Q.1:- What is meant by reflection of light?

State and explain laws of reflection with

diagrams.
(Ans) Reflection of light
When a light ray moves in a medium and a resistance appears in its way, then the
light ray strike with it such that some of its part is absorb by the resistance and most of
its part is bounce back in its own medium. This bounce back of light in its own medium
is called reflection of light.
Laws of reflection
There are two laws of reflection of light which are first of all introduced by a
Muslim Scientist Ibn Al- Haitham. These laws are stated as:

i. First law of reflection

This law state that “the incident ray, reflected ray and normal to the point of
incident all lies in the same plane.

ii. Second law of reflection

This law states that “the angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of
reflection.” Mathematically
m˂i = m˂r
Q.2:- Distinguish between regular and irregular reflection of light? Also give its
importance.

(Ans) Regular reflection of light

The reflection of light from a smooth shining surface in which the parallel light
rays move parallel after reflection is called Regular reflection of light.

Importance
Due to Regular reflection of light a driver can see the rear view by the side mirror of the
vehicles. Regular reflection of light is used in the image formation by mirrors and microscope.
Irregular reflection of light
The reflection of light from a rough and uneven shining surface in which all the parallel
light rays are scattered in different directions after reflection is called Irregular reflection of
light.

Importance
Due to Irregular reflection of light we can receive light before the sun rises and after
the sun set. We can get light in such places where there is no direct approach of sun light.
Non-luminous objects are also visible due to Irregular reflection of light.

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Q.3 What is spherical mirror? Discuss the types of spherical mirrors.
(Ans) Spherical mirror
The part of the spherical shell having its outer or inner surface is shining and reflecting
is called spherical mirror. There are two types of spherical mirrors.
1. Concave mirror
A spherical mirror whose inner surface is shining and reflecting is called concave
mirror. A beam of parallel rays of light passing from a concave mirror focuses at one point
after reflection. Therefore a concave mirror is also called converging mirror.

2. Convex mirror
A spherical mirror whose outer surface is shining and reflecting is called convex
mirror. A beam of parallel rays of light passing from a convex mirror scattered in different
directions. Therefore a convex mirror is also called diverging mirror.

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Q.4 Define the main terms used in spherical mirrors.
(Ans) The terms related with spherical mirrors are:
a) Center of curvature
The center of the sphere from which mirror is taken out is called center of
curvature. It is denoted by “C”. As shown below.
b) Radius of curvature
The radius of the sphere from which mirror is taken out is called radius of
curvature. It is denoted by “r”. As shown in figure A.

c) Pole
The geometrical central point of the spherical mirror is called pole. It is denoted
by “P”. As shown in figure A.

d) Principal axis
The imaginary straight line passing from the pole “P” and center of curvature “C”
of the spherical mirror is called principal axis. As shown in figure A.

e) Aperture
The diameter of the circular boundary of the spherical mirror is called aperture.
OR
The area of the spherical mirror exposed to the incident light is called aperture. As
shown in figure A.

f) Principal focus (OR) Focus point

The point of a concave mirror at which all the reflected rays are seem to
converging is called principal focus or focus point.
OR
The point of a convex mirror from which all the reflected light rays are seem to be
diverging is called principal focus or focus point. It is denoted by “F”. As shown in figure
A.

g) Focal length
The distance between the pole and focus point of the spherical mirror is called
focal length. It is denoted by “f”.
OR
Focal length of the concave mirror is taken positive while the focal length of the
convex mirror is taken negative. As shown in figure.

Figure-A
Reflection of light from mirrors
There are four different ways in which light can be reflected from a mirror:
1) The ray of light parallel to the principal axis passes through focus point of the concave
mirror after reflection.

2) The ray of light passing through focus point becomes parallel to the principal axis after
reflection from the mirror.

3) The ray of light passing through the center of curvature of the concave mirror is
reflected back along the same path.

4) The ray of light incident at the pole of a concave mirror is reflected back making the
same angel of reflection with principal axis as incident ray makes with principal axis.
Q.5:- An object is brought from a long distance towards the spherical mirror. Discuss
the features of the images with diagram.
Ans. There are five different types of images formed through a concave mirror by bringing
object from a long distance towards the mirror.
CASE 1
When an object is placed away from the center of curvature “C” of the concave
mirror, its image is formed in between center of curvature “C” and focus point “F”. The
image will be real, inverted and smaller in size that of the object. Diagrammatically

CASE 2
When an object is placed at the center of curvature “C” of the concave mirror, its
image is formed at the center of curvature “C”. The image will be real, inverted and of
the same size that of the object. Diagrammatically

CASE 3
When an object is place in front of a concave mirror in between the focus point
“F” and center of curvature “C”, its image is formed away from the center of curvature
“C”. The image will be real, inverted and large in size that of the objects.
Diagrammatically
CASE 4
When an object is placed at the focus point “F” of a concave mirror, its image is
formed at infinity. The image will be real, inverted and larger in size that of the object.
Diagrammatically

CASE 5
When an object is placed in between focus point “F” and pole “P” of the concave
mirror, its image is formed behind the mirror. The image will be virtual, erected and
large in size that of the object. Diagrammatically

Image formation through convex mirror

When an object is placed in front of a convex mirror, its image is formed behind
the mirror. The image will be virtual, erected and smaller in size that of the object.
Diagrammatically
Q.7 What is linear magnification? Also discuss the sign convention.
(Ans) Linear magnification
The ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object is called linear magnification.
OR
The ratio of the image distance from the mirror to the object distance is called linear
magnification. It is denoted by “M”. Mathematically

OR

The distance of the real image from the mirror is taken positive. The distance of the
virtual image from the mirror is taken negative. The focal length of a concave mirror is taken
positive and for a convex mirror it is negative.

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Q.8 Describe the uses of spherical mirrors.

(Ans) Uses of spherical mirrors are as under:

i. As shaving mirror
Concave mirror of large focal length is used as shaving mirror. When a person looks
his face through this mirror, an enlarged, erected and virtual image is seen in the mirror.

ii. By doctors and dentists

Dentists use a small concave mirror to have a look of backside of tooth and cavity in
it. Doctors also use it to examine ear, nose, throat etc.

iii. As objective of reflecting telescope

A concave mirror of large aperture is used as objective in telescope. Greater amount
of light is incident from the object, so a clear image can be seen by such telescope.

iv. In microscope
Concave mirror is used in microscope to concentrate light on the slide.

v. In automobile headlights and search lights

Concave mirrors are used behind the bulb such that a bulb lies at their principal
focus. The rays of light become parallel after reflection. Thus powerful beam of light is
obtained in a particular direction by headlights and search lights.

vi. In vehicles
Convex mirrors are used in vehicles to observe rear view. It makes small, erect and
virtual images of the objects behind the vehicle and provides a wide field of view.
Q.9 Explain refraction of light? State the laws of refraction.
(Ans) Refraction of light
When a light ray enters from one transparent medium into another obliquely, it
slightly bends from its original path. This behavior of light is called refraction of light.
Whenever light ray enters from a rare medium into a denser medium, the ray of light will
slightly bends towards the normal.

Air

Water

Whenever light ray enters from a denser medium into a rare medium, the ray of light will
slightly bends away from the normal.

Air

Water

Laws of refraction of light

There are two laws of refraction that are as under:
i. First law of refraction
This law state that “the incident ray, refracted ray and normal to the point of
incident all lies in the same plane.”

ii. Snell’s law

This law states that “the ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of
angle of refraction is constant for a given pair of media. Mathematically
Q.10:- What is meant by refractive index?
(Ans) Refractive index
It can be defined as “the ratio of the speed of light in air or vacuum to the
speed of light in the media.” It is denoted by “n”. Mathematically

Refractive Index = =

Where “C” is the speed of light and its value is 3x108m/sec.

Refractive index of some common substances is;

Substance Refractive index Substance Refractive index

Air 1 003 Crown glass 1 52

Ice 1 31 Kerosene oil 1 44

Water 1 33 Diamond 2 42

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Q.11 What is total internal reflection of light? Mention some practical applications of it.
(Ans) Total internal reflection of light
When a ray of light move from a denser medium to a rare medium, then the light ray
bends away from the normal. As we increase the angle of incidence the corresponding angle
of refraction will also increases. At a certain angle of incidence the refracted angle becomes
90°, this angle of incidence is called critical angle “ c”. Now if the incident angle is increased
from critical angle the light ray bounce back in its own medium. This behavior of light is
called total internal reflection of light.
There are two conditions for total internal reflection of light.
i. The light ray must go from a denser medium to a rare medium.
ii. The angle of incidence must be greater than critical angle.
Relationship between refractive index and critical angle
Consider a light ray enter from a denser medium to a rare medium, so that the incident
angle is critical angle and the refracted angle is 90°.
𝑠𝑖𝑛90
𝑛=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
1
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶

Practical applications of total internal reflection of light

1) Periscope
A device used to see objects which are above or below the eye level. It is usually
used in submarine and tanks to see objects from a safer place. A periscope consists of a
long tube which is bent at 90° at both ends. At each end a totally reflecting prism is
fixed.

An object “AB” is placed in front of a periscope, its image is seen through the
periscope. Because each of the prism turns the incident ray of light though 90°.
2) The binoculars
It consists of prisms that reduce the length of the device and produce erect image.
The light rays in a pair of binoculars are bent through 180° by each prism in contrast to
the periscope where light rays are only bent through 90° by each prism. Figure
3) Optical fibers
An optical fiber is made of a core of high refractive index i.e. glass or plastic. It is
normally coated with glass of lower refractive index. A light ray introduce into the
optical fiber will be internally reflected at the surface.
The thickness of the fiber is equal to the thickness of the human hair that 1/100 of mm

Uses
A bundle of several thousands of such fibers are bound together in a flexible tube
called light pipe. This light pipe is used by the surgeons to examine the interior parts of
the body. Optical fibers are also used in telecommunication as it carries information
faster than other wires like iron, copper, etc.

4) Endoscope
It is an optical instrument used to view and photograph a hollow organ inside the
body such as the bladder, womb, etc. it works on the principle of total internal reflection
of light. A video camera is fitted outside the bundle of fibers which can visible the
interior organs of the patient which is to be operated.
Q.12 What is meant by an optical prism? How does the angle of deviation can be
determined through prism.
(Ans) Prism
It is a transparent body having three rectangular and two triangular surfaces. The
three rectangular surfaces inclined to each other making a triangular boundary, while the
two triangular surfaces are parallel to each other. The angle between the two refracting
rectangular surfaces opposite to the base is called angle of the prism. Angle of the prism is
denoted by” A”.

Determination of angle of deviation

Consider the ray of light “PQ” strikes the face AB of the prism. The entering ray bends
towards the normal as glass is denser than air and proceeded along “QR” and incident on the
face AC of the prism. The ray “RS” bends away from the normal towards the base as air is rare
medium and glass is denser. Extend PQ as PT and RS as SE, they meet at point D. Thus the
prism deviate the light ray PT through an angle TDS in the form of RS. This angle TDS is
called angle of deviation.

Relation between refractive index and angle of deviation

Refractive index of the prism can be calculated as follow;

A+ D
sin
n= 2
A
sin
2
Here “A” is angle of prism and “Dm” is angle of minimum deviation.

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Q.13 What is a lens? Explain the main and sub types of lenses.
(Ans) Lens
A lens is a transparent material usually made of glass which is bounded by a
spherical surface at least from one side. Basically lenses are used to converge or diverge the
incident beam of light.
There are two main types of lenses.
(1) Convex lens (2) Concave lens
1) Convex lens
A type of lens which is thicker at the center and thinner at the edges is called
convex lens. It is also called as converging lens, because it focus a parallel beam of
light at a point known as focus point of the lens.
There are three sub types of a convex lens.
a) Double convex lens
A convex lens whose both bounded surfaces are convex is known as
double convex lens.
b) Plano convex lens
A convex lens whose one bounded surface is plane and the other is
convex is known as Plano convex lens.
c) Concave convex lens
A convex lens whose one bounded surface is concave and the other is
convex is known as concave convex lens.

2) Concave lens
A type of lens which is thinner at the center and thicker at the edges is called
convex lens. It is also called as diverging lens, because it scattered the parallel beam
of light falls on it.
There are three sub types of concave lens.

a) Double concave lens

A concave lens whose both bounded surfaces are concave is known as
double concave lens.
 b) Plano concave lens
A concave lens whose one bounded surface is plane and the other is
concave is known as Plano concave lens.
c) Convex concave lens
A concave lens whose one bounded surface is convex and the other is
concave is known as convex concave lens.

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Q.14 Define the main terminologies used in lenses?
(Ans) The main terminologies used in lenses are;
i. Optical centre
The centre point of a lens is called optical centre. It is denoted by “O”.
ii. Principal axis
The imaginary straight line passing from the optical centre “O” and are
perpendicular to both the faces of the lens is called principal axis.
iii. Principal focus
The point of a convex lens at which all the refracted rays are seem to
converging is called principal focus or focus point.
OR
The point of a concave lens from which all the refracted light rays are seem to
be diverging is called principal focus or focus point. It is denoted by “F”. Lenses have
two foci and are at equal distance from the optical centre at either side.
iv. Focal length
The distance between the optical centre and focus point of the spherical
mirror is called focal length. It is denoted by “ f ”.
OR
Focal length of the convex lens is taken positive while the focal length of the
concave lens is taken negative.
SPECIAL RAYS DIAGRAM
i. The ray of light through optical centre passes without refraction.
ii. The ray of light parallel to the principal axis passes through focus point after
refraction.
iii. The ray of light passing through focus point moves parallel to the principal axis after
refraction.

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Q.16 An object is brought from a long distance towards the Lens. Discuss the
features of the images with diagram.
(Ans) There are five different types of images formed through a convex lens by bringing
object from a long distance towards the lens.

CASE 1
When an object is placed away from “2F” of a convex lens, its image is formed in
between “2F” and focus point “F” at other side. The image will be real, inverted and
smaller in size that of the object. Diagrammatically

CASE 2
When an object is placed at “2F” of the convex lens, its image is formed at “2F” at the
other side. The image will be real, inverted and of the same size that of the object.
Diagrammatically.
CASE 3
When an object is place in front of a convex lens in between the focus point
“F” and “2F”, its image is formed away from the “2F” at the other side. The image formed
will be real, inverted and large in size that of the object

CASE 4
When an object is placed at the focus point “F” of a convex lens, its image is formed at
infinity. The image will be real, inverted and larger in size that of the object.
Diagrammatically

CASE 5
When an object is placed in between focus point “F” and optical centre of the convex
lens, its image is formed in front of the lens. The image will be virtual, erected and
large in size that of the object. Diagrammatically
Image formation through concave lens
When an object is placed in front of a concave lens, its image is formed in front of the
lens. The image will be virtual, erected and smaller in size that of the object.
Diagrammatically

Sign convention
The distance of the real image from the lens is taken positive. The distance of the virtual
image from the lens is taken negative. The focal length of a convex lens is taken positive and for
a concave lens it is negative.

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Q.18 What is meant by power of a lens?
(Ans) Power of a lens
It can be defined as” the reciprocal of the focal length of a lens in meter is called power
of a lens.” It is denoted by “D”. Its SI unit is diopter. The power of a convex lens is taken
positive, while for a concave mirror it is negative. Mathematically
1
𝐷𝑖𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
𝑓(𝑚)
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Q.19 Write note on the following instruments.
1. Simple microscope
A device used to see small objects that cannot be seen though naked eye is called
microscope.
Construction
It is a convex lens of short focal length. It is also called magnifying glass. It works
on the principle that when an object is placed within its focal length, a magnified, virtual
and erect image is formed. The image formed through a microscope is larger than the
object it becomes easy to study small objects. Watch maker and jewelers used it to
observe small pieces which cannot be seen on naked eyes.
2. Camera
The essential parts of the camera are:
i. A lens - this focuses the light onto the film.
ii. The film - the image is produced here.
iii. The diaphragm - this controls the amount of light that enters the camera.
iv. The shutter - this controls the length of time that light falls on the film.
Working:-
The diaphragm opens and closes; in dull conditions it is open to allow as much
light as possible to enter the camera, and in bright conditions it is nearly closed. Both
the diaphragm and lens are fixed to rings so that they can be adjusted. On a good
camera the diaphragm will be marked with numbers from 2.8 to 22. A setting of 2.8
means a large aperture (dull conditions) and one of 22 means a small aperture (light
conditions).
There is also a shutter speed control which allows the shutter to be open for a
range of times between 1 second and 0.001 seconds. If the object that you are
photographing is moving fast you will need a fast shutter speed (0.001 s) or else the
image will be blurred. A shutter speed of say 1/250 s means that light will only be
falling on the film for 1/250 s.
The diagram shows a simple cross section of a camera and also a simple ray diagram.
3. Telescope
Introduction
It is an optical instrument used to view heavenly bodies such moon, stars, planets
and distant objects.
Construction
Astronomical telescope consists of two convex lenses:
 Objective
 Eye piece
Objective
The objective is a convex lens of large focal length and large aperture. It usually
made of two convex lenses in contact with each other to reduce the chromatic and
spherical aberrations.
Eye piece
The eye piece is also a convex lens .Its focal length is smaller than that of objective.
It is also a combination of two lenses. The objective is mounted on a wide metallic tube
while the eye piece is mounted on a small tube .The distance b/w the eye piece and the
objective can be changed by moving tubes.
WORKING
The rays coming from a distant object falls on objective as parallel beam at some
angle say "" and these rays after refraction and passing through the objective converge
at its focus and make an inverted & real image AB. This image acts as an object for the
eye piece. The distance of the eye piece is so adjusted that the image AB lies within the
focal length of the eye piece. The eye piece forms the final image .The final image is
magnified, virtual and inverted with respect to object. The final image is formed at
infinity.

MAGNIFYING POWER
The magnifying power (M) of astronomical telescope is given by:

𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑦𝑒

𝑀=
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑦𝑒
 Since α and β are small angles, therefore we can take:
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑀=
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑦𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒

𝑀=

4. Compound Microscope
Compound microscope is an optical instrument which is used to obtain high
magnification.
Construction
 Objective
 Eye piece
Objective
The lens in front of object is called objective. Its focal length f1= fo is taken to be
very small .The objective forms a real, inverted, and magnified image of the object
placed just beyond the focus of objective.
Eye piece
The lens towards the observer's eye is called piece .Focal length of eye piece is
greater than the focal length of objective. Eye piece works as a magnifying glass.
Working
The objective is so adjusted that the object is very close to its focus. The
objective forms a real, inverted and magnified image of the abject beyond 2fo on the
right hand side. The eye piece is so adjusted that it forms a virtual image at the least
distance of distinct vision "d" .The final image is highly magnified.
 Magnifying power

Magnification produced by the objective is given by:

𝑀 =
Magnification produced by the eye piece is given by:

𝑀 = 1+
Total magnification is given by:
M = M1 x M2

𝑀= (1 + )

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Q.20 Explain the main defects of vision. How each defect can be corrected?
(Ans) There are two main defects of vision.

1. Short sightedness (myopia)

A person having this defect can see the near objects clearly but cannot see the
object situated at far distances as much clear and distinctly. The reason of this defect is
that the focal length of the eye lens is very small or the eye ball becomes much larger.
Therefore the rays of the far objects focus just before the retina.

Correction:-
This defect can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable focal length in the
spectacles.
2. Long sightedness (Hypermetropia)
A person having this defect can see the far objects clearly but cannot see the near
objects clearly. The reason of this defect is that the focal length of the eye lens is very
large or the eye ball becomes small. Therefore the rays of the near objects focus behind
the retina.

Correction:-
This defect can be corrected by using a convex lens of suitable focal length
in the spectacles.
 SHORT QUESTIONS
i. Draw a label diagram to show the:
(a) Pole (b) Centre of curvature (c) Principal axis (d) Principal focus
(e) Radius of curvature

ii. Define focal length and radius of curvature. What is the relation between focal
length and radius of curvature in case of a concave mirror?
Ans. Radius of curvature
The radius of the sphere from which mirror is taken out is called radius of curvature. It is
denoted by “r”.
Focal length
The distance between the pole and focus point of the spherical mirror is called focal
length. It is denoted by “ f ”.
OR
Focal length of the concave mirror is taken positive while the focal length of the
convex mirror is taken negative.
Relation between focal length and radius of curvature
Focal length is half of the radius of curvature. Mathematically,
𝑅
𝑓=
2
iii. Name the spherical mirror which has:
(a) Virtual principal focus (b) Real principal focus
Ans. (a) Convex mirror has virtual principal focus.
(b) Concave mirror has real principal focus.

iv. If the radius of curvature of a concave mirror is 1m, what is its focal length?
Ans. If radius of curvature of the concave mirror is 1m, then its focal length is 0.5m.
 v. For what position of an object, a concave mirror forms an image which is real
and equal in size to the object?
Ans. When an object is placed at the center of curvature “C” of the concave mirror, its
image is formed at the center of curvature “C”. The image will be real, inverted and of
the same size that of the object. Diagrammatically

vi. For what position of an object a real and diminished image is formed by a
concave mirror?
Ans. When an object is placed away from the center of curvature “C” of the concave mirror,
its image is formed in between center of curvature “C” and focus point “F”. The image
will be real and diminished. Diagrammatically

vii. How would you make the rays from a luminous bulb parallel by means of
a concave mirror?
Ans. It is clear from ray diagram that if we place the luminous bulb at the focus point of
the concave mirror, the light rays will move parallel. These light rays meet at infinity.

viii. Which type of spherical mirror has a wider field of view?

Ans. The convex mirror has a wider field of view, because it produce virtual, erect and
diminished image of an object placed in front of it. It is used in automobile to see the
image of the object coming behind the automobiles.

ix. Why does a driver prefer to use a convex mirror as a back view mirror in
an automobile?
Ans. A driver prefer to use a convex mirror as a back view mirror in automobile, because it
produce virtual, erect and diminished image of an object placed in front of it. As a
result the driver can judge about everything coming behind his vehicle. Thus a convex
mirror provides us the way of safe driving.
 x. A ray of light traveling in water emerges into air. Draw a ray diagram
indicating the change in its path?
Ans. Whenever light ray enters from a denser medium into a rare medium, the ray of
light will slightly bends away from the normal. As water is denser medium and air is rare
medium, so the ray of light slightly bends away from the normal. Diagrammatically

Air

Water

xi. What is the unit of refractive index?

Ans. Refractive index is the ratio of two similar quantities. Therefore it has no unit.
Mathematically
speed of light in air
Refractiveindex = Speed of light in air / Speed of light in medium
C
n =
V

xii. Which one has higher refractive index, water or glass?

Ans. The refractive index of glass is greater than that of water. The refractive index of water
is 1.33, while the refractive index of various glasses ranges from 1.5 to 1.9.

xiii. Define Snell’s law of refraction?

Ans. Snell’s law
This law states that “the ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of
refraction is constant for a given pair of media. Mathematically

xiv. Why a pencil half immersed in water and held obliquely, appears to be bent at
the water surface?
Ans. It is because of refraction of light, the light rays coming from water (denser medium)
into air (rare medium). The light rays bends away from the normal. As a result the
pencil appears to be bent at the water surface.
xv. What position an object, a real and diminished image formed by convex lens?

Ans. When an object is placed away from “2F” of a convex lens, its image is formed in
between “2F” and focus point “F” at other side. The image will be real, inverted and
smaller in size that of the object. Diagrammatically

xvi. What is the SI unit of power of a lens?

Ans. The unit of the power of a lens is diopter. It can be defined as” the power of a lens is
one diopter if the focal length of the lens is one meter.”

xvii. What will be the value of angle of refraction when angle of incidence in denser
medium is equal to the critical angle for a given pair of media?
Ans. When a ray of light move from a denser medium to a rare medium, then the light ray
bends away from the normal. As we increase the angle of incidence the corresponding angle
of refraction will also increases. At a certain angle of incidence the refracted angle becomes
90°, this angle of incidence is called critical angle “c”. The angle of refraction for the given
pair of media will be 900.

xviii. Why do stars twinkle on a clear night?

Ans. The light from the stars travels through different layers of the atmosphere of various
densities. Therefore the light rays deviate from its original path time to time. As a result it
looks like that stars are twinkling.

xix. You are given two convex lenses of focal length 7cm and 20cm. which one will
you choose as objective lens for making a compound microscope?
Ans. The magnifying power of a compound microscope can be stated as;

𝑀= (1 + )

Smaller the focal length of objective lens greater will be the magnifying power. So
we will choose the lens having focal length 7cm.
 xx. What type of lens is used to make the eye-piece of a compound
microscope?
Ans. The eye-piece of a compound microscope is a convex lens of larger aperture and
focal length as compared to objective lens.

xxi. In a telescope, which one has a shorter focal length, objective or eye- piece?
Ans. The magnifying power of a telescope can be stated as;

We use an eye-piece of short focal length and small aperture.

xxii. A child sitting in a classroom is not able to see clearly the writing on the
blackboard?
(a) Name the type of defect from which he suffering?
(b) With the help of ray diagram, show that how this defect can be removed?
Ans. A child sitting in a classroom is not able to see clearly the writing on the
blackboard.
(a) The defect from which the child suffering is called short sightedness or myopia.
(b) This defect can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable focal length in the
spectacles.

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