EVALUATION CRITERIA

FIRST PARTIAL SECOND PARTIAL

Evaluations Evaluations
Midterm Exam 40% Final Exam 40%
Support for research projects and Support for research projects and
0% 0%
practical cases. practical cases.
GROUP WORK: Research Project GROUP WORK: Research Project
Digital project folder. 10% Project folder. 10%
Research, summaries, papers. 10% Project presentation. 10%
Practical workshops in class. 10% Practical workshops in class. 10%
INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP WORK INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP WORK
Theoretical workshops. 10% Theoretical workshops. 10%
Homework. 10% Homework. 10%
Class performance. (Technological- Class performance. (Technological-
Academic Conference Organization) Academic Conference Organization)
Other academic activities. 10% Other academic activities. 10%

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Late assignments, workshops or lessons will not be accepted.

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 Computer Organization and
Architecture
GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
• Know the internal organization of the computer and other related
electronic elements, its internal operation and know the fundamentals
to apply them in the maintenance and design of equipment of this
nature.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student will be able to:
• Know internally all the parts of the CPU (Central Processing Unit), such
as the ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit), UC (Control Unit), Main
Memory, among others.
• Understand how the operating system makes main memory logically
unlimited, while it logically is.
• Reasoning about Microprogramming and Multiprogramming.
• Working with microcontrollers such as the Arduino board.

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 Description
• This compulsory subject of a technical nature has been designed to
provide engineering students with fundamental knowledge about
the structure and operation of computers.
• Based on the VON NEWMANN architectural proposal, its main units
and functions:
– Processors (Control Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit, Registers),
Memories, Types of main memories and their technologies,
Memory Hierarchy, DRAM, RAM and ROM memory design, Buses,
Bus Hierarchy, Bus Architecture, Input/Output Devices, Types of
Input/Output Operations, Computer Performance, Performance
Parameters, CPU time calculation and adopted Performance
measures.

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 Scope of the course
At the end of the course you will be able to answer
the following questions:
– How do high-level languages like C or Java translate into
hardware language?
– How does the hardware execute the resulting program?
– What is the interface between software and hardware?
– How does software ask hardware to perform necessary
functions?
– What determines the performance of a program?
– How can a programmer improve program performance?

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 Recommended bibliography
• Computer Organization and Architecture -
Stallings William

• Computer Organization a structured approach -

Tanenbaum Andrew

• GIDEON LONSHOLZ AND ABRAHAM KANDELL -

Computer Organization Elements - Prentice
Hall

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 CHAPTER 1
Unit 1:
Introduction
What is architecture?
What is organization?
Computer Parts
Computer Functions
Basic models of the instruction cycle
Von Neumann machine.
The microprocessor
Basic architecture and its operations
Types of architectures in the evolution of the CPU
Multi-core architecture
Multiprocessing on multi core

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 Computer Architecture and Organization

• Computer architecture can be defined as the study of

the structure, operation and design of computers. This
includes, above all, hardware aspects, but also affects
low-level software issues.
• The architecture of a computer refers to the logical
structure that shapes it.
• The organization of a computer shows us what it is like
inside.
• Architecture describes “what happens”, while
which the organization describes “how it happens”

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Computer Architecture and Organization

• Computer architecture is the conceptual design and

fundamental operational structure of a computer system.
• That is, it is a model and functional description of the design
requirements and implementations for various parts of a
computer, with special interest in how the central processing
unit (CPU) works internally and accesses memory addresses.
• It is also often defined as the way of selecting and
interconnecting hardware components to create
computers according to functionality, performance
and cost requirements.

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[ Introduction ] What is a computer?
RAE DEFINITION (Royal Spanish Academy):

Electronic machine, analog or digital,

equipped with a large memory capacity and
information processing methods, capable of
solving mathematical and logical problems
through the automatic use of computer
programs.

Computer or laptop accepted.

DEFINITION OF STALLINGS:
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[ Introduction ] What is a computer?
Programmable electronic digital machine for
the automatic processing of information,
capable of receiving it, operating on it she
through processes
determined and provide the results of such
operations.
□ The computer consists of:
□ Specific data (collectively known as "Input") that must be
supplied and is required at the time of execution.

□ The final product of data processing, called "output".

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[ Introduction ] What is a computer?
□ The information, which can then be used, reinterpreted,
copied, transferred, or retransmitted to other person(s),
computer(s) or electronic component(s) locally or
remotely using different telecommunication systems,
can be recorded, saved or stored in some type of device
or storage unit.

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 Computer
abstractions and technology
Every time the cost of computers decreases, the
opportunities for them increase.
Applications that were once economically unfeasible
suddenly become practical. In the recent past, the
following applications were “computer science fiction”
• Computers in cars
• Cell phones
• Human Genome Project
• world Wide Web
• Smart Search Engines

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 STANDARD FOR SUBMISSION OF WORKS

• For sending group work:

Example:
Duty 05 – KMera LCordova Pbustamante

• For individual submissions:

Example:
Duty 01 – Kevin Mera
Types of computers and their characteristics

Desktop Servers Embedded

computers They are the modern form
computers
They focus on of what mainframes, They are designed to run one
minicomputers, were. application or a set of related
providing
applications.
good performance to and The applications are
a supercomputers. typically integrated with the
single user at low They are designed for large
hardware and delivered as a
single system.
cost workloads or a single
and usually run third- Microprocessors in cars,
complex application computers in cell phones,
(usually a scientific or computers in video games or
engineering application). televisions

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General Structure of a Personal Computer

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[ Introduction ] Structure
[ Introduction ] Structure

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19 Computer Architecture 9
[ Introduction ] Structure
 Functions of a computer

Basically any type of computer performs data processing

operations, then exposing them as information.
The primary function of a computer is to carry out data processes
automatically, at high speed and without human intervention.
When the entered data is organized according to a logical scheme,
it becomes information available to the user.
The acquisition of information from data is the relevant function of
a computer, with Computer Science being the science that studies
the obtaining of information through automatic systems.

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[ Introduction ] Operation

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[ Introduction ] Operation
[ Introduction ] Operation

STORAGE Data transfer

Control

Data storage Data

processing

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[ Introduction ] Operation
PROCESSING
WITH USE OF Data transfer
MEMORY

Contro
l

Data storage Prosecution

of data

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[ Introduction ] Operation
PROSECUTION
WITH USE OF
MEMORY AND
TRANSFER
 Architecture (basic elements) of a
computer
The current PC architecture describes a computer

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 VON NEWMANN MACHINE

• The Von Newman machine had four basic parts:

□ The memory
□ Arithmetic and Logic Unit - Control Unit
□ Entry and Exit System
□ Buses
• The memory consisted of 1024 40-bit words (expandable
to 4k)
• Each word contains 2 instructions or a 39-bit integer.
• The instructions had 8 bits to indicate the type of
instruction, and 12 to specify the memory word.

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 VON NEWMANN MACHINE

• The arithmetic-logic unit had a 40-bit internal register

called an accumulator.

• A typical instruction added the contents of a memory word

to the accumulator, or stored the contents of the
accumulator into a memory word.

• This machine did not have floating point arithmetic (Von

Newman thought that any competent mathematician
should be able to mentally keep track of the decimal or
rather binary position).

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 VON NEWMANN MACHINE

□ One-dimensional memory, organized as a vector of cells of the

same size and sequential addresses.
□ A single memory for instructions and data.
□ Without explicit distinction between instructions and data.
□ Without explicit specifications of data types.
□ The instructions were executed sequentially. Jump instructions
were required to break the flow.
Architecture currently used.

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 Basic Organization of a Computer
General purpose processor

Processor
Higher
speed
memory
Cache Data transmission
medium or channel
Most frequently used
data and instructions

BUS FROM
Network
card

I/O I/O I/O

Controller Controller Controller
MEMORY
MAJOR
Disk Exit
Graph
Specialized
Data and Program Processors
Storage 31
 Homework 01 - Definitions
Form groups of 2 students.
1. Search in books or bibliographic sources:
1. Five definitions of Computer.
2. Five Definitions of Computer Organization.
3. Five definitions of Computer Architecture.
2. Make a conceptual map of the definitions found for each one.

You can use the UG Virtual Library:

http://www.ug.edu.ec/biblioteca-virtual/