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Protocols

The document outlines the definition and importance of communication protocols in substation automation, detailing their properties such as data format and error detection. It explains telecommunication systems, including their components and types of communication (point-to-point, multicast, broadcast, multiplex), as well as modulation and demodulation processes. Additionally, it describes the OSI model's seven layers, each with specific functions related to data transmission and networking.

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7 views3 pages

Protocols

The document outlines the definition and importance of communication protocols in substation automation, detailing their properties such as data format and error detection. It explains telecommunication systems, including their components and types of communication (point-to-point, multicast, broadcast, multiplex), as well as modulation and demodulation processes. Additionally, it describes the OSI model's seven layers, each with specific functions related to data transmission and networking.

Uploaded by

ash590917
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Protocols:

Protocols in general defined as the set of rules and guidelines to be followed. In our
terminology (Substation Automation) Protocols commonly refers to Communication
Protocols.

Communication Protocols:
This protocol defines how the data is going to be (Format) and how the data is going to
be transferred between computing systems and in telecommunications. These protocols
may include the following properties like signaling, authentication, error detection and
error correction capabilities. Basically protocol defines the syntax or semantics of the
data to be implemented in either hardware, software or both. The basic requirements of
protocols include Data format, Address format, Address mapping, Routing, Detection of
error, Acknowledgement, Loss of packets/Information, Direction of flow, Sequence
control and flow control.
Telecommunication:
It refers to the transmission of information over a significant distance. In earlier days
telecommunication involved visual signals like beacons, smoke signals or loud whistles.
In modern age telecommunication includes telephone, telegraph etc. The use of radio,
microwave, fiber optics, internet and orbiting satellites made advancements. The basic
telecommunication system consists of the following
1. Transmitter(Converts information into signals)
2. Transmission medium(Medium of signal propagation)
3. Receiver(Decodes signals to information)
Sometimes the Telecommunication system can be of ‘Duplex’, which means the same
device can be used as the Transmitter as well as receiver and so called transceivers.
Example of one such transceiver is Cellphone.
Point to point communication: Communication between one transmitter and one
receiver.(Unicast)
Multicast communication: Communication between one transmitter and multiple
receivers.
Broadcast communication: Communication between one transmitter and all the
receivers.
Multiplex systems: Communication between multiple transmitters and multiple
receivers.
Modulation: The property by which one or more characteristics of high frequency carrier
signal can be varied with respect to the modulating signal (Information signal) is called
modulation. The reverse of this is called Demodulation. The devices used for this
purpose is called Modem.

OSI Layer: Open System interconnect:


There are seven layers
Physical, Data-link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application
(People Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away)
Physical Layer: Defines electrical characteristics and physical specifications for device.
Type of cable used, voltage specification.
Data-link Layer: Defines physical addressing, error detect and possible error correction
that arises from Physical layer. This layer has the following sub-layers Media Access
Control (MAC) and Logical Link Control (LLC). The MAC layers addressing
mechanism is called physical address or MAC address. A MAC address is a unique serial
number. Once a MAC address has been assigned to a particular network interface
(typically at time of manufacture), that device should be uniquely identifiable amongst all
other network devices in the world. This guarantees that each device in a network will
have a different MAC address (analogous to a street address).
Network Layer: Logical addressing is done here like where to send and from where data
arrived. Routing function is performed over here.
Transport Layer: Defines flow control, which means checks whether the data defined
for the destination is properly sent. If not then resent the packets again. It also checks for
acknowledgment of proper reception of the data from destination.
Session Layer: It controls connections between computers. Manages and terminates
connections between local and remote system. It provides Full-Duplex, Half-Duplex or
Simplex Operations.
SIMPLEX: Communication that occurs in one direction only.
HALF-DUPLEX: Communication that occurs in both direction but only one direction at
a time.
FULL-DUPLEX: Communication that occurs in both directions.
Presentation Layer: It transform data into the form that application layer accepts.
Application Layer: OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software
application.

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