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Assignment No 3

The document discusses trigonometric functions, their definitions, and key features such as amplitude, period, phase shift, and vertical asymptotes. It also covers trigonometric identities, including Pythagorean, reciprocal, quotient, sum and difference, double angle, half angle, product-to-sum, and sum-to-product identities. Understanding these concepts is essential for analyzing and interpreting trigonometric functions and their graphs.

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6 views

Assignment No 3

The document discusses trigonometric functions, their definitions, and key features such as amplitude, period, phase shift, and vertical asymptotes. It also covers trigonometric identities, including Pythagorean, reciprocal, quotient, sum and difference, double angle, half angle, product-to-sum, and sum-to-product identities. Understanding these concepts is essential for analyzing and interpreting trigonometric functions and their graphs.

Uploaded by

hashimraja2003
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment No 3

Submitted to: Prof Syed Lariab Zahra

Submitted by: Iman Fatima

Submission Date: Friday-31-Jan

Course Title: Pre Calculus

Program: ADP (CS)

Roll No: 05

Topic:

Trigonometric functions

Trigonometric functions:

Trigonometric functions are mathematical functions that describe the relationships between the
angles and side lengths of triangles. They are used to model periodic phenomena, such as
sound waves, light waves, and circular motion.

The six main trigonometric functions are:

1.Sine (sin): The ratio of the length of the side opposite the angle to the length of the
hypotenuse.
2. Cosine (cos): The ratio of the length of the side adjacent to the angle to the length of the
hypotenuse.
3. Tangent (tan): The ratio of the length of the side opposite the angle to the length of the side
adjacent to the angle.
4. Cosecant (csc): The reciprocal of sine (1/sin).
5. Secant (sec): The reciprocal of cosine (1/cos).
6. Cotangent (cot): The reciprocal of tangent (1/tan).

Graphs of Trigonometric Functions


The graphs of trigonometric functions are periodic, meaning they repeat themselves at regular
intervals. The graphs of sine, cosine, and tangent are shown below:

Sine function:

The graph of the sine function is a wave that repeats every 360° or 2π radians.
The amplitude of the graph is 1.
-The period of the graph is 360° or 2π radians.

Cosine function:

The graph of the cosine function is also a wave that repeats every 360° or 2π radians.
The amplitude of the graph is 1.
The period of the graph is 360° or 2π radians.

Tangent function:
The graph of the tangent function is a wave that repeats every 180° or π radians.
The amplitude of the graph is undefined (since the tangent function has vertical asymptotes).
The period of the graph is 180° or π radians.

Cosecant:

The cosecant of an angle x is defined as the reciprocal of the sine of the angle.

csc(x) = 1 / sin(x)

Secant:

The secant of an angle x is defined as the reciprocal of the cosine of the angle.

sec(x) = 1 / cos(x)

Cotangent:

The cotangent of an angle x is defined as the reciprocal of the tangent of the angle.

cot(x) = 1 / tan(x)
Key features of trigonometric graphs:

Amplitude:

● The amplitude of a trigonometric graph is the maximum value that the function attains.
● It is the distance from the midline of the graph to the peak (or trough) of the graph.
● Amplitude is typically denoted by the symbol "A".

For example: The amplitude of the graph of y = 2sin(x) is 2.

Period:

● The period of a trigonometric graph is the distance between two consecutive points on
the graph that are identical.
● It is the length of one complete cycle of the graph.
● Period is typically denoted by the symbol "P" or "T".

For example: The period of the graph of y = sin(x) is 2π.

Phase shift:

● The phase shift of a trigonometric graph is the horizontal translation of the graph.
● It is the amount by which the graph is shifted to the left or right.
● Phase shift is typically denoted by the symbol "h" or "φ" (phi).

For example: The graph of y = sin(x - 2) has a phase shift of 2 units to the right.

Vertical Asymptotes:

● Vertical asymptotes are vertical lines that the graph approaches but never touches.
● They occur when the function is undefined, typically due to division by zero.
● Vertical asymptotes are important features of trigonometric graphs, as they help to
define the shape of the graph.

Midline:
● The midline of a trigonometric graph is the horizontal line that passes through the
middle of the graph.
● It is the line about which the graph oscillates.
● The midline is typically denoted by the symbol "d" or "k".
●
For example The graph of y = sin(x) has a midline of y = 0.

Maximum and Minimum values:

● The maximum and minimum values of a trigonometric graph are the highest and lowest
points on the graph, respectively.
● These values are important features of the graph, as they help to define the shape and
amplitude of the graph.

Intercepts:

● Intercepts are points where the graph crosses the x-axis or y-axis.
● x-intercepts occur when the function value is zero, while y-intercepts occur when the
input value is zero.
● Intercepts are important features of trigonometric graphs, as they help to define the
shape and position of the graph.

These are the key features of trigonometric graphs. Understanding these features is essential
for analyzing and interpreting trigonometric functions and their grapes

Trigonometric identities:

Trigonometric identities are equations that relate the trigonometric functions to each other.
Some common trigonometric identities include:

1. Pythagorean identity:
● sin^2(x) + cos^2(x) = 1

2. Reciprocal Identities:
● csc(x) = 1/sin(x)
● sec(x) = 1/cos(x)
● cot(x) = 1/tan(x)

3. Quotient identities:
● tan(x) = sin(x)/cos(x)
● cot(x) = cos(x)/sin(x)

Sum and difference identities:


● Sine Sum Identity: sin(a + b) = sin(a)cos(b) + cos(a)sin(b)
● Sine Difference Identity: sin(a - b) = sin(a)cos(b) - cos(a)sin(b)
● Cosine Sum Identity: cos(a + b) = cos(a)cos(b) - sin(a)sin(b)
● Cosine Difference Identity: cos(a - b) = cos(a)cos(b) + sin(a)sin(b)
● Tangent Sum Identity: tan(a + b) = (tan(a) + tan(b))/(1 - tan(a)tan(b))
● Tangent Difference Identity: tan(a - b) = (tan(a) - tan(b))/(1 + tan(a)tan(b))

Double Angle identities:

● Sine Double-Angle Identity: sin(2x) = 2sin(x)cos(x)


● Cosine Double-Angle Identity: cos(2x) = cos^2(x) - sin^2(x)
● Tangent Double-Angle Identity*
● : tan(2x) = (2tan(x))/(1 - tan^2(x))

Half Angle identities:

● Sine Half-Angle Identity: sin(x/2) = ±((1 - cos(x))/2)


● Cosine Half-Angle Identity: cos(x/2) = ±((1 + cos(x))/2)
● Tangent Half-Angle Identity: tan(x/2) = ±((1 - cos(x))/(1 + cos(x)))

Product to sum identities:

● Sine Product-to-Sum Identity: sin(a)sin(b) = (1/2)[cos(a - b) - cos(a + b)]


● Cosine Product-to-Sum Identity: cos(a)cos(b) = (1/2)[cos(a - b) + cos(a + b)]
● Sine-Cosine Product-to-Sum Identity: sin(a)cos(b) = (1/2)[sin(a + b) + sin(a - b)]

Sum to product identities:

● Sine Sum-to-Product Identity: sin(a) + sin(b) = 2sin((a + b)/2)cos((a - b)/2)


● Cosine Sum-to-Product Identity: cos(a) + cos(b) = 2cos((a + b)/2)cos((a - b)/2)
● Sine-Cosine Sum-to-Product Identity: sin(a) + cos(b) = 2sin((a + b)/2 + /4)

These trigonometric identities are essential for simplifying trigonometric expressions, solving
equations, and proving other identities.

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