Scribd
Upload
12 views6 pages

L I - Statistics

The document provides an overview of engineering statistics, including definitions of statistics, descriptive and inferential statistics, and key concepts such as population and sample. It explains statistical notation, including summation and the distinction between discrete and continuous variables, as well as frequency distributions and their types. Additionally, it outlines the steps to create a grouped frequency distribution table using an example of employee salaries.

Uploaded by

aabeasxd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views6 pages

L I - Statistics

The document provides an overview of engineering statistics, including definitions of statistics, descriptive and inferential statistics, and key concepts such as population and sample. It explains statistical notation, including summation and the distinction between discrete and continuous variables, as well as frequency distributions and their types. Additionally, it outlines the steps to create a grouped frequency distribution table using an example of employee salaries.

Uploaded by

aabeasxd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Engineering Statistics Lecture 1

1. Definitions and overview

Statistics: is a subfield of applied mathematics concerned with the collecting,


description, analysis, and derivation of conclusions from quantitative data.. The
mathematical theories behind statistics rely heavily on differential and integral
calculus, linear algebra, and probability theory.
Or is a field of research in science that offers techniques for organizing and
summarizing data, and for using information in the data to draw various conclusions.

Descriptive Statistics: The branch of statistics concerned with organizing data and
summary techniques. Descriptive techniques can be used with list of all population
members, or when the data consists of a samples.

Inferential Statistics: When the data is a sample and the objective is to go beyond
the sample to draw conclusions about the population based on sample information.

Population: A population of participants or objects is made up of all the people or


things that are important in a given study.

Sample: A sample is any subset of the population of individuals or things under


study.

2. Statistical notation

If x= { 2, 20, 6, 22, 1}
Then x1=2, x2=20, ….., x5=1
- Summation

We use the symbol ∑ to express the summation of numbers or variables

where Σ is an upper case Greek sigma. The subscript i is the index of summation
and the 1 and n that appear respectively below and above the symbol Σ designate
the range of the summation.

Example: if we have the values

2.2, 1.1, 3.2, 4.2, 0.8

4
∑ Xi = 1.1+3.2+4.2=
i=2

∑xi = 2.2+1.1+3.2+4.2+0.8=

∑Xi2 = 2.22+1.12+3.22+4.22+0.82=

(∑Xi2 )2 = (2.22+1.12+3.22+4.22+0.82 )2 =
If C is a constant number, then

n
∑C=nC
i=1

n n
∑ C Xi= C ∑ Xi
i=1 i=1

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Variables

- Discrete variables are countable in a finite amount of time. For example,


you can count the change in your pocket. You can count the money in your
bank account. You could also count the amount of money
in everyone’s bank accounts. It might take you a long time to count that
last item, but the point is—it’s still countable.

- Continuous Variables would (literally) take forever to count. In fact,


you would get to “forever” and never finish counting them. For example,
take age. You can’t count “age”. Why not? Because it would literally
take forever.

For example, you could be:


25 years, 10 months, 2 days, 5 hours, 4 seconds, 4 milliseconds, 8 nanoseconds, 99
picosends…and so on.

You could turn age into a discrete variable and then you could count it. For
example:
 A person’s age in years.
 A baby’s age in months.

4. Frequency Distribution:

The frequency of a value is the number of times it occurs in a dataset.


A frequency distribution is the pattern of frequencies of a variable. It’s the
number of times each possible value of a variable occurs in a dataset.
 Ungrouped frequency distributions: The number of observations of each
value of a variable.
Can be used for categorical variables.

Flowers Tally Frequency


Red rose II 2
Yellow rose III 3
White jasmine IIII 4
lotus I 1
tulip III 3

 Grouped frequency distributions: The number of observations of each class


interval of a variable. Class intervals are ordered groupings of a variable’s
values.
can be used for quantitative variables.

- How to do a grouped frequency distribution table?


1. Divide the variable into class intervals.
2. Calculate the range by Subtract the lowest value in the dataset from the
highest

Range = highest value- lowest value


3. Calculate the class intervals. Each interval is defined by a lower limit and
upper limit
Class interval = range / number of classes
4. Create a table
5. Count the frequencies
Example:

The below data represent the monthly salary of 30 employees in hundreds of


thousands in I.D, if the number of classes equal to 5, prepare a frequency
distribution table.

6 4 5 8 9 10
15 16 19 7 9 5
6 11 14 4 3 6
18 8 6 7 8 6
11 5 9 4 19 2

Solution:
1.We arrange the numbers in ascending order
2. Range =19-2 =17
Number of classes =5 …..(given)
Class interval = range / number of classes
Class interval= 17/5
= 3.4 ≈ 4

Class interval Frequency f


2-5 8
6-9 13
10-13 3
14-17 3
18-21 3
Total 30

You might also like