Laboratory 3:

Characteristics of DC Machines.

SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL MACHINES ENGINEERING

MODULE CODE: 5EN505

STUDENT NUMBER: 100634471

UNIVERSITY OF DERBY
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Objective:
 Analyse the characteristics of a dc machine.
 Applying speed control to a dc machine.

Introduction:
DC (Direct Current) machines are playing very crucial role in the field of electrical
engineering like industries, transportation and domestic level. It is more significant because
of its ability to efficiently convert electrical to machinal energy and inverse. The analysis and
exploration of DC machines characteristics gives brief information related its operational
principles and machines performance under different physical conditions.
This lab report is designed in such a way which will help us to understand the behaviour of
DC machines in detail. It will help us to know how machine will behave under different
operational conditions. The primary thing we will be focusing will be the relationship
between speed and torque in this lab report, which is important thing in DC machine
functionality.
For comprehensive analysis related DC machine, the lab report is designed in such a way that
it combines the theoretical approach with the practical simulation done on MATLAB. The
theoretical calculation which are calculated on the basis of fundamental principle of DC
machine operation compare with the result we get from the MATLAB simulation model. This
also help us in practical implications of these theories.
This report further giving us knowledge related examining the efficiency of DC motor by
calculating it at different points during its operations. This is helpful in applications when we
require optimal performance and energy efficiency. It also help us in practical way of
controlling the speed of motor through various seed control techniques.

Aim:
Aim of this lab report is to understand and observe the characteristics of DC motors during
the operations. For this analysis we need to study the relation between torque, speed and
efficiency under different conditions. We also have to learn the methods to control the speed
of the motor.

Methodology:
In this lab report first, we have to calculate the different parameters of DC machines like
armature resistance, armature inductance, field winding resistance, field winding inductance
and mutual inductance using the value of N being define by the student ID last four digits.
Create the Simulink model of DC motor to analyse its different behaviour of motor under
different conditions. Using this model simulate the motor with same load conditions as done
for the theoretical calculations and compare the results how it differs in real working
conditions from ideal or theoretical case. Analyse the torque/speed at all points and calculate
the efficiency of machine giving at such conditions.
Also study the effect of variable field resistance and variable armature voltage on the
machine speed in Simulink model by changing these values to analyse the result. Also record
the change in speed with different resistor value and armature voltage to discuss about the
result found.

Theoretical Calculations:
As we have to select the shaft speed according to registration number which is 100634471 so:
N=4471
 Armature Resistance Ra

(
Ra = 0.2+
N
12000 )(
= 0.2+
4471
12000 )
Ra =0.5726 Ω

 Armature Inductance La

La= 5+ ( N
2000 )(
= 5+
4471
2000 )
La=7.2355 mH

 Field Winding Resistance Rf

(
R f = 40+
N
100)(
= 40+
4471
100 )
R f =84.71 Ω

 Field Winding Inductance Lf

(
Lf = 5+
N
1000 )(
= 5+
4471
1000 )
Lf =9.471 H

 Mutual Inductance Laf

(
Laf = 500+
N
20 )(
= 500+
4471
20 )
Laf =723.55 mH
MATLAB Simulation:

At torque = 0 Nm:
 Simulation Calculations
Armature Current Ia 3.47 A
Field Current If 2.361 A
Speed (rad/sec) 115.9 rad/s
Torque (Nm) 5.927 Nm
Mechanical Torque (Nm) 0 Nm

 Theoretical Calculations
1. Machine Speed
E E 200
w= = =
K E Laf I f 0.72355∗2.361

rad
w=117.08
s
2. Electromechanical Torque
T e =K T I a=Laf I f I a =0.72355∗2.361∗3.47

T e =5.928 Nm

3. Mechanical Output Power

Pout = ( V I a ) −( I 2a R a )= ( 200∗3.47 )−( 3.47 2∗0.5726 )

Pout =687.11W

4. Input Power
P¿ =V∗I a=200∗3.47

P¿ =694 W
5. Efficiency
Pout 687.11
Efficiency= ∗100 %= ∗100 %
P¿ 694
Efficiency=99.01 %
All Results:
These results are calculated as above done using same formulas:

Mechanical Machine Electromechanical Output Input Efficiency

Torque Speed Torque Power Power
0 115.9 5.927 687.1054 694 99.00654
7 114.5 12.92 1479.465 1512.2 97.83529
14 113.2 19.91 2252.285 2330 96.66461
21 111.8 26.89 3006.14 3148 95.49364
28 110.4 33.88 3740.837 3966 94.32267
35 109.1 40.87 4458.104 4786 93.14884
42 107.7 47.86 5154.44 5604 91.97787
49 106.3 54.85 5831.62 6422 90.80691
56 104.9 61.84 6489.642 7240 89.63594
63 103.6 68.83 7128.508 8058 88.46497
70 102.2 75.82 7748.216 8876 87.29401

Speed Vs Torque Graph:

Torque-Speed Curve
120

115
Speed (rad/s)

110

105

100

95
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Torque (Nm)

Graph between torque and speed clearly indicates the inverse relation. The speed of the motor
decrease as the mechanical torque increase. This behaviour is also same for theoretical
expectation of the DC motor that show high load (torque) slow down the motor.
Efficiency Vs Mechanical Load Graph:

Efficiency vs Mechanical Load

100
98
96
94
Efficiency (%)

92
90
88
86
84
82
80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Mechanical Torque (Nm)

Graph between efficiency and mechanical load shows a gradual decrease in the efficiency of
the motor as the mechanical torque increases. This graph indicates that motor shows more
efficiency under low load condition. This decrease can also be cause of increased electrical
and mechanical losses in the motor.

Armature speed control using variable field resistance:

For Load = 30 Nm

Resistance (Ω) Speed (rad/sec)

0 110
20 133.9
40 156.9
60 179.1
80 200.5
100 221
120 240.6
140 259.4
160 277.3
180 294.3
200 310.4
For Load = 60 Nm

Resistance (Ω) Speed (rad/sec)

0 104.2
20 124.9
40 144.2
60 162
80 178.4
100 193.2
120 206.6
140 218.4
160 228.8
180 237.7
200 245.1

This graph behaviour indicates that increase in field resistance also increase the speed of the
motor. This is showing the inverse relation between field resistance and flux that is affecting
the motor speed.

Armature speed control using variable armature voltage:

For Load = 30 Nm

Voltage (V) Speed (rad/sec)

0 -4.898
25 7.755
50 22.37
75 36.98
100 51.59
125 66.2
 150 80.81
175 95.42
200 110
225 124.6
250 139.3

For Load = 60 Nm

Voltage (V) Speed (rad/sec)

0 -10.77
25 1.878
50 16.49
75 31.1
100 45.71
125 60.32
150 74.94
175 89.55
200 104.2
225 118.8
250 133.4

This graph shows direct relation between armature voltage and speed of the motor which is
indicating that armature voltage control armature speed. Increasing armature voltage give
output as high motor speed, this is according to principle of back EMF and speed of the
motor is directly proportional to the armature voltage.
Conclusion:
In this lab report we explore related different operational principle and performance of DC
motor under various conditions. This experiment clearly explains how behaviour of motor
changes by varying torque, field resistance and armature voltage. It is clearly shown that
speed and torque have inverse relationship which indicates speed decrease with increase in
load. This factor is especially important in situations where it's necessary to regulate or
modify motor speed in response to load. Moreover, the test related the control of armature
voltage and field resistance also highlight the immediate effect that they have on the speed of
motor. The sensitivity of DC motors to changes in electrical input was brought to light by the
rise in speed with increased armature voltage and lower field resistance. This is an important
factor to take into account for precise control in a variety of applications. If we talk about test
related efficiency analysis of the motor it decreases as the load increase which is pointing that
balancing performance and energy consumption motor operation should be optimized. It not
only give brief theoretical knowledge related DC motors but also provided practical insights
into their behaviour, which is crucial for designing and implementing motor-driven systems
in real-world scenarios.