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6th Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is a series of regulated stages involving cell growth, DNA replication, and division into two daughter cells, consisting of interphase and the mitotic phase (M phase). Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases, where the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for division, while the M phase involves mitosis and cytokinesis. Checkpoints throughout the cycle monitor DNA integrity and cell conditions, with failures potentially leading to uncontrolled cell division, such as cancer.

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14 views31 pages

6th Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is a series of regulated stages involving cell growth, DNA replication, and division into two daughter cells, consisting of interphase and the mitotic phase (M phase). Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases, where the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for division, while the M phase involves mitosis and cytokinesis. Checkpoints throughout the cycle monitor DNA integrity and cell conditions, with failures potentially leading to uncontrolled cell division, such as cancer.

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torregosaaira2
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TOPIC:

CELL
CYCLE
I. Cell Cycle
-Itis an ordered series of
events of precisely timed
and carefully regulated
stages of :
-cell growth
-DNA replication
-cell division that
produces two
new daughter cells.
II. Phases of Cell Cycle:

1. Interphase-(non-dividing,
longest phase)
2. M phase (Mitotic Phase)-
cell dividing phase
A. INTERPHASE
During interphase, the cell
grows, makes a copy/ duplicate
its DNA, and prepares for
division.
The interphase is divided
into three phases:
1.G1 phase ( Gap 1)
2.S phase (synthesis)
3.G2 phase (Gap 2)
1. G1 phase (Gap1 phase/Growth 1
phase)- Cell growth

-During G1, a cell is


growing, produces
organelles and
proteins that it will
need for DNA
synthesis
Image source: By LadyofHats [Public domain], via Wikimedia
Commons
1. G1 phase (Gap1 phase/Growth 1
phase)- Cell growth

Some cells, such as


muscle and nerve
cells, exit the cell cycle
at this point and do
not divide again.
2. S Phase (Synthesis)-DNA Replication

•In this phase, the


DNA in the cell is
replicated, so that the
two daughter cells can
each get one set of
DNA.
DNA is a double
helix formed by
base pairs
attached to a
sugar-phosphate
backbone
Why Does the Cell Need
to Double the Amount
of DNA?
-When the cell splits into two during mitosis,
each new daughter cell needs to have its own
full set of chromosomes.
-By replicating the DNA before splitting, the
cell ensures there is enough DNA for mitosis.
3. G2 phase (Gap2 phase/
Growth 2 phase)
-It is the final stage where
the cell prepares itself for
cell division process

-It also ensures that the


cells are growing to its
correct size and DNA
replication completes.
3. G2 phase (Gap2 phase/
Growth 2 phase)
-More cell growth, and the
volume of cytoplasm
increases as well.
-New proteins and organelles
are made that will be needed
later during nuclear division.
3. G2 phase (Gap2 phase/
Growth 2 phase)
-An example of this is
microtubules. They help
separate the
chromosomes during cell
division (M phase) but are
created during G2.
B. M Phase (Mitotic Phase)
-During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell
divides its copied DNA and cytoplasm to
make two new cells.
-M phase involves two distinct division-
related processes:
mitosis and cytokinesis
1. MITOSIS
-It is the process of
cell division in which
one cell gives rise to
two genetically
identical daughter
cells.
The Mitosis is
divided into the 4
stages:
1.Prophase
2.Metaphase
3.Anaphase
4.Telophase
2. CYTOKINESIS
-It is the division of cytoplasm,
resulting in the formation of
two separate daughter cells
G0 Phase
While some cells are
-

constantly dividing,
some cell types are at
rest. These cells may
exit G1 and enter a
resting state called G0
Phase.
G0 Phase
-Cells in the G0
phase are typically in
a quiescent state,
meaning they are
metabolically active
but not actively
proliferating.
G0 Phase
-It is a permanent
state for some
cells, while others
may re-start
division if they get
the right signals.
IV. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
-Cell cycle checkpoints are
critical control mechanisms
that ensure the integrity of
cell division by monitoring
key events and DNA integrity
at various stages of the cell
cycle.
IV. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
-These checkpoints act as
surveillance points where the
cell cycle can be halted or
delayed if errors or
abnormalities are detected,
allowing time for repair or
preventing the propagation of
damaged cells.
G1 Checkpoint
-It checks for cell size,
nutrient availability, growth
factors, and DNA damage.
-If conditions are favorable, the
cell proceeds to the S phase.
-A cell that does not meet all
the requirements will not be
allowed to progress into the S
phase.
G1 Checkpoint
-The cell can halt the
cycle and attempt to
remedy the
problematic condition,
or the cell can advance
into G0 and await
further signals when
conditions improve.
G2 Checkpoint
-It ensures that DNA
replication is complete and
accurate and checks for
DNA damage.
- If everything is in order,
the cell can proceed to
mitosis.
G2 Checkpoint
-If the checkpoint
mechanisms detect
problems with the DNA, the
cell cycle is halted, and the
cell attempts to either
complete DNA replication or
repair the damaged DNA.
Cancer
-is the result of the unregulated process of the
cell cycle due to the breakdown of the
mechanisms that controls the entire process.

-It happens during the synthesis phase, wherein


the cell cannot determine the changes in the
DNA sequence that code for the specific
regulatory molecules.
Cell Cycle Regulators
Cell cycle regulators are proteins
that function to detect and repair
DNA damage and prevent rapid
uncontrolled cell division.
Tumor Suppressor Genes
-are healthy normal genes that slow down
cell division, helps to repair DNA mistakes
and also cell apoptosis or cell death.

-It codes for the negative regulator protein,


when activated can prevent the cell from
uncontrolled division.
p53:
- p53 is a tumor suppressor gene
that stops the progression of the
cell cycle and starts repair
mechanisms for the damaged
DNA.
-If this DNA cannot be repaired,
then it ensures the cell
undergoes apoptosis and can no
longer replicate

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