LESSON 1 Elements of Data

Communications
Chifundo Polska Mlangeni
[email protected]
 OBJECTIVES
• To understand and
basic
• To understand and
components required for data
communication.
• To analyze the function and

• To Acquire knowledge of various

developed for internet.
 OUTCOMES
• Able to trace the flow of information from one node to another node
in the network.
• Able to Identify the components required to build different types
of networks.
• Able to understand the functionalities needed for data
communication into layers.
• Able to choose the required functionality at each layer for given
application.
• Able to understand the working principles of various application
protocols.
• Acquire knowledge about security issues and services available.
 Introduction to Networks
• A Network: A group of devices that can communicate
with each other over links.
• Each device is called a host. Each host has a unique
address.
• Network is a connection between two or more devices.
• Which is connected by a communication links.
• A node can be computer, printer or any other devices
which is capable of sending and receiving information
at each other.
Example:
 INTERNET
• An internet:

each host has

an address of the form n/h where n is
the network number and h is the number of
the host on network n.
 Uses of Network
• It is Used for

i) Business Application
ii) Home Application
iii) Mobile Users
iv) E-Mail
 Categories or Types of Network
• There are Three Types:
1. LAN - Local Area Network
2. MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
3. WAN – Wide Area Network
1. LAN - Local Area Network
A LAN is Designed by Local Area Connections such as:
i) within Building
ii) within office
iii) within Campus
iv) within Specific Place
Advantages
:1) Sharing of Files.
2) Sharing of Programs.
3) Communication Exchange.

Disadvantages :
1) Reliability.
2) Capacity.
3) High Cost.
 2. MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network

that interconnects users with computer resources in
a geographic area or region larger than that covered by
even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than
the area covered by a wide area network (WAN).
• MAN supports up to 150 Kilometers Distance.
• Example:
→ Telephone Network
→ Cable TV
Advantages
:1) High Bandwidth.
2) It support Large number of Clients.
3) Reduce the Errors.

Disadvantages :
1) Large Space Requirements.
2) Slower Data Access.
3) High Cost.
3. WAN – Wide Area Network
• WAN Provide a Long Distance Transmission of Data.
• By Using WAN Exchange the Information from one
country to another country.
Components of Network
- Which gives the Request.
- Which gives the Response.
- It Indicates Modulator / Demodulator.
- Which identifies the Path between Client
& Server.
- Which overcomes the Traffic
problems.
 Communication Model
• Data communications are exchange of data between
two devices via some transmission medium.
• It should be done in two ways
i) Local - It takes LAN Connection.
ii)Remote - It takes Long distance like MAN & WAN.
Data should be Transferred in the form of 0’s and 1’s
 Transmission
Source
Medium Destination

1) Delivery - The System must deliver the data to

the correct Destination.
2) Accuracy - The System must deliver the data at
Accurate way.
3) Timeline - The System must deliver the data at Exact
Time.
4) Jitter - It refers to the variable in the

i) Sender iv) Message

ii) Receiver v) Protocol
iii) Medium
 4. Message

1. Sender
 : It is a device , that Sends
the information to the Receiver.
: It is a device , that Receives the
information from the Sender.
: It is the physical path between
Sender to Receiver.
: This is the passing Informations.
: It is a set of rules and regulations
that “ Governed “ from data communication.
Direction of Data Flow

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Data Flow
• Simplex
• Unidirectional
• As on a one-way street
• Half-duplex
• Both transmit and receive possible, but not at the same time
• Like a one-lane road with two-directional traffic
• Walkie-talkie, CB radio
• Full-duplex
• Transmit and receive simultaneously
• Like a two-way street, telephone network
• Channel capacity must be divided between two directions

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Network
• Network: A set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links
• Node: Computer, printer, or any device capable of sending and/or
receiving data
• To be considered effective and efficient, a network must meet a
number of criteria

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Type of Connection

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Type of Connection
• Point-to-point
• Dedicated link between two devices
• The entire capacity of the channel is reserved
• Ex) Microwave link, TV remote control

• Multipoint
• More than two devices share a single link
• Capacity of the channel is either
• Spatially shared: Devices can use the link simultaneously
• Timeshare: Users take turns

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Types of Topology

i) Mesh Topology
ii) Star Topology
iii) Tree Topology
iv) Bus Topology
v) Ring Topology
vi) Hybrid Topology
 Categories of topology

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 Types of Topology

• Here every device has a direct point to point link

between every other device.
• A fully connected mesh can have n(n-1)/2 physical
channels to link n devices.
if n=5 (Number of Nodes)
5(5-1)/2 = 10 ( Communication Links)
• 5 Nodes are Connected by using 10 Communication Links
 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

1.32
 Mesh Topology
Advantages:
• It eliminate the traffic problem.
• It is robustness.
• It has privacy and security.
• Fault can be easily found.
 Mesh Topology
Disadvantages:
• More number of cables to be used.
• Every devices must be connected to some
other devices. So installation process is very
difficult.
 Types of Topology

• Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link between only

a central controller or “HUB”.
• The devices are not directly linked to some other
devices.
• If one device wants to send data to another device, it
sends to the central controller and the Central controller
send to other device.
Star Topology
Star Topology Diagram:

A B

Central controller
(or)
HUB

C D
 A star topology connecting four stations

1.37
 Star Topology
Advantages :
• Less expensive than Mess topology.
• Less number of cables to be used.
• It is robustness.
 Star Topology
Disadvantages:
• Each device must connected to central
controller.
• It require more installation process.
• If central controller failure means all the
devices should be failed.
 Types of Topology

• Tree topology has some variation from star

topology.
• The nodes in the tree are linked to the central
controller.
• The primary HUB in the tree is represented by
“Active Hub”.
• The secondary HUB in the tree is represented by
“Passive Hub”.
Tree Topology
 Tree Topology
Advantages:
• It allows more devices to be attached in a
single central controller.
• It allows the network to prioritize the
communication.
 Tree Topology
Disadvantages:
• Each device must be linked to central
controller.
• It require more installation processes.
• If central controller failure means entire
system should fail down.
 Types of Topology
• A Bus topology describes the multipoint
configuration.
• One long cable act as a backbone to link all the
devices in a network.
• Devices are connected in a bus topology with
the help of “Drop lines” and “Tapes”.
 Bus Topology
Bus Topology Diagram:

A B C D

Back bone Drop line Drop line Tape Back

bone
 A bus topology connecting three stations

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 Bus Topology
Advantages:
• Installation process is very easy.
• Redundancy can be eliminated.
• Less number of cables to be used.
 Bus Topology
Disadvantages:
• Reconfiguration is very difficult.
• Very difficult to adding (or) deleting of a
devices
Types of Topology

• In Ring Topology each device has dedicated

point-to-point link between other devices.
• The signals are passed along the “ring” in only
one direction from device to device.
• Each devices in a ring should have a
“Repeater”.
 Ring Topology
Ring Topology Diagram:

B
D Ring

C
 A ring topology connecting six stations

1.51
 Ring Topology
Advantages:
• Easy to install and reconfigure.
• Fault can be easily identified.
 Ring Topology
Disadvantages:
• It is unidirectional traffic.
• In rings if one device gets failure then the
entire system should be failed.
VI. Hybrid Topology

◼ Combination of all topology is called

hybrid topology.
 A hybrid topology: a star
backbone with three bus networks

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 WANs: a switched WAN and a
point-to-point WAN

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 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and
two LANs

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definition
• An amplifier is an electronic device that can increase the power of a
signal.
• Whats happens?
• takes energy from a power supply
• Controls the output to match the input signal shape but with a larger
amplitude.
• In this sense, an amplifier modulates the output of the power supply to
make the output signal stronger than the input signal.
• An amplifier is effectively the opposite of an attenuator: while an
amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss.
THANK YOU