner B listens. Then Partner B talks while Partner A listens. c. Students change partners. This time they each give their talk for two minutes. d. Students change partners again, and each give their talk for one minute. You can change the length of time to suit the level of the class. With low level students, have them talk for 90 seconds - 60 seconds - 30 seconds or less. With more advanced students, have them talk for 4, 3 and 2 minutes.

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9.6 Speech with Mistakes

a. Students prepare a short speech (a few sentences for beginners, a minute or more for higher level students). They should include some incorrect statements. This works best with a topic students are currently studying. For large classes, do this in groups of 5-8.
You can get to Pyin Oo Lwin by bus, train or boat. The bus costs 250 thousand kyat. It takes three hours to get there from Yangon.

Purpose: students prepare and deliver a speech, and practise active listening Practicalities: students need to hear the speaker

b. The class listens. After the speech is over, the class list the mistakes.

You cant get there by boat. It doesnt cost that much! It takes about 15 hours from Yangon.

9.7 Presentations
a. Individually or in pairs or groups, students prepare a presentation. They decide what they are going to present: what they will talk about, and how they will say it. b. They decide what supporting resources they will use in their presentation:
- posters, pictures or photographs - computer slides

Purpose: students prepare and deliver a formal presentation Practicalities: the class needs to be able to watch and listen to each presentation. This may take quite a long time

- charts and diagrams - objects that are relevant to their talk

c. If necessary, students prepare notes to assist them in delivering their presentations. They should not write out their entire presentations word for word. d. Students deliver their presentations to the class. This works best if you give students a strict time limit for their presentation - neither too short nor too long. Also, if you do it in groups, make sure every student speaks. You might like to get the class to make notes of the key points of each students presentation.

9.8 Describe and Match the Picture

a. Prepare some pictures related to the topic you are teaching. Give a picture to each student. b. Students prepare oral - not written - descriptions of their pictures. c. Collect the pictures, mix them up and give one to each student.

Purpose: students describe pictures and match them with descriptions Practicalities: students need to be able to hear each other across the room Preparation: get a picture for each student

d. In turn, students describe their pictures. The student with the picture identies it. Page 29

9.9 Debate
a. Choose, or have students choose, an issue where there are two opposing opinions, e.g.
- students should have to wear uniforms (versus students should not have to wear uniforms)

Purpose: students think of, deliver and oppose arguments Practicalities: this may take an entire lesson, or more than one lesson, for students to prepare

- smoking should be illegal (versus smoking should not be illegal) - modernisation is more important than tradition (versus tradition is more important than modernisation)

b. Divide the class into two groups. Half the class will argue the afrmative (for the main idea) and the other half will argue the negative (against the main idea). c. Divide the afrmatives and negatives into groups of three. Each group of three spends some time preparing their argument - they need to list all the main ideas and examples supporting their argument. They also decide who will speak rst, second and last. d. The rst member of the afrmative team speaks for two minutes. After this, give the teams a minute or two to discuss ways to argue against the points made. e. The rst member of the negative team speaks for two minutes. They also include their arguments against the points made by the afrmative team. After this, give the teams a minute or two to discuss ways to argue against the points made. e. Repeat this for the second, and then the third, members of both teams. f. Have the class vote for the winning team - the team which makes the best argument.
I disagree with her point about uniforms making students look tidy. Many students wear their uniforms badly, or dont repair them, the same as any other clothing. In addition, poor families might have difficulty paying money for new, clean uniforms. If they can wear other clothes, it is easier to...

There are many other ways to do debates - a different number of people per side, allowing a longer or shorter time to discuss or speak, etc. Look at www.idebate.org for ideas.

9.10 Show and Tell

a. Each student prepares a short talk on a topic they are interested in. They can bring items to demonstrate their topic, if appropriate. b. In turn, students give their talk. Encourage other students to ask them questions about their topic.

Purpose: students give a prepared speech on a topic of their choice Practicalities: students need to hear the speaker Preparation: make a timetable of students to do this, so students know in advance when it is their turn

This works best if two students give their talk at the start of each class. Page 30

9.11 Prompt Cards

a. Prepare sets of prompt cards - enough for 8-15 cards per group. The cards should have the main topic and a few suggestions about what to say:
Talk about your favourite place Where is it? When did you discover it? What do you like about it? When did you last go there?

Purpose: students talk freely about familiar topics Practicalities: set up two long tables where students can move around the seats (see diagram below) Preparation: prepare 8-15 cards per group

You can use the Prompt Cards available at http://educasia.org for this. b. Set up tables so that students can sit facing each other in pairs, with the prompt cards between each pair of students. c. Each pair takes turns to talk for 30 seconds (or 45 seconds, or one minute) about the topic on the card. d. Students move clockwise to the next seat, and repeat the activity. You can also do this as a mingle (students talk in pairs, swap cards and nd another partner)

9.12 Chain Story

a. Give the students the rst sentence of a story, e.g.
There was an old man who lived alone.

Purpose: students take turns to tell a part of a story Practicalities: class discussion

b. The rst student gives the next sentence in the story, e.g.
His family had all left him, but he had about twenty cats.

c. The second student continues the story. Students take turns saying a sentence of the story. With a large class, do this in groups.

9.13 Impromptu Speeches

a. Prepare a list of topics. You might like to get each student to write a topic on a piece of paper and put it into a box or bag. Have a student select a piece of paper from the bag. b. Allow the student a minute to think of ideas. c. The student talks for a minute on that topic. Higher level students can talk for two minutes. Page 31

Purpose: students make a short speech on an unprepared topic Practicalities: this is a good activity to have two or three students do at the start of every lesson Preparation: prepare a list of topics for students to select from

Post-task Activities
After you Read After you Listen After you Write After you Speak In this section, there are activities students can do to respond to or follow up on what was read, heard, written or spoken. They allow freer practice, and encourage students to use prior knowledge and skills as well as newly-learned information. These might involve: - giving opinions (students give their views on the topic) - exploring (students nd out more about some part of the topic that interests them) - analysis (students look deeper into some part of the topic) - assessment (students give feedback on other students work) - reection and evaluation (students think back over the process of completing the task) Some advantages of including post-task activities in your lesson: - deepening students understanding of the target language and content - helping them to remember target language and content - providing opportunities to use target language and content - transferring recently learned language structures into other relevant contexts - generally encouraging greater interest in the topics you are teaching Many post-task activities can either be done in the classroom or set as homework.

Get your Students to Organise Activities

If appropriate, encourage your students to create, develop and lead activities themselves. The process of developing activities is a very effective way of learning skills and content, and provides rich exposure to the language. It is also very useful if your students are planning to teach. Controlled practice activities are easy for students to create and they can give them to other students as exercises. This is a useful task for the faster students to do while the rest of the class is completing an activity. You could consider getting your students to make worksheets you can keep in the class in an exercise bank. Other students perhaps from lower level classes - can use them for practice. Free practice activities give students a chance to use their own ideas about what is a useful way to learn a language. The more students understand about the language learning process, the more effective they will be as learners. This is the ultimate in student-centred learning.

Page 32

10. Post-task Activities

These activities are listed in order of length. The activities that only take a few minutes are listed rst, and those that take a much longer time are listed last. There are a lot of activities that can be used post-task, but some of the main ones from other sections are listed here:

1.4 Mind-map 4.6 Choose the Title 4.10 Teach Each Other 5.3 Text Quiz 8.15 Group Research Essay 9.7 Presentations 10.1 Who Wrote it?

9.9 Debate 9.10 Show and Tell 9.11 Prompt Cards 9.13 Impromptu Speeches 11.9 Race to the Board 12.14 Interviews and Surveys
Purpose: students identify the author of a piece of writing Practicalities: students need to move around the room. They should know each other quite well Preparation: stick students essays on the walls

8.8 Write and Match the Description 11.14 Category Competition

a. After students have written a paragraph or an essay, stick them on the wall. Make sure they dont have students names on them. b. Students go around the room identifying who wrote each piece of writing.

Another variation is to give texts out, one to each student, and have them go around asking and answering questions to identify the writer.
d asjfbqf dgre we qey i 78 rg yj ee d sa w rfr e r 1qw d FGD G J J dge r lk .,mnbhj,, rer po jsdbdf w y sd fhdaswrth w tehth h htr k sef wef t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[f t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[pt hrtjwtyj jtyj yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhjt hrtjwtyj jtyj yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhj h i h4 fh ytjf t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adstjwtyj jtyj yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhjk w pt hrtjwtyj jtyj yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhjf t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[ rgerg jhk897 b doanw k g ds ujk m lfmr,

a.

d asjfbqf dgre we qey i 78 rg yj ee d sa w rfr e r 1qw d FGD G J J dge r lk .,mnbhj,, rer po jsdbdf w y sd fhdaswrth w tehth h htr k sef wef t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[f t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[pt hrtjwtyj jtyj yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhjt hrtjwtyj jtyj yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhj h i h4 fh ytjf t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[f t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[pt hrtjwtyj jtyj yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhjk w pt hrtjwtyj jtyj y yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[ rgerg jhk897 b do

b.

d asjfbqf dgre we qey i 78 rg yj ee d sa w rfr e r 1qw d FGD G J J dge r lk .,mnbhj,, rer po jsdbdf w y sd fhdaswrth w tehth h htr k sef wef t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[f t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[pt hrtjwtyj jtyj yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhjt hrtjwtyj jtyj yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhj h i h4 fh ytjf t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[f t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkiodjfskifgjwksjfdskdjf iuy adsflk k[wept[pt hrtjwtyj jtyj yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhjk w pt hrtjwtyj jtyj yuk ykr lkp oi hre rhjf t 7i fdw er yyt rt yul lkio iuy adsflk k[wept[ rgerg jhk897 b doanw k g ds ujk m lfmr,

c.

Did you go to Bagan two years ago?

No, Ive never been to Bagan.

Do you think people should be punished if they drop rubbish at important cultural places?

Yes - I think they should go to prison.

Page 33

10.2 Evaluate the Work

a. Decide on criteria: best use of language, most interesting, most persuasive, etc.

Purpose: students evaluate each others written or spoken output Practicalities: the class needs to have seen or heard everyones work

b. After students read or listen to others work, they evaluate it according to the criteria. There are different ways to do this:
- ll out a table or chart with scores or comments
name comments score

Soe Lwin Naw Moo William

Good introduction. Some parts confusing, especially paragraph 2. Confident writer, with very few spelling and grammar mistakes, but most arguments weak. Clever use of language. Well argued. Handwriting very difficult to read sometimes.
- vote on whose is best

7 6 8.5 3

Win Win Than Most of her writing was not on the topic.
- write notes to give to the writer or speaker afterwards

10.3 Task Report

After students have completed a task (or a series of tasks), they report on the process of completing the task, outline what they have learned from it and reect on the value of doing it. There are many ways to do this:

Purpose: students reect on the task Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups

- Students produce a written report (individually, or in pairs or groups) - Students brainstorm the various steps involved in completing the task and all the things they learned - Have an informal group or class discussion

10.4 What Happened Next?

Students decide what happens next.
- with a story, they write about what happens to the characters after the story is nished. - with a current events situation, students predict what will happen next.

Purpose: students decide what happens next in a story or event Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups

10.5 Group Quiz Competition

a. In groups, students think of closed questions (with only one possible correct answer) about the topic. They must also know the correct answer to their questions. Groups should write the same number of questions.

Purpose: students think of closed questions about the topic Practicalities: students work in groups of 3-6

b. Each group takes turns asking other groups a question. The other groups discuss, decide and write the correct answer. c. After all groups have asked all their questions, go through the answers. The winner is the group with the most correct answers. Page 34

10.6 Roleplay
a. Give students a situation to act out. Put students in groups with enough people in each group to play all the roles needed. c. Groups perform their roleplay to the class.

Purpose: students act out a situation Practicalities: you need space for students to prepare and perform

b. Groups spend some time deciding who will play what role and what will happen. To make the roleplay more interesting, bring costumes and props to class. For example, for a roleplay about a princess who ghts a dragon, you could bring (or students could make) a crown, a dragon mask and a wooden or plastic gun or sword. Props can be very simple.

10.7 Respond to the Issues

After students have studied a topic, they write their thoughts and opinions about it. This could be:
- a few sentences, paragraph or essay

Purpose: students give their opinions about a topic Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups

- a letter to the editor of a newspaper or website, if the topic is relevant to current events

10.8 Poster
After students have studied a topic, they design a poster to inform others about it. This poster could include:
- a main message or title as heading - a cartoon or cartoons - pictures, either drawn/painted by the students or cut from magazines - a summary of important information about the topic

Purpose: students design a poster about the topic Practicalities: students need materials to make a poster - large sheets of paper, drawing materials, magazines to cut up Preparation: get poster materials

10.9 Research the Topic

After students have studied about a topic, they do some research to get more information about it. Give them time to look for different sources of information. After they have done the research, they can present it:
- as a paragraph, essay or article - as a presentation to the class or an interested group - as a mini-lesson to the class

Purpose: students extend their knowledge of a topic Practicalities: students need access to research materials - newspapers and magazines, reference books, the internet or people to talk to

Page 35

Language-focused Activities
There are three sub-sections here:

Focus on Vocabulary, Focus on Grammar and

Focus on Pronunciation.
You can use these activities when students need practice on specic language points. These can be used at any stage to practice or review vocabulary, grammar or pronunciation points, or as part of a skills-focused lesson. Below are some examples of ways you can integrate these activities into a lesson. They are based on the same lesson plans as the Skills-focused Activities introduction.

A.

Aim of lesson: To read, summarise and

B.

discuss a text about childhood experience

A1. Pre-teach new vocabulary in the text A2. Students predict content of the text A3. Students read the text A4. Students answer comprehension

Aim of lesson: To make a short

persuasive speech
B1. Look at a UK election speech on TV B2. Look at some of the key vocabulary

questions about the text

A5. Students write summary of main

points in text A6. Students do a controlled practice activity about the past simple tense A7. Students do a less controlled practice activity about the past simple tense A8. Students do a pronuniciation activity on past simple (ed) word endings) A9. Students discuss whether they have had similar experiences to the writer

used in the speech, and do a controlled vocabulary practice activity B3. Do a free vocabulary practice activity B4. In groups, students decide on policies B5. Students write their speeches B6. Students practise their speeches B7. Students deliver their speeches. The audience gives each speaker marks for langauge, content and style B8. Students decide who has won the class election, and discuss why B9. Do a pronunciation activity looking at sentence stress

We have added some language-focused activities to these lessons. A6 and A7 are Grammar

Practice Activities. They take the key structures used in the text - the past simple tense - and
give students controlled to free practice, so students can better understand and use this structure. B2 and B3 are Vocabulary Practice Activities. They look at the vocabulary students have encountered in the Pre-task Activity (watching an example speech). They provide controlled and free practice with this vocabulary, so students can use it in the main task (making a persuasive speech). A8 and B9 are Pronunciation

Practice Activities. They focus on areas of difculty students

might have in pronouncing key structures used in the tasks.

Page 36

Focus on Vocabulary
11. Vocabulary Practice Activities
Use these activities when students need to focus on understanding and using words and phrases. This section is ordered by levels of control - controlled practice activities are near the beginning of the chapter, free practice activities at the end. However, many activities can be adapted to make them more controlled or freer - see Appendix 1. Some of the activities in other sections, especially Section 2: Pre-teach Vocabulary, can be used to practise vocabulary:

1.4 Mind-map 2.1 Match the Vocabulary 2.2 Elicit the Word 4.8 Disappearing Paragraph 5.6 Classify the Information 8.1 Rewrite the Text

8.8 Write and Match the Description 8.11 Text from Key Words 9.11 Prompt Cards 12.9 Noughts and Crosses 12.11 Who am I? Mingle 12.13 Speaking Stick

2.3 Concept-checking Questions 12.7 Mill Drill

11.1 Hangman
a. Think of a word you want students to remember. Write a dash for each letter on the board.

Purpose: students recognise and spell vocabulary items Practicalities: students work from the board
3 4 2 8 10 1 5 6 9 7 11

b. Students guess which letters are in the word. A student calls out a letter. If that letter is in the word, write it in the word - if it is in the word twice, write it in twice. If it is not in the word, draw the rst part of the hanged man on the board, and write it on the board. c. Students continue to try to guess which letters are in the word. The game nishes when:
- the hangman drawing is complete (students lose) - or someone guesses the word (students win)
repeat

c
__ __ __ __ __ __

u
sweet

wi d n

Page 37

11.2 Bingo
a. Choose about 30-50 words to write on Bingo boards, and decide on what words students will match them with.
- The simplest version is matching the written word to the spoken word: Write the words on the Bingo board, then read them out

Purpose: students recognise and match vocabulary items Practicalities: students need to be able to hear you clearly Preparation: prepare bingo boards and a list of words they match with

- Matching words to synonyms or antonyms: Write the words on the Bingo board, then read out similar or opposite words - Matching verbs with their base forms: Write past simple or past participle forms of verbs on the Bingo board, then read out base forms - Matching adjectives to comparative or superlative forms, matching different parts of word families, matching numbers to simple equations, matching words with pictures...

b. Prepare enough bingo boards so that everyone in the class has one. Write 16 of the words in 4x4 grids. Make enough so there is a slightly different one for each student. These examples are for matching adjectives with antonyms.
mean lazy bad honest sad ugly stupid selfish clever small careful vain tired early shy quiet shy cold stupid vain ugly rich late boring big tired careful clever bad nice young short

You can use the Bingo software available at http://educasia.org to make boards. c. Call out the matches for the words, one by one. If the student has the word on their board, they cross it off. old
mean lazy bad honest sad clever small careful vain tired shy quiet beautiful loud unselfish ugly stupid selfish early

d. The rst student to cross off a row vertically calls out BINGO!

, horizontally

or diagonally

e. Continue playing. The rst student to cross off all the words on their card calls out BINGO! You could get the winning students to call out the words for the next game. To make this more challenging, use a 5x5 grid.

Page 38

11.3 Thingy Says

a. Stand in front of the class. You are Thingy. Students stand where they can see you clearly. b. Say Thingy says... and then an instruction, e.g Thingy says clap your hands. At the same time, do the action yourself. Students obey.

Purpose: students practise understanding and use of action verbs, body parts and imperatives Practicalities: students need to stand up and move their bodies. They all need to see Thingy leading the game. This can get noisy

c. Continue giving instructions using Thingy says. Students imitate and obey. If they do the wrong action, they leave the game. d. Give an instruction without saying Thingy Says, e.g. Shake your arms. Any students who obey leave the game. e. Continue giving instructions, sometimes not saying Thingy says. Any time students do the wrong action, or obey an instruction that doesnt have Thingy says, they leave the game. Continue until only one student is left. That student is the winner. You could have students take turns to be Thingy.
Thingy says touch your knees Wave your hands

11.4 Guess the Mime

a. Make small cards with a visual or written prompt. For example, if students are studying adverbs, you might have cards like:

thoughtfully cook dinner

or

badly

Purpose: students recognise and communicate recently learned vocabulary Practicalities: students work in groups. This can get noisy Preparation: prepare cards with word, sentence or picture prompts

You can use the Vocabulary Picture Cards available at http://educasia.org for this. b. Students work in groups. Give each student a card. In turns, students have to act out the word, phrase or sentence on the card without talking to the other group members. c. When the team guesses the word, phrase or sentence correctly they get a point. The next group member then acts out their word. The winner is the team with the most points.
looking for something? no, its an animal a dog

Page 39

11.5 Memory Match

a. Prepare sets of 30-50 cards - enough sets so there is one per group of 3-5 students Each set should contain pairs of card that match:
- Matching words to pictures. You can use the Vocabulary Picture Cards available at www.educasia.org for this. - Matching words with afxes

Purpose: students recognise and match vocabulary items Practicalities: students work in groups around tables or on the oor Preparation: prepare sets of cards for group to match

- Matching words to synonyms, antonyms, denitions or examples - Matching two parts of a phrasal verb or compound noun - Matching words which rhyme with each other, or words that have the same consonant sound

b. Students work in groups. Give each group a set of cards. They put the cards face-down (so they cant see the word) on the table, spread out so all are visible. c. In turns, group members turn over two cards. If they match, they keep the cards and have another turn. If they dont match, it is the next group members turn. Dont change the position of the cards between turns.

toe now crow crow

d. The winner is the group member with the most pairs of cards at the end of the game.

11.6 Memory
a. Get about 20 objects, pictures of objects or a picture of a scene using target language. You can
use the Vocabulary Picture Cards available at http://educasia.org for this.

b. Students look at the things or picture/s for 2 minutes. You might like to go through the names of the items with them while they are looking at them. c. Take the things or pictures away, or cover them.

Purpose: students remember items or facts Practicalities: students all have to see items clearly Preparation: collect items or pictures/a picture of items

d. Give students about 5 minutes to remember all the items and write them down.

Page 40

11.7 Vocabulary Cards

a. Students decide which words and phrases they want to focus on. Encourage them to pick useful words that they have trouble remembering.

Purpose: students remember form and meaning of new vocabulary Practicalities: each student needs at least 10 small pieces of cardboard

b. Give each student 10 or more small pieces of cardboard. They write the word or phrase on one side of the cardboard. c. On the other side, they write:
- a translation - or a denition or synonym - or an example sentence using the word - or they can draw a picture. You can use the Vocabulary Picture Cards available at http://educasia.org for this.
Hmmm... multi-lingual. I think lingual is language... multi is many. Ah, I know many languages!

multi-lingual

able to speak many languages bmompum;rsdK;pHkajymwwfw,f

d. Students put the cards in their pockets or bags. At any time - when they are sitting at home, on the bus, waiting for someone - they can get them out and test themselves.

11.8 Gap-fill
a. Prepare a text (or sentences, or questions) with key vocabulary items missing. This can be:
- closed (only one answer is possible) - or open (many answers are possible)

Purpose: students identify needed vocabulary items Practicalities: students work from the board or worksheets Preparation: write text with missing vocabulary items

b. Students identify words to complete the text. Lek Tho is a medium sized _____ on the river. It has quite a _____ population, but theres a lot to _____ there. Theres a cinema, a sports stadium, a _____ and a lot of restaurants and teashops. Theres _____ teachers training college too, _____ a lot of students _____ there. The teachers college _____ a large library. Everyone is allowed to go there to _____ books. You can make this easier by providing the answers, in mixed order with the text. Another variation is to make each gap a multiple choice exercise.

Page 41

11.9 Race to the Board

a. Students work in two or three teams. Give each team a column on the board. Teams stand together at the opposite end of the room to the board. Give each team a pen or piece of chalk. b. Ask the rst question. The team decides on the correct answer, and the rst team members of each team run to the board and write it in their column. The rst team to write the correct answer gets a point.

Purpose: students identify and form recently learned items Practicalities: students need to work in teams, and run to the board. This can get noisy Preparation: prepare questions about recently learned vocabulary
A long, yellow fruit

1 lll 2
banana

llll 3 ll
ba

c. Continue until all team members have had a turn, or until you have nished your questions. The winner is the team with the most points. You can do this with grammar structures, e.g. past participles. You say a verb, and teams race to write the correct past participle form. You can also do this to test knowledge of a topic, by asking questions about that topic.

11.10 Describe it
a. Put students into two (or more) teams. One team member is the describer. Give each teams describer - secretly - a word to describe. b. The describers try to communicate the word to their team without saying the word. They can:
- give a denition - mime - give examples - give opposite meanings
dacoit

Purpose: students describe and identify vocabulary items Practicalities: Students work in teams. All team members must be able to see the describing team member. This can get noisy
steal, rob burglar usually with guns Its a phrasal verb GIVE ME ALL YOUR MONEY NOW!

c. The rst group to guess the correct word gets a point. d. Team members take turns being the describer. The winner is the team with the most points at the end of the game.

hijacking

hold up

For higher level students, you can also use phrases. Page 42

11.11 Communicative Crosswords

a. Choose about 20 words for students to focus on. Make two half jigsaw crosswords (with half the words lled in on each). You can do this using the CrossWare software at http://educasia.org.
1

Purpose: students dene, identify and communicate target vocabulary Practicalities: students work in pairs Preparation: design two half jigsaw crosswords
1

m a

l
4

a
3

m o u
4

a n
3

f e v e r

k e

n e y
10 12

e
6

s t o

k l e
10 12

h
7

t h

e
11

m
8

h e

t e a

h e a

a c h

t o e

s o

11

f l l

o n e

13 14

13

r e

d o

14

b. Give each student one half-crossword. Students write clues for each of their words: examples, denitions or synonyms. c. Students tell their partner the clues needed to complete their crosswords.

Number 1 across is a disease you get from mosquitoes.

Number 2 down is the part of your body that joins your feet to your legs.

11.12 Alphabet Categories

a. Write four categories on the board related to topics students have been studying, e.g. Animal / Food / Country / Object

Purpose: students brainstorm vocabulary items Practicalities: students work in groups of 3-5

b. Choose a letter of the alphabet (or elicit one from the students) and write it on the board, for example C. In their groups, students think of a word in each category beginning with that letter, e.g. cat / carrot / Canada / computer c. When a group has found a word for each category, they shout Stop! and say their words. They win a point if all their words are correct. d. Continue the game with other letters. The group with the most points wins.

Page 43

11.13 Picture Dictation

a. Prepare pictures of scenes with items students have been studying. These can be a different picture for each student, or copies of two different pictures (for Partner A and B of each pair). These pictures can be very simple. Some examples:

Purpose: students communicate a description Practicalities: students work in pairs Preparation: get or draw pictures of scenes with features students have been studying

- Directions or places in a town - a map, a picture of a street - Foods, quantities, containers - a kitchen scene, things on shelves - People, clothes, actions - a person, a scene of people doing things
Theres a tall man wearing trousers, a T-shirt and a hat.

b. Students work in pairs. Give Partner A of each pair a picture. They hold it so that Partner B cant see it. c. Partner A describes their picture to Partner B. Partner B draws it. d. After they have nished, they compare the original picture and the dictated drawing. How similar are they? e. Give Partner B a picture, which they dictate to Partner A.

11.14 Category Competition

a. Name a category related to something students have been studying, e.g. animals, items you can nd in the kitchen, political ideologies.

Purpose: students brainstorm items in categories Practicalities: class discussion with board

b. One by one, students name something that goes into the category. If a student says something that has already been said or cant think of anything to say, they are out of the game. c. Keep going round the class until only one student is left. That student is the winner. In a large class, do this in groups.

11.15 Write Yourself In

a. Write a list of target vocabulary items on the board. b. Students write (or say) sentences using each target word and the word I. Make this more difcult by requiring that students use two or three of the words in each sentence.

Purpose: students use target vocabulary items Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups

My cousin has an important job in a bank. Tomorrow, I have an important meeting at the bank.

Page 44

Focus on Grammar
12. Grammar Practice Activities
Use these activities when students need to focus on understanding and using grammar structures. This section is ordered by levels or control - controlled practice activities are near the beginning of the chapter, free practice activities at the end. However, many activities can be adapted to make them more controlled or freer - see Appendix 1. Some of the activities in other sections can be used to practise grammar:

1.6 Swap Questions 5.8 Whats the Question? 8.2 Sentences with Mistakes 8.3 Add Phrases or Sentences 8.4 Add Punctuation 8.5 Add Adverbs 12.1 Substitution Drill
a. Write a sentence using the target structure on the board, e.g. present simple tense: I like bananas

8.7 Change the Text 9.11 Prompt Cards 11.5 Memory Match 11.8 Gap-fill 11.9 Race to the Board 13.4 Word Endings
Purpose: students form target structures Practicalities: Students work from the board. This can get noisy

b. Students say the sentence. Write a substitution for one of the words in the sentence, e.g.: I like bananas beef beef beef eat eat eat dont dont My mother beef
I like beef.

c. Students say the sentence. Keep changing words, and students keep saying the new sentences.
I eat beef. I dont eat beef. My mother doesnt eat beef

12.2 Mixed Sentences

a. Write 5-10 sentences on the board with the words in mixed order. b. Students write correct sentences. There will be more than one way to make the sentences because question and answer forms often use the same words. Page 45

Purpose: students order words in sentences Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups Preparation: prepare some sentences with the words in mixed order

12.3 Match the Question and Answer

a. Write questions on pieces of paper and matching answers on other pieces of paper. Mix them up and give either a question or an answer to each student. b. Students move around the room trying to nd the question that matches their answer, or the answer that matches their question.

Purpose: students identify matching questions and answers Practicalities: students need to move around the room Preparation: prepare pieces of paper with questions, and others with the matching answer

c. Once they nd their match, they come to you to check. If they are correct, they sit down. If wrong, they go back and continue trying to nd their match. You can allow students to read each others questions and answers, or make them memorise their questions/answers and say them to each other.
Where do you go after English class? 24, but sometimes more. Where do you go after English class? Usually to the library.

12.4 Write the Question

a. Write some answers on the board, using structures students have been studying.

- These can be closed (only one solution is possible): Yes, I like eating mangos. The only - or only likely - question is Do you like eating mangos?

Purpose: students form questions that match provided answers Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups Preparation: prepare some answers

- or more open (many solutions are possible): One hundred and twenty-three. The question should start with How many, but there are a lot of possible questions.

b. Students write questions that match the answers. If you use open-solution answers, you can make this into a competition to see which student or group can think of the most interesting question.

Page 46

12.5 Expanding Sentences

a. Write a verb on the board. b. Elicit a word (or a two or three word chunk) from students to make a sentence.

Purpose: students form accurate sentences using target structures Practicalities: students work from the board

c. Elicit another word, or two or three word chunk, to make the sentence longer. e.g. eaten He had eaten He had eaten fruit He had eaten lots of fruit He had eaten lots of fruit for dinner He had eaten lots of fruit for his dinner He hadnt eaten lots of fruit for his dinner He hadnt eaten lots of fruit for his dinner, and was hungry c. If the sentence is grammatically incorrect, wait for the students to realise. If they dont, silently rub out the wrong words and allow them to continue. With large classes, do this in groups.

12.6 Find Someone Who...

a. Prepare worksheets, or write on the board, a list of 5-10 things students can ask each other about. These should focus on a structure students have been studying, e.g.
Adverbs of Frequency: - Find someone who usually walks to class - Find someone who never eats pork. Past Simple - Find someone who went to hospital recently

Purpose: students ask and answer questions using target structures Practicalities: students need to move around the room talking to each other. This can be noisy Preparation: prepare a list of things for students to ask about

- Find someone who got up late today

b. Students go around the room asking questions until they nd someone on this list. They write that persons name.
Do you usually walk to class? No, I take the bus. Do you eat pork? No, never.

c. If they cant nd anyone, they write nobody. Continue for about ve minutes, or until some students have completed their questions. This activity is useful to do at the end of a unit, to practise all the different structures learned. It is also useful for a new class, to help them get to know each other. In this situation, have them ask general small-talk questions, e.g. Find someone who is a university student, nd someone who likes playing football, nd someone who can play the guitar. Page 47

12.7 Mill Drill

a. Make small cards with a visual or written prompt. For example, if you are studying Would you like..?, you might have cards like: or

Purpose: students practise using target structures Practicalities: students move around the class talking Preparation: prepare small cards with word or picture prompt

go to a teashop

You can do this using the Vocabulary Picture Cards software at http://educasia.org. b. Give a card to each student. Students walk around the room asking and answering questions using the structure and the prompt.
Would you like to go to the teashop? Yes, I would.

or No, I wouldnt.

c. After students have asked and answered the questions, they swap cards, and nd another person to exchange information. You can use this activity with most structures. Some examples:
- Can you...? cards with action words, or pictures of actions - Is/are there...? cards with items in a classroom or town, or pictures of these - What would you do if...? cards with problems, or pictures of difcult situations

When students are familar with this activity, get them to make their own cards.

12.8 Two Truths, One Lie

a. Students write three statements using the structure they have just studied. Two statements should be true, one a lie. b. In pairs, they tell each other their statements in mixed order. Students identify which of their partners statements is the lie.
You havent lived here for 20 years.

Purpose: students practise using target structures Practicalities: students work in pairs
Ive never been to China. Ive lived here for 20 years. Ive won a lot of competitions for painting and poetry.

You can also use this as a post-task activity when teaching a topic, e.g. Climate Change:
- Climate change is caused by carbon dioxide. - Climate change started in 1900. - Cutting down trees causes climate change.

(True) (False) (True)

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12.9 Noughts and Crosses

a. Draw a 3x3 grid on the board. In each section, write a function word that students have been studying.

Purpose: students practise using target function words Practicalities: this might be difcult for classes of over 20 students

b. Divide the class into two teams - one team is Xs, the other is Os. The rst team chooses one of the words. They have one minute to make a correct sentence using the word. c. Give their sentence to the other team to check. If correct, they get to write an X or O in that square. d. The next team then chooses a square, and writes a correct sentence using the word in it. e. Teams try to get three squares in a row vertically horizontally or diagonally . ,

some
a lot of

any few much

many less more

lots

You can also use this activity with antonyms (teams give the opposite word to the one in the square), synonyms (teams a word with the same meaning as the one in the square) or questions (write answers in the squares, teams give an appropriate question).

12.10 Consequences
a. Start by saying a two-clause sentence, practicing a structure students have been studying, e.g. rst conditional:
If I win the lottery, Ill buy a new house.

Purpose: students form sentences using target structures Practicalities: students need to be able to hear each other

b. The rst student makes a sentence using the second clause, e.g.
If I buy a new house, Ill get a swimming pool.

c. In turn, students continue making new sentences from the nal clauses of the previous ones:
If I get a swimming pool, all my friends will visit me. If all my friends visit me, Ill have to provide food and drinks for them.

You can use any two-clause sentence structure, e.g. Because Kyaw Kyaw was late to work because his car broke down. His car broke down because he didnt look after it, He didnt look after it because he had no money, etc. I rang you while you were having a shower. I was having a shower while my father cooked dinner. My father cooked dinner while the TV was on, etc.

While -

With large classes, do this in groups.

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12.11 Who Am I? Mingle

a. Each student thinks of the name of a famous person and writes it on a piece of paper. They attach their papers to the back of the student next to them.
Was I born between 1900 and 1950? Am I from Myanmar? Am I real? NOT NOT NOT

Purpose: students ask questions to identify a person or object Practicalities: students move around the room talking to each other

b. Students nd a partner and ask them yes/no questions to try to identify themselves, e.g.
When was I born? Where am I from? Am I real or fictional?

c. If they get a yes answer, they can ask that student another question. If they get a no answer, they go and nd another student. d. Stop the game when several students have identied themselves.
Yes, you are. Yes, you are. Yes, you do. Am I alive? Am I female?

Angelina Jolie

Do I star in movies? Am I from Southeast Asia?

You can also do this as a What am I? activity where students write an animal or thing, and have to guess what they are.

12.12 Change Chairs

a. Students sit, one student per chair, in a circle. One student stands in the centre of the circle.

Purpose: students use and respond to target structures or vocabulary Practicalities: students sit in a circle on single chairs. This can get noisy

b. The student in the centre calls out a statement based on the topic or structure they have been studying.
- Present perfect, e.g. Everyone whos been to Bagan; Everyone whos never won a competition - Possession, e.g. Everyone whos got a watch; Everyone whos got three brothers - Likes and dislikes, e.g. Everyone who hates cleaning the house; Everyone who likes shpaste - Getting to know people, e.g. Everyone who lives nearby; Everyone who is a teacher
Everyone whos wearing a watch.

c. All the students who qualify get up and change chairs with each other. The student in the centre grabs one of the chairs. d. The student who fails to get a chair continues with another statement.

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12.13 Speaking Stick

a. Stand in a circle if possible. Ask the person standing next to you a question. Possible question types include:
- personal questions: Do you like swimming? Where do you live? - general knowledge: What do rabbits eat? Whats the past participle of buy?

Purpose: students practise asking and answering questions Practicalities: students stand in a circle if possible, but this is not necessary Preparation: get some sticks, or other objects you can pass around

- questions practising a structure, e.g. How much/many: How many children have you got? How much did it rain last week?

b. That student tries to answer the question. When they answer correctly, give them the stick. Then that student asks the same question of the student next to them. c. The stick gets passed around the circle from student to student, along with the question, until it returns to you. In the meantime, start passing around more sticks, with different questions. A similar game can be played with a ball. The rst student asks a question, then throws the ball to another student. That student answers the question, then asks a question (the same or different, depending on the rules you prefer) and throws the ball to a third student, and so on.

12.14 Interviews and Surveys

a. As a class, decide what questions you are going to ask each other. These should be questions which elicit students opinions or get personal information about them, not general knowledge questions. Write a class list of questions on the board.

Purpose: students interview each other and present the results Practicalities: students talk in pairs

b. Students interview each other and record the answers to each others questions. c. Students explain their partners answers to the class (or to a group, if you have a big class).

Min Mins favourite band is Iron Cross. His favourite food is ice-cream. His favourite actor is Kyaw Hein, although he also really likes Judi Dench. He doesnt like travelling on boats because he gets sick. He likes cooking and...

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Focus on Pronunciation
13. Pronunciation Practice Activities
Use these activities when students need to focus on pronouncing sounds, words, sentences and dialogues. There are activities here targeting word and sentence stress, intonation and individual vowel and consonant sounds. Some of the activities in other sections can be used to practise pronunciation:

4.8 Disappearing Paragraph 9.1 Whispers 10.6 Roleplay 11.2 Bingo 11.5 Memory Match 13.1 Stress Columns

11.7 Vocabulary Cards 11.12 Alphabet Categories 12.1 Substitution Drill 12.5 Expanding Sentences 12.9 Noughts and Crosses
Purpose: students identify word stress patterns Practicalities: students work from the board

a. Write a list of target words on the board and draw a stress pattern chart.

food

water

shampoo

telephone

computer

magazine

b. Students decide which pattern each word follows, and put it into the correct column. You can also do this to classify words into syllables: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 syllable words.

13.2 Say it with Feeling

a. Students work in pairs. Give each pair a copy of the dialogue (or get them to write their own). They practise the dialogue. b. Get the students to say their dialogues with a lot of enthusiasm.

Purpose: students perform dialogues using different intonation Practicalities: students work in pairs Preparation: prepare a simple dialogue using familiar structures

c. Next time, they say them as if they are very depressed. Try other emotions: indifference, anger, thoughtfulness, curiosity, etc.

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13.3 Multiple Answers

a. Write a yes/no question on the board, e.g.
Are you going to the shops with Ma Ma tomorrow?

Purpose: students use sentence stress to change the focus of questions Practicalities: students work in pairs

b. Students think of how many ways they can change the stress to get different answers, e.g.
Are YOU going to the shops with Ma Ma tomorrow? Are you going to THE SHOPS with Ma Ma tomorrow? Are you going to the shops with MA MA tomorrow? Are you going to the shops with Ma Ma TOMORROW?
No, IM not going, but Naw Moo is. No, were going to the CINEMA. No, Im going with SU SU. No, were going NEXT TUESDAY.

c. Students ask and answer the questions, either within their pairs or with other students. Make sure the answers also correctly stress the changed information.

13.4 Word Endings

a. Write pairs of sentences using and not using the target structures, e.g. for past simple endings: I love you like a brother. I loved you like a brother. Write about 20 pairs of sentences.

Purpose: students identify target sounds in sentences Practicalities: students have to hear you clearly Preparation: prepare a list of pairs of sentences

b. Students stand up. Read the sentences in mixed order. If students hear the target structure, they put their hands on their heads. If they hear a different structure, they put their hands on their waists. c. The students who are incorrect sit down. Continue until there is only one student left, or until you have run out of sentences. You can use this for minimal pairs as well: read one word with the target sound, and one word which the same except for the target sound, e.g. to test for / you can say bird and bad; to test for / I / you can say bit and beat. You can also get students, rather than you, to read the sentences to the class or in groups.
The vegetables are in the basket.

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13.5 Spot the Sound

a. Give students a text or sentences with examples of the target sound in it, e.g. for the schwa sound: / / Ive got a basket of bananas, a large carton of delicious oranges and a beautiful mirror. I got them at the supermarket yesterday afternoon. e

Purpose: students identify target sounds in a text Practicalities: students work individually, or in pairs or groups Preparation: prepare a text with examples of the target sound

Decide whether to tell students how many examples there are. (The example above has 17 schwa sounds.) b. Students identify the examples, and practise repeating the text/sentences with correct pronunciation of target sounds. e e basket f b nan s, large cart n f delic s oranges Ive got mirr . I got th m t th sup rmarket yest day aft noon. e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e nd beautiful

13.6 Group the Vowel Sounds

a. Write one syllable words on pieces of paper - one for each student. Choose about 3-5 words per sound you use, e.g. /u:/ /a:/ / / v

fruit, choose, blue, two, queue book, put, good, push aunt, half, laugh, part run, front, does, ood, suck

Purpose: students form and identify vowel sounds Practicalities: students move around the class. This can get noisy Preparation: prepare pieces of paper with familiar one syllable words on them

b. Give each student a word. Students go around the room saying their word. c. When they nd other students with the same vowel sound, they get into a group with them. Continue until everyone has found their group.
blue laugh book front two queue should

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Appendix 1: Adapting Activities

There are many ways to adapt and change activities - many more than we can put into one book. Be creative, be adventurous, and if something doesnt work, dont be too disappointed - think about what went wrong and learn from your mistakes.

A. Make it a pair or group activity

Most activities are easier if you allow students to do them in pairs or groups. See Appendix 2 B: Organising Pairs and Groups for ideas.

B. Make it a competition
This can motivate students. It works better if you give a prize to the student or group that wins or performs the best.

C. Change the level of control

A highly-controlled activity has the students saying or writing exactly what they are told (copying is the most controlled type of activity). When students rst encounter a new item, they need controlled practice to produce it themselves. Controlled activities focus on accuracy. A free activity has the students saying or writing what they want, with very few instructions from the teacher. Free activities focus on uency. In between free and highly-controlled activities there are many different levels of control. You can adapt many activities to the level of control students need. If the activity uses a lot of new vocabulary, structures or ideas, you need a more controlled approach. If the activity is reviewing or practising familiar items, a freer activity is more useful. Some examples: Gap-ll activities (e.g. 4.7: Gap-ll Reading Text, 4.9: Jigsaw Gap-ll and 11.8: Gap-ll) can be made more controlled by:
- putting the words or phrases needed in mixed order on the board - providing multiple choice answers for each gap - writing the rst letter of the word or phrase needed

Roleplay activities (e.g. 10.6: Roleplay) can be made more controlled by:
- giving the students a script they have to act out (high control) - giving the students key phrases they must include (medium control)

Activities where students order mixed items (e.g. 4.12: Separate the Text and 6.2 Order the Listening Text) can be made freer by:
- not providing all the items to be ordered: students have to think of some themselves - providing only key words, so students have to make sentences and put them in order

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Appendix 2: Classroom Techniques

A. Giving Instructions
When giving instructions, you should include only the essential information in simple, clear language. Examples of clear instructions:
Sit opposite your partner (then wait until they have moved)

One of you is A (point to letter A on the handouts) One of you is B (point to letter B on the handouts) Dont show your paper to anyone (mime hiding the paper) Some things in picture A are different from picture B Describe your picture You have ten minutes

Demonstrate an activity wherever possible. Here is a demonstration of 11.13: Picture Dictation: 1. Ask one student to come out in front of the class and sit opposite you. 2. Give a picture to the student and keep one yourself. Let the class see that youre keeping the pictures secret from each other. 3. Pretend to be Student A and do one complete example with Student B so that the whole class can hear: Teacher: Student B: Teacher: Student B: Teacher:
Draw a tall tree on the left side.

(draws)
OK, what do I draw? Draw a car. Theres a bird on the car.

(draws) Draw a house next to the tree.

Students watch this so they know what to do. Hand out materials after you have given instructions to the class, if possible. Then you have their full attention, as they are not distracted by materials in front on them. Ask instruction checking questions after you give instructions, to check they understand them.
What do you do first? and after that? We get into pairs

I describe a part of my picture to my partner

The rst time you do an activity it might be difcult, as it is unfamiliar to students. The next time, and after that, students will understand what they have to do, so it will be easier. Page 56

B. Organising Pairs and Groups

Many activities have students working in pairs and groups. There are different ways to organise these, depending on the type of activity.
- Mixed ability pairs or groups. These are best when the activity is a competition between different groups, such as 1.2: Group Brainstorm Competition or 6.8: Running Dictation, or when stronger students can help weaker students, such as 10.4: Task Report or 12.14: Interviews and Surveys - Same ability pairs or groups. This is best when the aim is to nish the activity with all people participating equally, such as or 11.11 Communicative Crosswords or 13.2 Say it with Feeling

Vary the way you put students into groups. Sometimes its easier for them to work with the people they are sitting with. Sometimes its better to count them off - Group 1, Group 2, Group 3, 1, 2, 3... Sometimes you might want to get creative, e.g. People wearing white shirts are in Team A. People not wearing white shirts are in Team B.

C. Setting up the Classroom

Some activities require students to work in pairs or groups, to move around the classroom, or require special class seating plans. Pairwork is usually done face-to-face, but for activities where they shouldnt see each others papers (e.g. 11.13: Picture Dictation) they might be back to back.

Group A

Group B

Groups might be sitting around a big table (or on the oor). If you have xed desks, you can make groups by having front rows turn around.
this row turns around to face the row behind

this row turns around to face the row behind Group C Group D

Mingle activities (where students have to move around the classroom talking to each other, such as 1.6: Swap Questions) are best if you can push the chairs and tables to the side of the room. Page 57

D. Eliciting
Whenever possible, get the students to provide the ideas, words or answers rather than providing them yourself. You can prompt them by giving them clues.
Wh... Wh... Where do koalas live?

Ask the question. Where...

Koalas live in ______. They eat ______.

E. Correcting Mistakes
There are a number of ways to treat mistakes. Different strategies are suitable for different situations. Here are some ideas:

1. Teacher corrects immediately

This is perhaps the most common technique: the student makes a mistake, so you stop them, and you tell them the correct language. It is quick, usually accurate, and it is what many teachers and students are used to. Sometimes this can be a useful approach, especially for an accuracyfocused activity. However, be careful with interrupting an activity to correct a students language, especially if the activity is uency-focused. - it breaks the ow of the activity - it can distract from the main goal: communication - the student may repeat what the teacher says without actually understanding why it was wrong - it can make the student less condent about their ability - it can make the student rely too much on the teacher for their learning Below are alternatives which avoid some of these problems.
I was trying to answer quickly. I was focusing on getting the correct pronunciation, so I think some of my vocabulary was a little strange.

2. Ignoring mistakes
Sometimes it is OK to do nothing and simply ignore the mistake, especially in uency-focused activities. For example, if you are having a debate or discussion, the purpose is for students to express ideas and opinions and get used to using English. So long as the meaning is clear, it does not matter so much if there are language errors.
I think global warming not most big problem. Many people in these days still poor so we should not focus environment.

It is unlikely the students will learn incorrect usage because someone has made a mistake that went uncorrected. Just try to ensure they get enough exposure to correct language through reading and listening texts and teacher and student talk in the class.

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3. Teacher corrects later

Another option is to wait until the student has nished the activity and then correct them. This is a good idea when a mistake is too important to ignore but you dont want to break the ow of the activity. If you are afraid that you will forget the mistake, make a note while the student is doing the activity. You can: - make a note on the board, so other students can see it right away (without interrupting) - make notes of common mistakes throughout the activity, and when the whole activity is nished go over all of the mistakes together - after the activity, put the sentences with mistakes on the board and elicit corrections from the class - if a lot of students are making the same mistake, prepare some exercises to practise that language point in the next lesson or for homework

4. Self-correction

Students might realise that they have made a mistake and correct it themselves straight away. Letting students self-correct, instead of interrupting immediately, can help them feel more condent about their own learning, and encourages them to solve problems for themselves.

I really like get a lot of homework. no, getting. I like getting a lot of homework.

So whenever possible, if you hear a mistake, pause rst and see if the student can x the problem without your help.

5. Teacher prompting
If the student does not immediately self-correct, you can signal silently that they have made a mistake, and let them try to correct themselves. You can make up different signals for different types of mistake, e.g.
- push your arms together to show a word is too long - hold up one nger to show that one word is missing - touch your ear to indicate a pronunciation problem
I liking a lot of homework.

6. Peer correction

If the student cannot correct themselves even after you prompt them, you can ask other students to help. Some students and teachers are not comfortable with this, but it has many advantages: - students feel more in control of their learning, and less reliant on the teacher - you can nd out if the rest of the class is struggling with the same language point - you can nd out if the other students are paying attention! Of course, if nobody else can help, you can then correct the mistake yourself.

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Appendix 3: Glossary
This is a list of English language teaching terms used in this book. It only lists the meaning that is relevant to teaching. Many words, such as drill, negotiation and rank also have other, more commonly used meanings, not listed here. Accuracy (n - opposite of uency): Without mistakes. An accuracy-focused activity emphasises correct usage, spelling, or pronunciation. Adapt (v): When you adapt teaching materials, you change them so they are more relevant for your class. Authentic (adj): Real-life. An authentic text is a text from real life (a newspaper, taped conversation, etc.), not one made for teaching purposes. Brainstorm (n, v): A technique where students think of words or ideas connected to a topic. Competitive (adj): In a competitive activity, students try to do better than other students. Comprehension (n): Comprehension activities test students understanding of the form or meaning of language. They are usually highly controlled. Content (n): The information in a text. If an activity focuses on the content, the objective is to be able to understand and/or use the information and ideas, rather than the language in it. Context (n): The wider situation; background information. Dictation (n): An activity where someone reads a text aloud, and others listen and write it down. Drill (n, v): An activity where students repeat examples of a structure, sometimes with small variations. Elicit (v):To get students to give answers or suggestions, rather than the teacher providing them. Emphasise (v): When you emphasise a point or a word, you pay special attention to it. Evaluate (v): To look at something carefully and then give an opinion. Expert Speaker (n): A person who can speak a language accurately and uently. Exposure (n): Students need exposure to words and structures; they need to see or hear them often, in different contexts. Exposure is a type of input. Feedback (n): Comments, corrections and suggestions. You give students feedback so they can improve their work. Fluency (n - opposite of accuracy): A uencyfocused activity emphasises faster and more condent use of language.

Free (adj - opposite of controlled): A free Controlled (adj - opposite of free): A activity is where students decide what controlled activity is one where the language and structures they need. Free students are provided with the language and activities have many possible correct structures they will use. Controlled activities outcomes, and they focus on uency. usually have one correct answer, or a limited Form 1. (n - opposite of meaning): In a number of correct answers. They focus on form-focused activity, students look at how accuracy. language is organised. Dialogue (n): A conversation. 2. (v) To make. Accuracy-focused writing activities often involve forming correct sentences. Page 60

Function (n): Language functions are used in particular situations, e.g. requesting, asking the time, ordering. Gap-ll (n, adj): Gap-ll activities have parts missing, and students have to think of an appropriate word or phrase to ll them. Gist (n - opposite of detail): When you read or listen for gist, you are interested in the main idea rather than the details. Input (n - opposite of output): Reading and listening material that provides exposure to how the language is used. Interaction (n): Communication. Input + output = interaction.

Productive (adj - opposite of receptive): Productive knowledge is knowledge you can use, as well as understand. Rank (n, v): A ranking activity is one where students order items according to a given criteria, e.g. most to least useful. Receptive (n - opposite of productive): Receptive knowledge is knowledge you can understand. Recycle (v): When language is recycled, students get exposed to words and structures again and again throughout the course. Restate (v): To rephrase; to repeat information using different wording.

L1 (n): First language; native language; mother Roleplay (n): An activity where students act in tongue. L2 is a non-native language. a role of a character, or pretend they are in a different situation. Meaning (n - opposite of form): In a meaningStructure (n): The structure of a language is focused activity, students look at what the way it is organised; its rules, including language is saying, rather than how to form grammar. it correctly. Mingle (n): Mingle activities involve students moving around the room interacting with other students in turn. Mime (n, v): Showing the meaning of a word or phrase without speaking, using only body movement. Negotiation (n): The process of discussing language to decide on form and meaning. Outcome (n): The goal of an activity, or the benets you want the students to get from it. Output (n - opposite of input): Speaking and writing. Student output involves students producing the language. Predict (v): Prediction activities involve students guessing what will come next. Presentation (n): (1) Giving an example of the language in context, so students can see its form and meaning. (2) An activity where students give a formal talk and/or display to an audience. Student-centred (adj - opposite of teachercentred): Putting the needs and interests of the students rst; actively involving the students in the learning process. Summary (n): If you summarise a text, you outline only the most important points. Target (adj, n): A target structure, vocabulary item or skill is one you are focusing on. Task (n): A classroom activity that focuses on communicating meaning. Teacher-centred (adj - opposite of studentcentred): When the teacher takes the central, active role in class, and students are passive. Text (n): A piece of writing or speaking that students read, listen to or produce. Usage (n): The way language is used in context. Vary (v): When you vary an activity, you adapt it to make it different, such as easier, more relevant, or more uency focused.

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