Dara Ogunwale 10C https.functions.

com

Graph of
Functions
Maths Project
 The graph of a function f is the set
of all points in the plane of the
form (x, f(x)). We could also

Introduction define the graph of f to be the

graph of the equation y = f(x).
Graphs help to present data or
information in an visual/organized
manner, and there are eight main
types: linear, power, quadratic,
polynomial, rational, exponential,
logarithmic, and sinusoidal.

Types of graphs
Types of

Graphs
Quadratic Exponential
Linear Graps Cubic Graphs
Graphs Graphs

Reciprocal Logarithm Trigonometry Power

Graphs Graphs Graphs Graphs
Linear Graphs
What is a linear graph?.
The Equation of a Straight Line
Linear graph is represented in the form of a A straight line graph will always
straight line.The word "linear" stands for a have an equation in the form :
straight line.The linear graph is a straight
graph or straight line which is drawn on a
plane and intersecting points on x and y (y=mx+c)
coordinates. To show a relationship
between two or more quantities we use a
graphical form of representation. If the Where x and y are the
graph of any relation gives a single coordinates the line passes
straight line then it is known as a linear through, m is the gradient and c
graph. The linear graph is a straight line is the y-intercept (the y-
coordinate where the line crosses
graph that is drawn on a plane connecting
the y axis).
the points plotted on x and y coordinates.
 Examples of Linear
Graphs
positive
gradient
y= 2x+1

negative
gradient
Steps for plotting a linear graph What is a linear
graph?

1. Choose a minimum of two input values.

2. Evaluate the function at each input
value.
3. Use the resulting output values to
identify coordinate pairs. Enter
4. Plot the coordinate pairs on a grid.
5. Draw a line through the points.
Cancel
 Solved examples y = 2x - 3
Step 1 - Substitute x into the formula
Step2- Solve the equation and put the
results into a table
Step3- Draw a graph
Step4- use the table to plot the points on the
graph
Step 5- Draw a line through all the points
Solved examples
x -3 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y = 2x - 3
y -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5
 APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR
GRAPHS
Linear equations are used in everyday life and a straight line is formed
graphing those relations in a plane.
1. Future contract markets and opportunities can be described through
straight line graphs.
2. Straight line graph used in medicine and pharmacy to figure out the
accurate strength of drugs.
3. Straight line graphs are used in the research process and the
preparation of the government budget.
4. Straight line graphs are used in Chemistry and Biology.
5. Straight line graphs are used to estimate whether our body weight is
appropriate according to our height.
6. It is used to calculate speed, distance and time of a moving object.
7. It is used to calculate money and percentage related problems.
8. Work, time and wages problems can be solved.
Quadratic
Graphs
https://quadratic.com
A quadratic function is a
polynomial function with one or
What is a more variables in which the
highest exponent of the variable
Quadratic is two. Since the highest degree
term in a quadratic function is of
Function? the second degree, therefore it
is also called the polynomial of
degree 2. A quadratic function
has a minimum of one term
which is of the second degree. It
is an algebraic function.
The standard form of a quadratic function is of the
form:

f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c
where a, b, and c are real numbers with a
≠ 0.
Examples of Quadratic Graphs
 Solved examples
Solve the equation x^2 + x – 3 = 0 by drawing its graph for –3 ≤ x ≤ 2.
Solution:
Rewrite the quadratic equation x^2 + x – 3 = 0 as the quadratic
function y = x^2 + x – 3
Draw the graph for y = x^2 + x – 3 for –3 ≤ x ≤ 2.
STEPS
STEP 1 - subsitiute x into the formula
STEP 2 - solve the equation to find y and put the results into a table
STEP 3 - draw a graph
STEP 4 - use the table to plot the points of the graph
STEP 5 - join the points with a smooth curve
 Solved examples
x -3 -2 -1 0 0 1 2

y 3 -1 -3 13 -1 -1 3

The solution for the equation x^2 + x – 3

can be obtained by looking at the points
where the graph y = x^2 + x – 3 cuts the x-
axis (i.e. y = 0).

The graph y = x^2 + x – 3, cuts the x-axis

at x 1.3 and x –2.3

So, the solution(root) for the equation x^2

+ x –3 is x= 1.3 or x=–2.3.
 APPLICATIONS OF
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
Quadratic functions are used
There are many scenarios where in different fields of
quadratic functions are used e.g. engineering and science to
figuring a profit obtain values of different
calculating room areas parameters. Graphically,
finding a speed they are represented by a
setting up a satellite dish parabola. Depending on the
coefficient of the highest
degree, the direction of the
curve is decided.

Did you know that when a rocket is launched, its path is described by the solution of a quadratic
function?
Cubic Graphs
What is a Cubic Function?
A cubic function is a
The general form of a cubic polynomial function of degree
function is 3. So the graph of a cubic
function may have a
y = ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d maximum of 3 roots. i.e., it
where a , b, c and d are real may intersect the x-axis at a
numbers and a is not zero. maximum of 3 points. Since
complex roots always occur in
pairs, a cubic function always
has either 1 or 3 real zeros. It
cannot have 2 real zeros.
 Graph Cubic Functions Of The Form y = a(x − h)^3 + k

We can graph cubic functions by transforming the basic cubic

graph. The basic cubic graph is y = x^3.
For the function of the form y = a(x − h)^3 + k.
If k > 0, the graph shifts k units up; if k < 0, the graph shifts k units
down.
If h > 0, the graph shifts h units to the right; if h < 0, the graph
shifts h units left.
If a < 0, the graph is flipped.
 Solved examples
Plot the graph of y = x^3 – 9x + 5 for –4 ≤ x ≤ 4 and use your graph to
find:
a) the value of y when x = 1.6
b) the value of x when y = 12

STEPS
STEP 1 - subsitiute x into the formula
STEP 2 - solve the equation to find y and put the results into a table
STEP 3 - draw a graph
STEP 4 - use the table to plot the points of the graph
STEP 5 - join the points with a smooth curve
 Solved examples
a) When x = 1.6, y ≈
x -4 -3 2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 –5.3
b) When y = 12, x ≈
y -23 5 15 13 5 -3 -5 5 33 –0.8, or x ≈ –2.5

The roots of this solution are: -3.2,

0.6 and 2.7
 APPLICATIONS

They can be used to model three-dimensional objects to allow you to

identify a missing dimension or explore the result of changes to one or more
dimensions.
In Economics- Short-run total costs are more realistically represented by
cubic function
Exponential
Graphs
Exponential functions have the
variable x in the power position.
For example, an exponential
equation can be represented by: One way to think of exponential
f(x) = a^x. functions is to think about exponential
Like other algebraic equations, we growth—the idea of small increases
are still trying to find an unknown followed by rapidly increasing ones.
value of variable x These increases (or decreases when
working with negative exponents) are
consistent over a definite period of time
as a function of the variable x. For
example, the increases are consistently
double or triple.

The exponential function is a type of mathematical function which are helpful in finding the
growth or decay of population, money, price, etc that are growing or decay exponentially.
 Exponential Functions
A basic exponential function, from its definition, is of
the form f(x) = a^x, where 'a' is a constant and 'x' is
a variable. One of the popular exponential functions
is f(x) = e^x, where 'e' is "Euler's number" and e =
2.718....If we extend the possibilities of different
exponential functions, an exponential function may
involve a constant as a multiple of the variable in its
power. i.e., an exponential function can also be of
the form f(x) = e^kx. Further, it can also be of the
form f(x) = p e^kx, where 'p' is a constant.
 From the above two graphs, we can see that
f(x) = 2^x is increasing whereas g(x) = (1/2)^x
is decreasing. Thus, the graph of exponential
function f(x) = b^x.

increases when b > 1

decreases when 0 < b < 1
 Solved examples
x -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

y 0.33 0.58 1 1.73 5 5.2 9

The general form of an exponential function is y

= b^n, where b > 0 and b ≠ 1 and n is a real
number.

Question
Draw the graph of y = 3^x for –1 ≤ x ≤ 2.
 Draw the graph of y = 3^x for –1 ≤ x ≤ 2

Characteristics of Exponential Graph

From the graph, we notice the following
characteristics or properties of the
exponential graph (curve) y = b^n, where b
> 0 and b ≠ 1 and n is a real number:
a) As the value of x increases, the value of
y increases far more than the increase of
value of x.
b) The range (or values of y) are positve
real numbers (never zero).
c) The graph is asymptotic to the x-axis
that is it gets very close to the x-axis but
does not touch it or cross it.
d) The graph always crosses the y-axis at
(0, 1)
 Exponential Function Rules

Law of Zero Exponent: a0 = 1

Law of Product: a^m × a^n = a^m+n
Law of Quotient: a^m/a^n = a^m-n
Law of Power of a Power: (a^m)^n = a^mn
Law of Power of a Product: (ab)^m = a^mb^m
Law of Power of a Quotient: (a/b)^m = a^m/b^m
Law of Negative Exponent: a^-m = 1/a^m
 Types of Exponential
Functions

Exponential Growth Exponential Decay

Exponential growth is an increase Exponential decay is a decrease in a quantity
in some quantity that follows the that follows the mathematical relationship.
In many ways you can think of it as the
relationship: opposite of exponential growth: where
N(t) = A e^(kt) exponential growth goes up, exponential
where A and k are positive real- decay goes down.
valued constants.
N(t) = A e^(-kt)

where A and k are positive, real-valued

constants.
 APPLICATIONS OF
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Exponential functions are often used to represent real-world
applications, such as bacterial growth/decay, population
growth/decline, and compound interest.
Population- Many times scientists will start with a certain
number of organisms and watch how the population grows.
ex. if the population doubles every 5 days, this can be
represented as an exponential function.
Exponential Decay - Solving an exponential decay problem is
very similar to working with population growth.
Exponential Function Examples

f(x) = 2^x

f(x) = (1/2)^x
.

f(x) = 3e2^x

f(x) = 4 (3)-0.5^x
Reciprocal
Graphs
Round 3 Reciprocal Function

A reciprocal function is one of the form

A simple definition of
reciprocal is 1 divided by a y = a/x
given number. When we
multiply the reciprocal of a where the variable "a" is any real number and x ≠ 0
number with the number, the
result is always 1. Due to this
reason, it is also called the
multiplicative inverse.
 Reciprocal graphs

Reciprocal graphs has two main parts. We call these

the branches of the function. Also notice that the
function's graph approaches the lines x = 0 and y =
0, but it never actually touches them. We call these
lines the asymptotes, which are the horizontal and
vertical lines that the graph approaches but doesn't
touch. The asymptotes come from the fact that a
reciprocal function 1/f(x) must restrict its domain so
that the denominator is not equal to 0.
 Reciprocal Functions

1. For a function f(x), 1/f(x) is the reciprocal function.

2. Reciprocal is also called as the multiplicative inverse.
3. The reciprocal function y = 1/x has the domain as the set of all real numbers
except 0 and the range is also the set of all real numbers except 0.
4. An asymptote is a line that approaches a curve but does not meet it. For the
reciprocal function f(x) = 1/x, the horizontal asymptote is the x-axis and
vertical asymptote is the y-axis.
5. The vertical asymptote is connected to the domain and the horizontal
asymptote is connected to the range of the function.
EXAMPLES
 Another form of reciprocal functions is y = k/x^2, where k is a real number and x ≠ 0.
Example:
Draw the graph of y = 3/x^2 for 4 ≤ x ≤4 and x ≠ 0.

x -4 -3 -2 -1 -0.8 0.8 1 2 3 4

y 0.19 0.33 0.75 3 4.69 4.69 3 0.75 0.33 0.19

Notice that graphs of y

y= 3/x^2
= k/x^2 , where k is a
real number and x ≠ 0,
has an axis of
symmetry on the y-
axis (i.e. x = 0)
 Applications of Reciprocal graphs
The need to divide rational numbers is necessary for solving problems in physics,
chemistry, and manufacturing.
It can be used to solve real world problems like Newton ’s Second Law relates
acceleration to the m force of an object and its mass: a=F/m.
Dividing fractions
Calculating inverse distances
Trigonometry
Graphs
 Round 4 Trigonometric functions

Trigonometric functions are also

known as Circular Functions can The six trigonometric
be simply defined as the
functions are Sine, Cosine,
functions of an angle of a
triangle. It means that the Tangent, Secant,
relationship between the angles Cosecant and Cotangent.
and sides of a triangle are given
by these trig functions.
 Sine function of an angle is the
ratio between the opposite side
length to that of the hypotenuse.
From the diagram, the value of
sin will be:
Sin a =Opposite/Hypotenuse
= CB/CA
 Amplitude Of Trigonometric Functions
The amplitude of a trigonometric function is the maximum displacement on the graph of that function.
In the case of sin and cos functions, this value is the leading coefficient of the function.
If y = A sin x, then the amplitude is |A|.
In the case of tan, cot, sec, and csc, the amplitude would be infinitely large regardless of the value of A.
However, for a limited domain, the value of A would determine the maximum height of these functions.

Period of Trigonometric Function

The period of a function is the displacement of x at which the graph of the function begins to repeat.
Consider y = sin x

The value x = 2π is the point at which

the graph begins to repeat that of the
first quadrant. The coefficient of x is
the constant that determine the
period. The general form is y = A sin
Bx where |A| is the amplitude and B
determines the period. For the
functions sin, cos, sec and csc, the
period is found by P = 2π/B
 Example:
Find the period of the graph y = sin 2x and sketch the graph of y = sin 2x for 0 ≤ 2x ≤ π.

Solution:
Since B = 2, the period is P = 2π/B = 2π/2 = π
Cos Graph
y = cos x
sin (x + π/2 ) = cos x
y = cos x graph is the graph we get after shifting y = sin x to π/2 units
to the left
Period of the cosine function is 2π
There are a few similarities between the sine and cosine
graphs, They are:
1. Both have the same curve which is shifted along the
x-axis
2. Both have an amplitude of 1
3. Have a period of 360° or 2π radians
The combined graph of sine and cosine function can be
represented as follows.
 Tan Graph
The tan function is completely different from sin and cos function. The function here goes
between negative and positive infinity, crossing through 0 over a period of π radian.

y = tan x
The tangent graph has an undefined amplitude as the curve tends to infinity
It also has a period of 180°, i.e. π
Power Graphs
 Power Graphs

Power graphs are produced by A power function is a function that can be

functions with only one term and represented in the form
a power. The power can be
positive, negative, or even a f(x)= kx^p
fraction. ​
y=ax^b where k and p are real numbers, and k is
known as the coefficient.
Power function
This is the graph of f(x) = x^2.
You've probably seen this type of
function a lot; the shape it creates is
a parabola. In this graph, k = 1 and n
= 2.
Logarithm
Graphs
 Logarithmic Functions

We can think of logarithmic

functions as the inverse of
exponential functions.
Examples Of Logarithimic graphs
The function y=logb^x is the inverse function of the exponential function y=b^x .

Consider the function y=3^x . It can be graphed as:

The graph of inverse function of any function is the reflection of the graph of
the function about the line y=x . So, the graph of the logarithmic function
y=log3(x) which is the inverse of the function y=3^x is the reflection of the
above graph about the line y=x

The domain of the function is

the set of all positive real
numbers.
When no base is written, assume that the log is base 10 .
The logarithmic function, y=log b(x) , can be shifted k units vertically
and h units horizontally with the equation y=logb(x+h)+k .

Vertical shift
If k>0 , the graph would be shifted upwards.
If k<0 ,the graph would be shifted downwards.

Horizontal Shift:
If h>0 , the graph would be shifted left.
If h<0 , the graph would be shifted right.
Applications of logarithm functions
OTHER ELEMENTS IN GRAPHS OF
FUNCTIONS
 Tangent Line
A Tangent Line is a line which locally touches a curve at one and only one point.A tangent line to
the function f (x) at the point x =a
is a line that just touches the graph of the function at the point in question and is “parallel” (in
some way) to the graph at that point.

In this graph, the line is a tangent line

at the specified position since it both
touches and is "parallel" to the graph
at that point. Similarly, at the second
point illustrated, the line just touches
the graph, but it is not "parallel" to
the graph, and hence it is not a
tangent line to the graph at that
point.
 Differentiation
Differentiation is a method of finding the derivative of a function. Differentiation is
a process, in Maths, where we find the instantaneous rate of change in function
based on one of its variables. The most common example is the rate change of
displacement with respect to time, called velocity. The opposite of finding a
derivative is anti-differentiation. It helps to find the turning point, tangent line and
normal to a curve.

If x is a variable and y is another variable, then the rate of change of x with respect
to y is given by dy/dx. This is the general expression of derivative of a function and
is represented as f'(x) = dy/dx, where y = f(x) is any function.

Let y = f(x) be a function of x. Then, the rate of change of “y” per unit change in
“x” is given by:
dy / dx
 Conclusion
We can represent a function using a graph. Graphs
display many input-output pairs in a small space. The
visual information they provide often makes
relationships easier to understand. Graphs of functions
can be used in various aspects in real life and are very
useful. As mathematicians, we should learn how to solve
and use functions and their graphs because they can be
applied and used in real life.
 References
https://byjus.com/maths/trigonometric-functions/#sine
https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Precalculus/Precalculus_(OpenStax)/03%3A_Polynomial_and_Rat
ional_Functions/3.03%3A_Power_Functions_and_Polynomial_Functions.varsitytutors.com/hotmath/hotm
ath_help/topics/graphing-logarithmic-
functions#:~:text=It%20can%20be%20graphed%20as,about%20the%20line%20y%3Dx%20.
.varsitytutors.com/hotmath/hotmath_help/topics/graphing-logarithmic-
functions#:~:text=It%20can%20be%20graphed%20as,about%20the%20line%20y%3Dx%20.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/reciprocal-identities-uses-applications.html
https://slideplayer.com/slide/9729875/
https://www.cuemath.com/calculus/exponential-functions/
https://www.cuemath.com/algebra/logarithms/
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/real-world-applications-of-cubic-equations.60146/
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/graphing-linear-equations.html
https://www.cuemath.com/calculus/reciprocal-function/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012365X10000531#:~:text=The%20power%20graph
%20of%20a%20group%20is%20the%20graph%20whose,a%20power%20of%20the%20other.&text=We%
20conjecture%20that%20two%20finite,of%20elements%20of%20each%20order.
https://www.cuemath.com/calculus/cubic-function/
https://www.cuemath.com/calculus/quadratic-functions/
https://byjus.com/maths/differentiation/
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/trigonometric-graphs.html
Thank you!