TVET Program Title

Level-
Based on March 2022, Version 1 Unit of
Competence

Module Title: Developing Morality, Professional

Ethics and Patriotism
LG Code:
TTLM Code:

March 2022
Adama, Ethiopia
 Table of Contents
LO #1- DEVELOP MORALITY............................................................................................................................. 1
INSTRUCTION SHEET........................................................................................................................................... 1
INFORMATION SHEET-1 DEVELOPING THE CONCEPTS OF MORALITY........................................................................2
Self-Check: - 1.............................................................................................................................................. 5
INFORMATION SHEET-2 IDENTIFYING MORAL PRINCIPLES.....................................................................................6
Self-Check 2............................................................................................................................................... 10
INFORMATION SHEET-3 IDENTIFYING THE SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ETHICS AND MORALITY..............11
Self-Check 3............................................................................................................................................... 15
INFORMATION SHEET-4 DESCRIBING TYPES OF VIRTUES.......................................................................................16
Self-Check 4............................................................................................................................................... 20
INFORMATION SHEET-5 APPLYING MORAL VALUES IN WORK PLACE.......................................................................21
Self-Check 5............................................................................................................................................... 24
INFORMATION SHEET-6 PRACTICING OF MULTICULTURALISM...............................................................................25
Self-Check 6............................................................................................................................................... 34

LO-2 APPLY PROFESSIONAL ETHICS............................................................................................................ 35

INSTRUCTION SHEET......................................................................................................................................... 35
INFORMATION SHEET 1. DEVELOPING PROFESSION AND PROFESSIONALISM.........................................................36
Self-Check 1............................................................................................................................................... 37
INFORMATION SHEET 2. DESCRIBING THE CONCEPT OF ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS................................38
Self-Check 2............................................................................................................................................... 43
INFORMATION SHEET 3 REFLECTING AND EVALUATING ETHICAL PRACTICES IN THE WORK PLACE..........................44
Self-Check 3............................................................................................................................................... 56
INFORMATION SHEET 4 APPLYING CODES OF ETHICS, CONDUCT AND STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE. .57
Self-Check 4............................................................................................................................................... 64
INFORMATION SHEET 5 IDENTIFYING MECHANISMS OF ETHICAL DECISION MAKING................................................65
Self-Check 5............................................................................................................................................... 69
INFORMATION SHEET 6 IDENTIFYING FACTORS THAT AFFECT PROFESSIONAL AND ETHICAL DECISION....................69
Self-Check 6............................................................................................................................................... 73
INFORMATION SHEET 7 PROMOTING ETHICAL STANDARDS AND PRACTICE WITH CLIENTS,......................................74
COLLEAGUES AND OTHERS................................................................................................................................ 74
Self-Check 7............................................................................................................................................... 77

LO #3- DEVELOP THE PRACTICE OF PATRIOTIC PERSONALITY...............................................................78

INSTRUCTION SHEET......................................................................................................................................... 78
INFORMATION SHEET -1 IDENTIFYING THE CONCEPTS AND BASICS OF PATRIOTISM................................................79
Self-Check 1............................................................................................................................................... 83
INFORMATION SHEET -2 DESCRIBING QUALITIES OF PATRIOTIC CITIZEN................................................................84
Self-Check 2............................................................................................................................................... 86
INFORMATION SHEET #3 EXECUTING RESPONSIBILITY...................................................................................87
Self-Check # 3............................................................................................................................................ 92
INFORMATION SHEET #4 DISCUSSING THE CONCEPT OF CORRUPTION.................................................................94
Self-Check 4........................................................................................................................................... 108
INFORMATION SHEET- 5 THE SENSE OF VOLUNTEERISM..................................................................................110
Self-Check # 5.......................................................................................................................................... 111
INFORMATION SHEET - 6 DEVELOPING THE PRACTICE OF INDUSTRIOUSNESS......................................................113
Self-Check -6............................................................................................................................................ 119
References................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
LG # LO #1- Develop morality

Instruction Sheet

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding
the following content coverage and topics –

 Developing the concepts of morality

 Identifying Moral Principles
 Identifying the difference and similarity between moral and ethics
 Describing types of virtues
 Applying moral value in work place
 Practicing multiculturalism

This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –

 Develop the concepts of morality

 Discuss moral principles
 Identify the difference and similarity between moral and ethics
 Describe types of Virtue
 Apply the values of moral
 Practice multiculturalism

Learning Instructions:

1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.

2. Follow the instructions described below.

3. Read the information written in the information Sheets

4. Accomplish the Self-checks

Information Sheet-1 developing the concepts of morality

1.1 Concept of morality

Morality comes from a Latin word “mores” meaning custom, habit, manner, character or
proper behavior. Therefore, the manners you learn like politeness of behavior, way of
saluting, or giving helpful hands for elders, showing sympathy to people during sadness
are valued as morality. Even if what are considered good and bad differs in different
societies, learning moral values is significantly important in a society, because it helps
individuals or groups to live together in peace and unity.

Different scholars define Morality as:

 Those principles and values that actually guide, for better or worse, an individual ‘s
personal conduct (Guy, 2001)
 Morality is the informal system of rational beings by which they govern their
behavior in order to lesson harm or evil and do good, this system, although
informal, enjoys amazing agreement across time and cultures concerning moral
rules, moral ideas and moral virtues (Madden, 2000)

Hence, learning about morality which involves what we ought to do, right and wrong, good
and bad helps us to adjust ourselves in a society we are living in.

1.1.1 Morality and its Application

a) To whom or what does morality apply?

Morality may be applied to four areas:

i. Religion: Morality determined by relation between human being and

supernatural being. In the Jewish and Christian traditions, for example, the first
three of the Ten Commandments pertain to this kind of morality. These
commandments deal with a person’s relationship with God, not with any other
human beings. By violating any of these three commandments, a person could,
according to this particular code of ethics, act immorally toward God without
acting immorally toward anyone else.

ii. Nature: Morality determined by relation between human being and nature.
Natural morality has been prevalent in all primitive cultures, such as that of the
Native American, and in cultures of the Far East.

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 iii. Individuality: Morality refers to individuals in relation to them-selves and to an
individual code of morality that may or may not be sanctioned by any society or
religion. It allows for a “higher morality,” which can be found within the individual
rather than beyond this world in some supernatural realm.

iv. Society: Morality determined by relation between human being and society. It is
probably the most important aspect of morality; in that it cuts across all of the
other aspects and is found in more ethical systems than any of the others. For a
majority of ethicists, the most important human moral issues arise when human
beings come together in social groups and begin to conflict with one another.
Even though the Jewish and Christian ethical systems, for example, importune
human beings to love and obey God, both faiths, in all of their divisions and
sects, have a strong social message.

b) Who is morally responsible? Should only human beings be held morally

responsible?

Humans have a moral sense because their biological makeup determines the presence of
three necessary conditions for ethical behavior:

i. The ability to anticipate the consequences of one's own actions;

ii. The ability to make value judgments; and

iii. The ability to choose between alternative courses of action.

Are all animals non-moral? Is domesticating animals’ moral?

As long as you think it is acceptable to kill and eat animals, the more abstract argument about
domesticating animals to use as “pets” is not likely to resonate. Domestication is morally
wrong but they are here now and they need our care. Their lives are as important to them as
our lives are to us. Example, are Dolphin’s moral? Some animals are capable of responding to
moral motivations due to their sophisticated cognitive abilities - such as elephants, cetaceans
(whales and dolphins) and primates - and are capable of feeling things like empathy,
compassion, pain and loss of a loved one.

c) Where does Morality come from?

Morality can be considered as having a subjective or objective origin. As objective there are
three possibilities for the origin of value:

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 i. Values are given by a supernatural being.

ii. Values are part of the fabric of nature.

iii. Values are part of the ‘furniture’ of the world, independently of human beings.

These possible explanations of the origin of values are expressed in the ‘supernatural theory’,
the theory of ‘natural law’ and ‘objectivism’.

As subjective, the origin of value is related to human beings. Without human beings,
subjectivist theorists argue, there would be no value.

1.1.2 Forms of Morality

We can separate morality into two forms:

i. Customary/Traditional morality: Traditional morality refers to the moral systems

handed down through custom from generation to generation. We might call this
static morality

ii. Reflective morality: Reflective morality requires that moral ideas are carefully
examined and tested. Traditional morality can become reflective and dynamic when
those moral ideas that are simply handed down and accepted are subjected to
analysis and criticism.

1.1.3 The relation between Morality with Law and Religion

Morality also overlaps with Law and Religion but shouldn’t be confused with them.

i. Morality and law. Morality and law are not the same although of course they
overlap. Law might be thought of as a public codification of morality for a culture,
although certain laws in that system, or even the system itself, might be deemed
immoral, e.g., apartheid. Law is not a necessary attribute of morality although
morality may well be thought to be a necessary attribute of law.

ii. Morality and religion. Is morality dependent upon religion?

Morality need not be based exclusively on religion for five reasons.

 Supernatural existence cannot be proven.

 Non-religious people can be moral.
 Religious foundation for ethics is difficult to establish.
 No religion would be best ethically

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  We could not show that one religion is best

iii. Why should human beings be moral?

 Enlightened self-interest – I will be better off

 Tradition and law – best to do because some authority says so
 Shared human needs, goals, desires and objectives

Generally, morality deals with humans and how they relate to others and the world around
them. It deals with how we treat one another so as to promote what is good and right.

1.1.4 Purpose of morality

The purpose of morality is constituted in the five purposes to:

i. Keep society from falling apart;

ii. Ameliorate human suffering;

iii. Promote human flourishing;

iv. Resolve conflict of interest justly and orderly

v. Assign praise, blame, reward, punishment and guilt

Self-Check: - 1 Written Test

Instructions: Answer all the questions listed below. Illustrations may be necessary to aid
some explanations/answers. Write your answers in the sheet provided in the next page.

Direction: 1 chooses the best answer. Each question contains 2%

1. …………...involves what we ought to do, right and wrong, good and bad helps us
to adjust ourselves in a society

A. Ethics B. Morality C. Civics D. Politics

2. To what does morality apply?

A. Religion B. Culture C. Nature D. All of the above

3. Which of the following is not the characteristic of reflective morality?

A. Static B. Dynamic C. Flexible D.B and C

4. Why Morality need not be based exclusively on religion?

A. Supernatural existence can be proven.

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 B. Religious people can be moral.

C. Religious foundation for ethics is difficult to establish.

D. Religion would be best ethically

Direction: 2 Give short and precise answer for the following questions .Each question
contain 2%

1. Who is morally responsible?

2. Mention the main source of morality.

Note: Satisfactory rating above 6 points unsatisfactory below 6 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Information Sheet-2 Identifying Moral Principles

2.1 Moral principles

Moral principles are principles based on reason and rationality. They guide us on what we
should do, what qualities we should nourish, and what kind of lives we should look for.
Moreover, the application of moral principles should not be limited to a specific society or
culture.

2.1.1Types of Moral Principles

There are two types of moral principles: absolute and relative. Moral absolutism is an
ethical view that certain actions are intrinsically right or wrong. Moral relativism believes
there are no absolute rules to what are right or wrong, and that moral principles can
change depending on the situation.

i. Absolute Moral Principles

Absolute moral principles are based on universal truths about the nature of human beings.
For example, murder is wrong because it goes against the natural order of things. These
are also sometimes called normative moral principles, or those that are generally accepted
by society. Below are some examples of absolute moral principles:

 Don't kill.
 Speak the truth.
 Be careful with what you say and do to others.
 Respect the property of others.

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  Treat people in need or distress as we would want to be treated if our situation
were reversed.

ii. Relative Moral Principles

Relative moral principles are based on opinions and circumstances that may change over
time or from person to person or for different situations. Relative moral principles depend
on a person's beliefs. Relativism is to what people perceive as good or bad in relation to
themselves. In other words, when someone says something is good, in most cases they
are really saying it is good for them, or perhaps it contributes to their well-being. Below are
some examples of relative moral principles including:

 It is morally wrong to spend money on a luxury item.

 It is morally right to care for our planet and preserve it for future generations.

2.1.2 Impacts of Moral Principles

Moral principles are important for society because they help people learn how to get along
and live well with each other. They teach us that all human beings deserve the same
rights, which is why it's not okay to discriminate against someone based on their ethnicity
or race. People who follow moral principles also tend to have a better quality of life than
those who don't.

Moral principles can also impact an individual's identity and sense of self-worth. For
example, someone who is honest may feel that they are a good person because they
follow the moral principle to be truthful at all times. And for people with strong values about
equality, it might make them feel better about themselves when they don't discriminate
against people who are different from them.

In general, moral principles are beneficial both to society and the individual person.
However, blindly following moral principles without considering their origin or using your
judgment based on the situation can be problematic. The best course of action is usually
to adhere to a set of moral principles that align with your beliefs and society as a whole but
to also consider each situation individually and weigh the cost of adhering to your morals
in terms of its impact on other individuals.

2.1.3 Ways to Develop Good Moral Principles

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There are various ways to develop moral principles that transcend culture, religion, and
country. If you are just starting on your moral journey, you might consider exploring morals
in various philosophical texts. However, there are also many practical steps a person can
take to develop good moral principles:

 Think about what you would do when faced with an ethical dilemma and why
you would make those decisions.
 Ask yourself what you think is right or wrong and make sure that your actions
are in line with those thoughts.
 Watch out for double standards, like being nice to one person while not being
so kind to another.
 If it helps, write down a list of moral principles and post them where they're
easy to see, like on a mirror or in your workspace.
 Don't worry if you're not perfectly adhering to your moral principles. The
important thing is that you are trying your best.

2.1.4 Moral Characters in School or College

Moral (character) education, then, encompasses deliberate efforts to help the young learn,
practice, and apply moral virtues and character habits that will help them individually live
good lives – and at the same time become productive, contributing citizens.

Examples of Legal judgments of good moral character at school or college can include
consideration of honesty, trustworthiness, diligence, reliability, respect for the law,
integrity, candour, discretion, observance of fiduciary duty, and respect for the rights of
others, absence of hatred and racism, fiscal responsibility, mental and emotional stability

2.1.5 Practice of morality in the work place

Morality, whatever else may be said about it, is about things over which we have control
that lead to bettering human life. It is different in every society, and is a convenient term for
socially apply habits. Moral is how your employees feel about coming to work every day,
how they approach their assigned tasks, and their attitude about the direction the company
is taking. Put simply, employee morale is the culmination of job satisfaction, life outlook,
and attitude.

Having moral character in the workplace helps you to become the type of leader who
inspires your employees. It keeps you in tune with their needs and gives you the urge to

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reward them favourably for their accomplishments. Employees with good morals set a
positive example for their co-workers.

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 Self-Check 2 Written Test

Instructions: Answer all the questions listed below. Illustrations may be necessary to aid
some explanations/answers. Write your answers in the sheet provided in the next page.

Direction: 1 chooses the best answer. Each question contains 2%

1___________principle is based on universal truths about the nature of human beings.

A. Absolut
B. Relative
C. morality
D. ethics
2. ___________principles depend on a person's beliefs.
A. Absolutism
B. Relative
C. Morality
D. Ethics
Direction: 2 Give short and precise answer for the following questions. Each question
contains 2%
1. Discuss impact of moral principle?
2. What ways to what are the ways to develop moral principles?
3. How do you have good moral character in the workplace to become the type
of leader who inspires your employees?
Note: Satisfactory rating 5 and above points unsatisfactory below 5 points

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 Information Sheet-3 Identifying the similarity and difference between Ethics and
Morality

3.1 The Similarity and Difference between Ethics and Morality

Violation of morality brings social and religious condemnation or guilt of conscience that ache
you inside. Therefore, your morality is a general reflection showing to what extent you are
attached to the generally accepted behavior or norms of the society. Ethics refers to the well-
founded standards of a society about what is “right” and “wrong”, usually in terms of rights,
obligations, and benefits to the society, fairness, or specific virtues such as like honesty,
compassion, and loyalty. All these things are considered ethical because they are supported
by well-founded reasons.

For instance, lifesaving abortion is an ethical value for a practitioner doctor while for an
individual in a society could be considered immoral to terminate the fetus. In both cases, for
the doctor it is a professional ethics that is considered good to save the life of the troubled
pregnant woman and on the other hand it could be bad to hear even about abortion for an
individual who believes the action to be immoral.

3.1.1 The similarity between ethics and morality

The similarity between ethics and morality are as follows:

 When ethics represents the judgment of right and wrong, Morality helps support
it by refinements.
 Ethics studies the behavior, and Morality provides the practical guidance of that
behavior.
 Both the terms are used to indicate a fine line between what activities should be
considered good and what should be considered bad.
 Both ethics and morality work side by side to make the learning of good
activities faster.
 Both concepts help any individual to be a better person.
 Both these qualities are desirable for a person.
 Both the terms are interconnected in the way that Morality helps keep alive the
essence of ethics and its value.
 Both ethics and morals are rules or principles which govern how we perceive
right or wrong

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  In certain situations, morals and ethics might not be in conflict, meaning a
person could preserve his/her moral integrity, while respecting the ethical
principles of, for example, his/her workplace

3.1.2 The difference between ethics and morality

The difference between ethics and morality is explained here in detail.

Table 1. The difference between ethics and moral

Basis for Morals Ethics

Comparison
Meaning Morals are the beliefs of the Ethics are the guiding principles
individual or group as to what is which help the individual or
right or wrong. group to decide what is good or
bad.
What is it? General principles set by group Response to a specific situation

Root word Mos which means custom Ethitos which means character
Governed By Social and cultural norms Individual or Legal and
Professional norms
Deals with Principles of right and wrong Right and wrong conduct
Applicability in No (legally not to be obligated) Yes (legality is applied)
Business
Consistency Morals may differ from society to Ethics are generally uniform.
society and culture to culture.
Expression Morals are expressed in the Ethics are abstract.
form of general rules and
statements.
Freedom to No Yes
think and
choose
Perspective seen from the perspective of an dependent on the prism of
individual. others
Change Change in Morality depends on there will be some degree of

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 Basis for Morals Ethics
Comparison
the change in the beliefs of an flexibility in ethics when there is
individual change
Course of action a person believes that it is the society has decided that it is the
right course of action. right course of action
Belief has a religious connotation usually associated in the field of
law, medicine or business and d
religious connotation
Judgment the effort to guide one ‘s conduct Ethics is the development of
by reason while giving equal reasonable standards and
weight to the interests of each procedures for ethical decision-
individual making

Source

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xki2fRA0bY8

Case Study

Idris and Mentewabe are shop-keepers in the neighborhood. Both of them had lived for long
in our neighborhood. These days they are busy in collecting sugar from kebele distribution
shops in collaboration with corrupted staffs and claim to make in their terms “good business “
by selling to contraband traders with a lucrative profit. So being greedy they had no heart to
even set aside one quintal for the troubled neighbors and always respond sequar yelem! (no
sugar).

Activity

Based on the case study discuss the following questions.

i. Form a group of five and discuss from the ethical aspects and morality of the
behaviors of Indris and Mentewabe.

ii. Where does their business ethics lay and morality towards their neighbors they
have lived together so long?

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 Self-Check 3 Written Test

Instructions: Answer all the questions listed below. Illustrations may be necessary to aid
some explanations/answers. Write your answers in the sheet provided in the next page.

Direction:1 Fill the appropriate words for the following questions .Each question
contains 2%

1. ____________focuses on social and cultural norms.

2. There will be some degree of flexibility in ___________ when there is change.

Direction:2 Give short and precise answer for the following questions .Each question
contain 4%

1. Compare and contrast ethics and morality.

Note: Satisfactory rating 4 and above points unsatisfactory below 4 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

4.1. Information Sheet-4 Describing Virtue and its Types

Describing Virtues

Virtues mean goodness or the state of being good. An example of goodness is volunteering
to serve meals at a homeless shelter. Virtues are also attitudes or character that enables us
to be and to act in ways that develop our highest potential. They enable us to pursue the
ideals we have adopted. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity,
fairness, self-control, and prudence are all examples of virtues.

Types of Virtues

 Moral virtue:

Moral virtue is the disposition or tendency to do the right thing and avoid doing wrong. We
develop this disposition over time and through training. In other words, a good character is
an achievement, not a natural endowment. “Doing right” becomes second nature to us, if
we have developed our moral character properly. We must strive to achieve a virtuous
character, and we do this by constantly practicing the virtues and thereby developing a
good character.

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Moral virtues are excellences of people. They're parts of people's character that helps
them live well. Usual suspects for moral virtues are courage, temperance (moderation),
and wisdom. It's a part of something that makes that thing better. For instance, a sharp
blade is the virtue of a knife. It helps the knife do its job well. Patience is a moral virtue. It
helps you avoid things that take you away from a flourishing and happy life. But how does
patience lead you toward happiness?

The four fundamental moral virtues are courage, temperance, justice and prudence. A
courageous person shows just the right amount of bravery and displays a virtuous
character. Only reason can tell us what is exactly the right amount of bravery, and once it
does, a person must practice and develop the virtue of courage so that acting
courageously becomes habitual.

There are also other moral virtues include: trustworthiness, honesty, generosity, civility,
sincerity, gentleness, reliability, warmth, dependability, cooperativeness, empathy, tact,
kindness, tolerance, benevolence, etc.

 Civic Virtues:

Civic virtue is an important concept in many contemporary societies, and it has been for a
long time. Essentially, civic virtue means that individuals have a duty to their communities
and their societies that they should place above their own desires.

Important Civic Virtue Characteristics

There are a number of important civic virtue characteristics that must be understood to get
a full picture of what civic virtue is and how it works in practice. These include:

 Self-sacrifice: Putting the needs of a community over one's own needs is one
of the most deeply rooted parts of civic virtue.
 Participation: Participation in government and in the community is part of what
makes one a good citizen.
 Doing one's part: The idea of civic virtue is that each individual has their own
duties that help make society function as well as possible.
 Cooperation: Being a cooperative member of society, obeying the law, and
working well with others are some of the things that proponents of civic virtue
promote
 Civility: is a social virtue that is indispensable to open political discourse and
reasoned disagreement. A civil person is willing to engage others in respectful

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 dialogue without scorn or insult, even when the issues are intensely important or
disagreement runs deep.
 Compassion is the ability to feel sorrow over another person’s suffering, and to
express that sorrow in a way that is intended to alleviate that suffering.
 Fairness is a central virtue both for individuals and for social institutions.
Fairness is characterized by impartiality (a lack of favoritism).
 Ethics Virtue: Virtue of Ethics claims that the main task of ethics is to give us
knowledge of what is the right type of person, or what is a “good” person. Virtue
ethics asks: what kind of character must a person have to be a moral human
being? The six pillars that they identified as being the most important
characteristics of an ethical virtue are:

i. Trustworthiness. Includes integrity, promise-keeping, and loyalty.

ii. Respect. Treating everyone with respect, regardless of any biases or

provocations.

iii. Responsibility. Includes accountability, pursuit of excellence, and self-

restraint.

iv. Justice and fairness. Includes equity and demonstrating due process.

v. Caring. Showing concern for others. Showing consideration for decisions

that affect others.

vi. Civic virtue and citizenship. Being socially conscious. Demonstrating concern
for one’s community.

 Physical virtue: Physical Virtues include speed, strength, coordination, and so

on.
 Social virtue: Concerned with society with our relationships with our fellow
members, it is dealing with wealth and expenditures, honor and reputation,
humor and anger, since the ways in which we handle these activities, goods,
and emotions either enhance or disrupt human life on the individual and
communal levels.
Social virtue makes reference to the active role of all members within society, in
the adhering to the principle of moral fairness in relation with all matters of the
economy, such as commerce and trade. Such a measure entails the moral self-
applied restraint and discipline of every individual within society, refraining from

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 partaking in the excessive pursuit of the accumulating materialistic wealth which
is an attribute of greed. Which inevitably results in the over pricing or charging of
essential produce and goods, a prospect which is the leading cause for the
manifestation of corruption and inevitably hunger and poverty within society.
Social virtue is an important attribute and element of the moral and idealist
equilibrium economies.
 Intellectual virtues: Are the virtues of understanding. We all have the ability to
perceive Truth, but some refine this ability into a virtue. Intellectual virtues
include the effective use of language, logical reasoning, and the ability to identify
likenesses and differences, and so on. The cardinal intellectual virtue is wisdom.

 Spiritual virtues can be summarized by the words “Faith, hope, and love”
oriented towards God.

Table 2. Samples of Virtues

Physical Social Civic Ethical / Moral Spiritual Intellectual

Virtues Virtues Virtues Practical Virtues virtue Virtue
Virtues
The The Ends: The Ends: The Ends: The Ends: The The Ends:
Ends: Health of responsible Health of Moral Ends: Understandin
objective Relationship personality Action Happiness moral g the logic
Physical s (Ethics) sprite
Health
Fitness Friendship Self- Duty Justice Faith Wisdom
sacrifice
Beauty Empathy / Fairness Prudence Wisdom Hope
Sympathy /
Resolutio
n
Strength Good Will civility Humility Temperanc Love
/cooperatio e
n
Wealth Cooperation Compassio Honor Courage

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 / n
Competition

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 Self-Check 4 Written Test

Instructions: Answer all the questions listed below. Illustrations may be necessary to aid
some explanations/answers. Write your answers in the sheet provided in the next page.

Direction: 1 chooses the best answer. Each question contains 2%

1…………... meaning goodness or the state of being good.

A. Ethics virtue B. Virtue C. Civic Virtue D. Intellectual Virtue

2. ………….. is the disposition or tendency to do the right thing and avoid doing wrong.

A. Moral Virtue B. Social Virtue C. Physical Virtue D. Intellectual Virtue

2. …………. Which of the following is the end result of moral virtue?

A. Wisdom B. Happiness C. Physical Health Relationship

Note: Satisfactory rating 6 and above points

Unsatisfactory points below 6 points

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Information Sheet-5 Applying Moral values in work place

5.1 Applying Moral Values in Work Place

Moral values are relative values that protect life and are respectful of the dual life value of
self and others. The great moral values, such as truth, freedom, charity, etc., have one
thing in common. When they are functioning correctly, they are life protecting or life
enhancing for all. But they are still relative values. Our relative moral values must be
constantly examined to make sure that they are always performing their life-protecting
mission.

5.1.1 Common Core Moral Values Descriptions for the Workplace

i. Autonomy

The ability to work in a way that is most conducive to performing at your best is something
both you and the company may value. As an employee, you may want to feel empowered
to make decisions and take action. Many companies prefer to give you the flexibility to
work at your own pace and in your own way as long as you continue to meet satisfactory
performance standards.

ii. Integrity

Valuing integrity in the workplace means that you strive to do the right thing, even when
you think no one is looking. You may also value honesty, transparency and a commitment
to doing what’s best for your clients, customers, teammates and company.

iii. Innovation

Challenge yourself to see what’s possible to better meet the needs of your team, your
customers and your company. You are a work in progress, striving to improve and do
better. Think of creative ways to solve tough problems. Take calculated risks. Finding new
ways to solve a problem moves the company

iv. Growth

Many people and companies believe that the growth of a company comes with the
professional growth of the team. Valuing growth means that you have to drive to
continuously improve both yourself and the business. Growth is based on mutual success

v. Service

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Being service-minded or customer-oriented means that you care about providing a quality
experience to the clients you serve. This value can also extend to include supporting your
community and your team. Valuing service means that you aim to provide a meaningful
experience to the people you serve and support.

5.1.2 Values of moral judgments

Moral judgments are evaluations or opinions formed as to whether some action or

inaction, intention, motive, character trait, or a person as a whole is (more or less) good or
bad as measured against some standard of Good.

Object of Moral Judgment

A moral judgement as distinguished from a factual judgement is a judgement upon the

action of an individual that can be evaluated as good or bad, right or wrong. Obviously, it is
a judgement upon the voluntary action of the individual.

Some Requirements to make Moral Judgement in the Work Place

i. Actions

Moral judgements are not passed upon all kinds of action, but only upon conduct. But
conduct or willed action has two aspects. It is will and it is action, it involves

ii. Intensions

Intention is the object of moral Judgement. It includes the motive or the idea of the end as
well as the idea of the means. An action is good if its intention is good, in other words, if
the end as well as the means adopted is good. The end never justifies the means. Thus
the motive alone does not determine the moral quality of an action.

Intention is the object of moral judgement. It is intention including motive that determines
the moral quality of an action. An action is right when the intention of the agent is good. An
action is bad or wrong when the motive or the end and the means are good; an action is
wrong if either of them is "bad.

iii. Situations

The possibility to make judgments as to how one ought to act in concrete situations
requires antecedent moral principles. In the absence of such principles there is no rational
basis for making such judgments. The possibility to make judgments as to how one ought
to act in concrete situations implies:

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  The situations about which we make such judgments must already have moral
significance independently of the principles one may bring to bear upon them; and
 The rightness or wrongness of one's actions in concrete situations depends on this
moral significance of situations.

iv. Character

Intention is not an isolated mental phenomenon. Intention is the expression of the

character. We pass moral judgments on the character of a person when we want to
determine his moral worth. But we do not determine the moral quality of an action by
considering the character of the agent, because a person of good character has not
always a good intention and similarly a person of bad character may not have necessarily
a bad intention always.

For example, People articulate a moral judgment when they say that an action is right or
wrong, that a person is good or bad, or that a situation is just or unjust. Athletes frequently
make moral judgments about moral issues that arise in sports, and such judgments have
been investigated by sport psychologists.

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 Self-Check 5 Written Test

Instructions: Answer all the questions listed below. Illustrations may be necessary to aid
some explanations/answers. Write your answers in the sheet provided in the next page.

Direction: 1 Choose the best answer. Each question contains 2%

1. _________Which of the following common core values find new ways to solve a
problem and improve the productivity of the company?

A. Integrity B. Autonomy C. Innovation D. Growth

2._________ is relative values that protect life and are respectful of the dual life value of

self and others.

A. Moral Virtue B. Moral Value C. Ethical Virtue D. Virtue

3.__________are evaluations or opinions formed as to whether some action or inaction,

intention, motive, character trait, or a person as a whole is good or bad

A. Moral Principles B. Moral Virtue C. Moral Value D. Moral Judgment

Direction: 2 Give short and precise answer for the following questions. Each question
contain 4%

1. Explain the requirements to apply moral judgement

Note: Satisfactory rating 5 and above points unsatisfactory below 5 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

Information Sheet-6 Practicing of Multiculturalism 6.1

C
ulture

Culture is a broad term that encompasses various unique ways of doing things in a certain
society. It can be divided as material and immaterial culture. Material culture includes

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clothes, household utensils, tools, houses and ornaments. The immaterial/non material
culture includes language, beliefs, values and norms.

i. The relation between morality and culture

Culture reflects the moral and ethical beliefs and standards that speak to how people
should behave and interact with others. They act as prescriptions for correct and moral
behavior, lend meaning and coherence to life, and provide a means of achieving a sense
of integrity, safety, and belonging.

ii. The difference between morality and culture

Normative ethical relativism theory says that the moral rightness and wrongness of actions
varies from society to society and that there are no absolute universal moral standards
binding on all men at all times. Each culture establishes the basic values and principles
that serve as the foundation for morality

iii. Diverse cultural groups

Despite various styles, unique ways of getting things done, it is however, important to treat
all cultures equally. Because, having cultural diversity means having different dressing
styles, traditional foods, cultural dances etc. making; for example, Ethiopia beautiful and
interesting country

6.1.1 Elements of work place culture

Culture is fairly nebulous and subjective but culture comprises a few specific elements:
artifacts, stories, rituals, heroes, symbols, beliefs, attitudes and values.

 Artefacts

Are physical items found to have particular symbolism for a company. This could include
an early product line or the napkin that comprised the original idea for the company.
Artefacts remind us of things created from an earlier time.

 Stories

Culture is often disseminated through stories about past events and people. These stories
could be true or elaborations on a nugget of truth. The story might be of heroism or just
plain luck.

 Rituals

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Rituals are the repeated actions your company takes. These actions might be cantered on
ceremonies, such as a promotion or a retirement. They may also be associated with
employee celebrations, such as the release of a new product or the closing of a large sale,
or they might be companywide, like the annual holiday party. The predictability of the
rituals and the depth of their meaning combined to help keep organizational culture strong.

 Heroes

Heroes are the folks other employees look to emulate. These folks could be anyone
throughout the organization, from the founders to new hires. A hero might be a customer
success representative who went out of his or her way to delight a customer or the
programmer who spent a little extra time to make the latest release contain one fewer bug.
These people symbolize and teach others the ideal behaviours and norms of the
workplace culture.

 Symbols

Cultural symbols can be found throughout an organization, from how people greet one
another to the clothes each person wears. Symbols can indicate status and trigger certain
behaviours. A military uniform is full of symbols. It tells others who salute first and the
importance of the person wearing it. An office's decor is also filled with symbols. The style
of furniture, items hung and even the colour of the walls all contribute to telling everyone
more about the people who inhabit it.

Beliefs

People within organizations will often have shared beliefs. These beliefs unify the group's
understanding of the world and provide a foundation for action. This can smooth out
communication between subgroups but can also become a blinder if not checked.

 Attitudes

Is your organization laid back, rigid, direct or political? Attitudes are the external
manifestations of underlying beliefs that people use to signal to others’ said beliefs. How
do people within your organization treat one another? Are people open to change and new
ideas or is there a rigorous hierarchy that dictates the attitudes of individuals?

 Values

Values are the rules that everyone agrees to abide by within the group, and these can be
seen throughout all of the other elements of culture. Cultural values shouldn’t just be a list

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that is framed sitting next to the bathrooms; they should be lived and used to make
decisions.

6.2 Multiculturalism

It is the view that cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly those of minority groups,
deserve special acknowledgment of their differences within a dominant political culture.
That acknowledgment can take the forms of recognition of contributions to the cultural life
of the political community as a whole, a demand for special protection under the law for
certain cultural groups, or autonomous rights of governance for certain cultures.

Multiculturalism is both a response to the fact of cultural pluralism in modern democracies

and a way of compensating cultural groups for past exclusion, discrimination, and
oppression. Most modern democracies comprise members with diverse cultural
viewpoints, practices, and contributions. Many minority cultural groups have experienced
exclusion or the denigration of their contributions and identities in the past. Multiculturalism
seeks the inclusion of the views and contributions of diverse members of society while
maintaining respect for their differences and withholding the demand for their assimilation
into the dominant culture.

6.2.1 Cultural diversity

Culture is considered to be the underlying values that direct how people behave. Cultural
diversity in the workplace is a result of practices, values, traditions, or beliefs of employees
based on race, age, ethnicity, religion, or gender.

Economic globalization is one of the driving forces of cultural diversity in the workplace.
The modern workforce is made up of people of different genders, ages, ethnicity, religions,
and nationalities. Employers have realized that workforce diversity provides both material
and intangible benefits.

In order for employers to reap the benefits of cultural diversity in the workplace, they must
communicate their commitment to addressing the challenges of a diverse workforce.
Employers must be seen to be celebrating their employees’ diversity to avoid workplace
issues, like awkwardness and hostility.

6.2.2 Types of diversity

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Diversity in the workforce refers to specific groups of people who have typically
experienced discrimination. To help these employees’ overcome barriers at work, many
companies have created diversity and inclusion programs.

When you think about diversity, it can mean a lot of things. Here are just some of the
different types of diversity in the workplace.

 Race – Race is may be one of the first things you think of when you think about
diversity. Employees of colour have often faced challenges — getting hired, being
accepted by the co-workers, receiving fair compensation.
 Education – Not everyone’s path to employment is the same. Having a mix of
educational backgrounds is a huge asset to an organization, but can also create
conflict.
 Ethnicity – As the workforce becomes more and more global, ethnic diversity might
bring about language barriers or cultural differences in how business is carried out.
 Gender – According to the World Economic Forum, it will take 208 years to reach
gender equality in the U.S. Cultural diversity in the workplace also applies to
gender.
 Religion – Religious diversity can impact your staff’s dress, dietary requirements,
and request for particular days off.
 Workers with disabilities – Diversity in the workplace also applies to workers with
disabilities. Whether impairments from vision, learning, or mental health, diversity
comes in many ways. As a result, companies need to ensure that their diversity and
inclusion programs recognize and make provision for the wide spectrum of
disabilities.

6.2.3 Challenges of multiculturalism

There are two primary objections to multiculturalism. One is that multiculturalism privileges
the good of certain groups over the common good, thereby potentially eroding the
common good in favour of a minority interest.

National unity could become impossible if people see themselves as members of ethnic or
racial groups rather than as citizens of a common country. The second is that
multiculturalism undermines the notion of equal individual rights, thereby weakening the
political value of equal treatment. Equal individual rights could be set aside or deprecated
in favour of rights that are possessed by the group

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 6.2.4 Workplace Issues Involving Cultural Diversity

Every company that’s emerged as a positive example of cultural diversity has faced issues
in relation to facilitating people from different groups to work cohesively. HR personnel and
the company’s leadership should be responsive to these issues. The following are some
diversity workplace issues that you might need to address:

 Conflict – This occurs when discrimination, prejudice, lack of respect, and racism
are allowed to fester in a workplace. Intolerant attitudes can turn into open conflict if
companies don’t take the correct steps to show that any type of discrimination won’t be
tolerated.

 Harassment – Training should be provided as to what constitutes harassment.

Employees who harass others should be dealt with according to company procedures.
Like all the other issues arising from diversity in the workplace, harassment can have a
devastating effect on employees and the company as a whole. Uber is an example of a
company that has suffered damage as a result of harassment claims.

 Disregarding needs – Some companies ignore the needs of disabled employees

by failing to provide them with the necessary equipment to access all facilities and to
undertake their jobs. Employers need to lead the way in creating a comfortable workplace
for all of its employees, irrespective of whether they have a disability.

6.2.5 Managing Diversity in the Workplace

The issues around a diverse workplace can be managed and mitigated if employers take
active steps to ensure that their companies are recognized for tolerance and acceptance.

Here are some tips for managing diversity in the workplace:

 Create written policies – Companies should include their policy in relation to

diversity in their employee handbook. The policy should contain information about non-
discrimination laws, the code of conduct, and the compensation and benefits policy.

 Provide sensitivity training – Employees should be provided with sensitivity

training to create a better workplace culture. Sensitivity training can help employees to
value views that are different, understand words, and actions that cause offense and what
needs to be done if they’ve been offended.

 Create an accountability plan

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Use regular surveys to check in on your progress, and have a plan in place for how you’re
going to ensure staff upholds these policies.

 Address micro-aggressions

Micro-aggressions are “thinly veiled, everyday instances of racism, homophobia, sexism

(and more) that you see in the world.

 Impose a zero-tolerance policy – After employees have received the handbook

and training about diversity issues, the company needs to set the tone about how
violations will be dealt with. Employees should be aware that inappropriate behaviour will
not be tolerated and every reported incident will be taken seriously.

6.2.6 Multiculturalism in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is one of the most diverse nations in the world inhabited around 84 ethnic groups.
The essence of multiculturalism in Ethiopia is to develop harmonious coexistence among
people from diverse ethnic, social and cultural backgrounds. Embedding cultural and local
knowledge dimensions would enhance learners' ability to deal with different educational
and cultural identities constructively to unit a diverse group of individuals for a common
national goal. Ethiopian universities are centres of multiculturalism.

The current Ethiopian regime has used the ethnic federalism policy to restructure
Ethiopia’s geopolitical, social and education policies along ethnic and linguistic lines. The
official discourse of Ethiopian ethnic federalism and multicultural policies has emphasized
the liberal values of diversity, tolerance, and recognition of minority groups. However, its
application has resulted in negative ethnicity and social conflicts among different ethnic
groups.

7. Importance of Diversity Culture in Ethiopia

Level of awareness and understanding on each other’s cultural values and features
among nations and nationalities of the country will be increased. Mutual respect and
understanding among nations, nationalities and peoples on the basis of equality will be
enhanced. Multiculturalism is the key to achieving a high degree of cultural diversity.
Diversity occurs when people of different races, nationalities, religions, ethnicities, and

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philosophies come together to form a community. A truly diverse society is one that
recognizes and values the cultural differences in its people. Today, entire countries,
workplaces, and schools are increasingly made up of various cultural, racial, and ethnic
groups. By recognizing and learning about these various groups, communities build trust,
respect, and understanding across all cultures. Communities and organizations in all
settings benefit from the different backgrounds, skills, experiences, and new ways of
thinking that come with cultural diversity

7 Advantages and Disadvantages of multiculturalism

i. Advantages

There is no doubt that the multiculturalism will bring many advantages.

 It will boost the tourism industry, increase employment and income, raise
local government revenue; hence multiculturalism is good for economy.
 Better mutual understanding could be great helpful to eliminate deep-rooted
prejudice and racist issues.
 It enhances openness and inspire creativity, they might blend different
cultures together and creature new unique food, architecture, music, and
culture.
 Innovation and creativity: Immigrants from different nations bring a great
source of diverse knowledge and experience. They help improve trade and
bring a lot of creativity and innovation to a country.
 Economic growth: Doing business with people from different cultural
jurisdictions like immigrants can bring in new skills in the business. This helps a
business tap into local and international markets which contributes to economic
growth.
 Community flavour and flair: Ethnic restaurants and stores add flavour and
colour to communities to attract tourists through their cultural celebrations,
diverse cultural foods, and participation in local festivals.
 Understand people: Multiculturalism helps us understand diverse cultures and
lets us know how to get along or interact with people from different cultures.
 Know what culture to take up: It enables you to find out what other cultures
can be combined or used in your culture.
 Learn different languages: You can be friends with people from different
nations and as you interact with them, you can learn their language.

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  Know religion and traditions: Multiculturalism gives you an opportunity to
know other countries and know new traditions, new cultures, and religions by
interacting with them.

 Skilled migrant labor: A multi ethnic country is a home for many immigrants
with the majority of them being a highly skilled work force. The skilled workforce
brings a mix of cultural experience needed for problem-solving and creating a
strong team.

ii. Disadvantages

The side effects of multiculturalism are limited but still worth to be mentioned:
 Religious conflicts: Different religious beliefs bring a lot of conflicts
within the community and can bring tribal clashes.

 Language barrier: People from different cultures use different languages

or terms which are different from that of the natives creating some barrier
in communication.

 Dealing with different cultures: It is difficult for people to deal with

different cultures, understanding their believes and norms.
 Fear of influence: Dealing with a multicultural society creates some fear
among the individuals that they may lose their original culture and
identity by adopting cultures from others inform of lifestyle, dressing, and
other attributes of foreign cultures.
 Bring differences in the society: People from different nationalities
bring everything from their homeland and the natives are not fond of that
since it brings a lot of changes.
 Education: Children from ethnic minority cultures or immigrants may
take longer to be accustomed to the local culture and this affects their
academic performance.
 Risk of social conflicts: A social conflict can occur due to differences in
beliefs, practices, and ethnic rituals. Certain ways of life may cause
conflicts between two or more groups.
 Difficult managing multicultural workforce: It is very demanding to
manage a multicultural workforce. The minority group may feel

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 overwhelmed by adopting diverse cultures. This makes it difficult for the
multicultural team to collaborate.
 Dependent on another culture: It diminishes’ one’s culture and leads to
dependent on another culture through learning new traditions and new
ways of thinking.
 Phase-out of defined cultures: A multicultural world results in phasing
out of defined cultures existing throughout history.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kl1stKmU5EY

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 Self-Check 6 Written Test

Instructions: Answer all the questions listed below. Illustrations may be necessary to aid
some explanations/answers. Write your answers in the sheet provided in
the next page.
Direction: 1 Choose the best answer. Each question contains 2%
1. ___________ is both a response to the fact of cultural pluralism in modern
democracies and a way of compensating cultural groups for past exclusion,
discrimination, and oppression.
A. Culture Multiculturalism C. Religion D. Language
2. Which of the following are not key areas of diversity and their characteristics?
A. Culture, race, ethnicity
B. Uniformity
C. Religious or spiritual beliefs.
D. Gender including transgender

Direction: 2 Give short and precise answer for the following questions. Each question
contains 2%
1. Write at least two challenges of multiculturalism
2. Explain cultural diversity in the case of Ethiopia
3. How can we manage cultural diversity issues in the work place?

Note: Satisfactory rating 5 and above points unsatisfactory below 5 points

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.

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LG# LO-2 Apply Professional Ethics
Instruction Sheet

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics –

 Explaining profession and professionalism

 Describing the concept of ethics and professional ethics
 Reflecting and evaluating ethical practices in the work place
 Applying codes of ethics, conduct and standards of professional practice
 Identifying mechanisms of ethical decision making
 Identifying factors that affect professional and ethical decision
 Promoting ethical standards and practice with clients, colleagues and others

This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –

 Explain Profession and professionalism

 Describe the concept of ethics and professional ethics
 Reflect and evaluate Ethical practices in the work place
 Apply Codes of Ethics, Conduct and Standards of Professional Practice
 Identify mechanisms of Ethical Decision Making
 Identify Factors that Impact on Professional and Ethical Decision making
 Promote Ethical standards and practice with clients, colleagues and others
Learning Instructions:

1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.

2. Follow the instructions described in number
3. Read the information written in the “Information Sheets
4. Accomplish the “Self-check

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 Information Sheet 1. Developing the Concept of Profession and Professionalism

2.1 Developing the Concept of Profession and Professionalism

The word profession can be defined as a vocation or occupation requiring, especial, usually
advanced education, knowledge and skill. Thus, the term profession refers to the
knowledge, skill and ability which can be obtained through formal education and training. A
person who attained a certain specialized skill is known as a professional. A man trained in
machine or automotive technology, a man trained in medical science and the like. It should
also be acceptable by the society. On the other hand, professionalism is defined as “The
skill, good judgment, and polite behavior that is expected from a person who is trained to
do a job well”
Although each profession requires people with specific skills and talents, every efficient
employee should have general professional qualities. These qualities can help you show
employers that you are a well-rounded individual. Those who are highly respected and
admired in their roles exude professionalism. Some qualities of a professional include
 Knowing your staff.
 Standing for something.
 Keeping your word.
 Being honest.

2.2 Characteristics of professionalism

There are different characteristics of professionalism. But Commitment and confidence,
responsibility and dependability, honesty and ethics, and appearance and professional
presence are central professional characteristics.

2.3 Values of professionalism

Someone who displays professional values will:
 Portray a professional image through reliability, consistency and honesty.
 Dress and act appropriately.
 Deliver work outcomes to agreed quality standards and timescales.
 Be accountable for their actions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_n6i1ug0tQ

Self-Check 1 Written Test

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Direction-1 Choose the correct answer from the given options. (2pts.)
1. Which of the following are not qualities of professionals?
A. Knowing your stuff.
B. Standing for something.
C. Vandalism
D. Keeping your word.
E. Being honest.
2. Which of the following are not the main value of professionalism.
A. Portray a professional image through no reliability.
B. Dress and act appropriately.
C. Deliver work outcomes to agreed quality standards and timescales.
D. Be accountable for their actions
E. Portray professional image through consistency and honesty

Direction-2 Write Short Answer

1. List out some characteristics of professionalism (5 pts.)
2. Write the difference and similarities of professional and professionalism (5 pts.)

Information Sheet 2. Describing the Concept of Ethics and Professional

Ethics

2.1 Fundamentals of Professional Ethics

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Professional workers are in charge to change the culture of ethics in their respective
organization. They are expected to be role models in accepting and implementing their
professional code of ethics. As the result, fertile and conducive work environment will be
created and effective, efficient, just, and ethical services be delivered to the customers and
the public at large.
Ethics is: the critical examination and evaluation of what is good, evil, right and wrong in
human conduct. A specific set of principles, values and guidelines for a particular group or
organization.
Professional Ethics: Professional ethics refers to ethics that enables professionals to
distinguish what is right from what is wrong using morality as standard of evaluation
professional ethics can be conceived as parameter by which actions and behaviors of a
professional can be determined as right or wrong. In absolute terms all professions do not
have the same set of values and standards such as accountants, managers, lawyers,
trainers, medical doctors, engineers and Technicians etc.

2.2 Approaches to Ethics

Strictly speaking, morality is used to refer to what we would call moral standards and
moral conduct while ethics is used to refer to the formal study of those standards and
conduct. For this reason, the study of ethics is also often called "moral philosophy." All
moral theories address the questions of what is Good, why it‘s Good, and where the Good
is located? There are only three basic kinds of prescriptive moral theories. These are
teleological theories, deontological theories, and virtue-based theories.

2.2 The Branches of Ethics:

There are different branches of ethics in different perspectives.
Normative ethics is concerned with principles of morality. This branch itself can be divided
into various sub-branches (and in various ways. For this time there are four major
branches.
i. Normative Ethics is a branch of moral philosophy, or ethics, concerned with
criteria of what is morally right and wrong. It includes the formulation of moral rules that
have direct implications for what human actions, institutions, and ways of life should be
like.
ii. Descriptive Ethics is a form of empirical research into the attitudes of individuals
or groups of people. In other words, this is the division of philosophical or general ethics

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that involves the observation of the moral decision-making process with the goal of
describing the phenomenon.
iii. Meta Ethics is the study of the nature, scope, and meaning of moral judgment.
iv. Applied Ethics is the practical application of moral considerations. It is ethics with
respect to real-world actions and their moral considerations

2.3 Importance of Professional Ethics

A professional code of ethics is designed to ensure employees are behaving in a manner
that is socially acceptable and respectful of one another. It establishes the rules for
behavior and sends a message to every employee that universal compliance is expected.
The prime objectives of the Professional Ethics are as follows:
i. Moral awareness (proficiency in recognizing moral problems in engineering like
plagiarism and patenting)
ii. Convincing moral reasoning (comprehending, assessing different views)
iii. Moral coherence (forming consistent viewpoints based on facts)
A professional code of ethics is designed to ensure employees are behaving in a manner
that is socially acceptable and respectful of one another. It establishes the rules for
behavior and sends a message to every employee that universal compliance is expected.
Similarly, there other Purposes of Professional Ethics
 Advance the quality of service the quality of service for professionals could render
 Evaluate the performance of professionals in each profession
 Distinguish acceptable and non- acceptable characters or code of conduct
 Serve as a foundation of professional identity
2.4 Professional Ethics Required from a Worker
Professional ethical principle serves for different purposes.
i. It lays down those moral principles that should be observed and respected by all the
professionals.
ii. It helps professionals to ensure the provision of well standardized service to the
society
iii. It serves as a bench mark for professionals to evaluate their activity and code of
conduct accordingly, etc. Example, a good mechanic would never repair one item in a car
while sabotaging another part to malfunction later. It would be unethical to advertise a
certain product as having certain qualities if it really does not.

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2.5 Ethiopian Ethical service delivery
In the Ethiopian context, twelve principles Ethical service delivery are identified as the
bases for ethical service delivery in the working areas and the public at large. Based on
these principles each profession is expected to develop its own professional codes that
address the particular nature of the profession. The values are stated as principles of
ethical service delivery and are 12 in number. These are:
i. Integrity vii. Serving the public interest
ii. Loyalty viii. Exercising legitimate authority
iii. Transparency ix. Impartiality
iv. Confidentiality x. Respecting the law
v. Honesty xi. Responsiveness
vi. Accountability xii. Leadership

2.6 Ethics and Law

Laws are norms, formally approved by state, power or national or international
political bodies. Many laws are instituted in order to promote well-being, resolve
conflicts of interest, and promote social harmony. However, there are several
reasons why ethics is not law.
 First, some actions that are illegal may not be unethical
 Second, some actions that are unethical may not be illegal.
 Third, laws can be unethical or immoral.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ME3S_LWtQU (video)
2.7 Principles of Common Professional Ethics
There are fundamental principles of professional ethics that apply to all professions
regardless of their specific specialization. They are:

a. Punctuality: Punctuality refers to the state of being strictly observant of an

appointed or regular time across all professions a worker should be punctual not
only when he/she meets deadlines and when he/she is always available during
working hours.
b. Honesty and integrity: honest basically refer to the art of telling the truth.
Employers and institutions expect their workers to be honest and hence
professionals should be honest, and at the same time work in good behavior and
integrity.

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 c. Proper utilization of resources: A worker in any profession should handle the
resources in a way that she/he can use the resources for longer time. In other
words, avoiding of wastage in any, be it material or financial resources.
d. Loyalty and self –efficacy: Any worker, in a given profession must stand for,
and not against the employer or the institution. Moreover, an ethical
professionals must develop self-efficacy, that is an appraisal or evaluation that a
professional about his /her professional and personal competence to succeed in
a particular task.
e. Working in cooperation with collogues: A worker of a given profession should
make sure that he/she has a good relationship with other workers. The main
rationale behind these codes of professional ethics is to create a fertile and
good atmosphere for cooperation and better productivity. He/she should serve
hand in hand with other professional for better productivity and effective provision
of service.
f. Anti-corruption spirit: One way of fighting corruption is by making
professionals to comply with the laws, rules, and regulations of the state.
g. Confidentiality: A worker of give profession need to keep some information that
should be kept secret. For instance, in case of physician or nurse he/she has to
keep all the information regarding the patient contained in a patient’s chart.
Another example is that a trainer should keep all information of student’s
achievements confidential.
h. Commitment: A professional should help his /her clients and the whole
community to maintain and satisfy societal or public demands.
i. Persistent tolerance and democratic culture: Any worker or professional
have to develop the ability and willingness to accommodate differences in
ideas, outlooks or views is indispensable
j. Respecting the dignity of people: A professional or worker should respect the
dignity of all personal serving them in accordance with their basic needs,
irrespective of their sex, personal status, religion or by supernal factors involved.
k. Impartiality /Non-partiality: A professional should be impartial he/she should
treat all equally in his/her service delivery without any discrimination. for
example, a trainer should treat his/her students equally on the basis of their
academic performance or achievement.
l. Accountability and responsibility: Any worker in a given profession

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 has professional responsibilities or duties. As part of a given organization,
everyone is expected to be answerable for his/her actions.
m. Transparency: That is, his/her work must be open to the public to whom he/she
delivers public services. Confident professionals who work for the people
effectively and efficiently are usually transparent.
n. Responsiveness: Responsiveness refers to the extent that a professional
satisfies the needs, preferences, or values of his/her has connections and
professional relationship with his clients or public, he/she has to able to reply or
respond to the people’s demand.

2.8 Some Characteristics of Work Ethics

Among the many characteristics of work ethics, the following are some to be mentioned:
 Teamwork  Organizational Skill
 Appearance  Communication
 Attitude  Cooperation
 Productivity  Respect

Best Recommended Core Ethical Values includes the following.

A. Integrity, including. Exercising good judgment in professional practice.
B. Honesty, including. Truthfulness
C. Fidelity, including. Faithfulness to clients;
D. Charity, including. Kindness
E. Responsibility, including. Reliability / dependability;
F. Self-Discipline, including

Self-Check 2 Written Test

Direction-1 Choose the Correct Answer from the Given Options

1. Which of the following are not Principles of common professional ethics?
A. Unwise utilization of resources
B. Honesty and integrity
C. Loyalty and self-efficacy
D. Punctuality
E. Confidentiality

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2. The critical examination and evaluation of what is good, evil, right and wrong in human
conduct is_________________.
A. Civic Education
B. Ethics
C. Moral philosophy
D. Professionalism
E. All of the above
3. The practical application of moral considerations. It is ethics with Applied Ethics
A. Meta Ethics
B. Descriptive Ethics
C. Normative Ethics
D. None of the above
4. All are Characteristics of Work Ethics Except …………..?
A. Teamwork Productivity
B. Cooperation
C. Respect
D. None of the above

Direction-2 Write short answer for the following questions

1. What are Purposes of Professional Ethics? (4 pts.)

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 Information Sheet 3 Reflecting and Evaluating Ethical Practices in the Work
Place

3.1. Evaluating Ethical practices in the work place

Ethical practices of workers or professionals can be evaluated using ethical standards of
workers. Some Examples of good ethical behaviors in the workplace includes: Obeying
the company's rules, Effective communication, Taking Responsibility, Accountability,
Professionalism and Ethical.

3.1.1. Obeying the Company's Rules

In the most basic sense, the benefits of rules and regulations in business are that they
protect the company. By protecting employees, you protect the company from lawsuits.
Following rules and regulations help employees understand what is expected of them and
what will happen if they violate the rules

3.1.2. Effective Communication:

Keys to Effective Communication are:
 Be positive.  Be a mirror
 Be a listener  Be real
 Be an echo.

3.1.3. Taking Responsibility:

It is the way to take responsibility for your life by doing the following:
 Take responsibility for your  Refuse to take anything
thoughts, feelings, words and personal.
actions.  Make yourself happy.
 Stop blaming.  Live in the present moment.
 Stop complaining.  Use the power of intention.
 Feel calm and confident
3.1.4. Accountability: is an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to
account for one's actions public officials lacking accountability. Some steps to
accountability may include:
 Mustering the Courage to see it:
 Finding the Heart to own it:

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  Obtaining the wisdom to solve it:
 Exercising the means to do it

3.1.5. Professionalism:
“Professionalism is someone's inherent ability to do what is expected of them and
deliver quality work because they are driven to do so.” Professionalism also
encompasses the way an employee interacts with other people, including
coworkers, customers and supervisors "the trend towards professionalism".
Characteristics true professionals possess in the workplace
 A neat appearance.
 Proper demeanor (in Person and Online)
 Reliable.
 Competent.
 Communicator.
 Good phone politeness (Etiquette).
 Poised (Self-assured).
 Ethical
Trust and Mutual Respect for Your Colleagues at Work
These examples of ethical behaviors ensure maximum productivity output at work.
Encouraging mutual respect will help to: Reduce workplace stress, conflict and problems.
An increase in workplace respect will help to improve communication between colleagues,
increase teamwork and reduce stress as peace in the workplace soars. Increase
productivity, knowledge and understanding. Every worker should try best to get respect
and trust from colleagues in the work place.
The Ways to Get Respect from Your Coworkers are
 Follow the Rules.
 Work Hard.
 Talk Less, Listen More.
 Assume the Best About People.
 Apologize and Admit Mistakes.
 Take Criticism and Learn from It.
 Stand Up for Yourself.
 Help Other People Succeed.

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 To build trust in the workplace also considers the following:
 Listen more than you speak.
 Solicit and act on feedback.
 Show appreciation every day.
 Empower your team by trusting them first.
 Encourage coaching.
 Practice consistency.
 Focus on nonverbal communication soft skills and
 Create an inclusive culture

3.2. Ethical & Unethical Behavior in Workplace

Workplace ethics are a dynamic set of values that vary with people and their
definition of a workplace. For some, it is a physical office they go to every day, while
others, their home office. No matter whether you work from home or commute to
work every day, workplace ethic is required to build a successful career.
Organizations are known to embrace ethical practices and behaviors to increase
productivity and uphold integrity—while setting a penalty for workers who default
workplace ethics. Workplace ethics are the set of values, moral principles, and
standards that need to be followed by both employers and employees in the
workplace. It is the set of rules and regulations that need to be followed by all staff
of the workplace.

These ethics are implemented by employers to foster both employee-employee

relationship and employee-customer relationships. An organization may decide to
put these ethics into writing or not—they are however meant to be followed.

3.2.1. Ethical Behaviors in the Workplace

Ethical behaviors ensure maximum productivity output at work and could be pivotal
for career growth. The following are the examples of ethical behavior:

A. Obey The Company’s Rules & Regulation

At the start of an employee contract, companies may need the employee to sign
various documents, including the company rules and regulation agreement form.
Also, the employee may be given a handbook that may serve as a guide. Some

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 common rules are tardiness, inappropriate dressing, and language, etc. Due to the
excitement of getting a new job, some employees do not properly read these rules
and may end up deferring them in the future. Therefore, it is important that new
employees properly read these rules & regulations in other not to defer them.

B. Communicate Effectively

Effective communication is very important to avoid misunderstandings when dealing

with issues in the workplace. Communicating effectively may mean different things
to people at different points in time. Effective communication may also have an
employee breaking one of the rules and regulations of the company without getting
penalized for it.

C. Develop Professional Relationships

Good professional relationships are not only a thing that fosters teamwork among
employees, but also help with individual career development for employees.
Developing professional relationships with coworkers or other professionals outside
the workplace will also directly or indirectly improve productivity. Professional
relationships between low-level and high-level employees will make it easier for
ideas to be shared and knowledge to be passed to junior employees. That way, the
company can confidently have an intern work on a tough project to meet a pending
deadline due to the guidance from older employees.

D. Take Responsibility

It is important for employees to always take responsibility for decisions made both
individually and in a team. This is, in fact, a leadership trait that every employee
who is looking to take up a managerial position in the future should exhibit.
Understandably, employees may want to save their job and are therefore scared of
taking responsibility for a particular event. However, they shouldn't let this fear take
them. out of the team.

E. Professionalism/Standards

There are professional standards that everything an employee does in the

workplace. The use of informal words in a formal workplace is highly
unprofessional. These standards should be held high and applied to every part of

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 an employee's activity in the workplace. This should include the way they speak,
kind of work they deliver and their relationship with coworkers and customers.

F. Be Accountable

Accountability is also a very good trait of an employee. One of the things that may
short change a talented and responsible is the lack of accountability. Lack of
accountability may result in your boss thinking you have an "I don't care attitude" to
the company's project or worst take you as a liar and may lead to job loss in the
long run. For example, at the beginning of each year, a certain amount of money is
allocated to each department. The manager is meant to oversee how this money is
spent. If at the end of the year, the manager cannot make an account of how the
money was spent, he may then be suspected of stealing company funds.

G. Uphold Trust

An employee should not do anything that may make his or her employee withdraw
trust. As an employee of a company, your employee trusts you to get work done
perfectly on time. Things like missing deadlines regularly or delivering work that
needs to be revised over and over again will deny you a promotion. It may even
leave the employer not giving you tasks to complete in the future—a nightmare for
freelancers.

H. Show Initiative without being told

Is the company running behind deadline and you feel you can stay a few extra
hours after work to finish up? Do it. You are a freelance designer and your client
wants a particular poster designed but doesn't have a copywriter to write the
content. If you can write the contents, do so. Don't delay a client's work because of
a few contents.

I. Respect Your Colleagues

It doesn't matter whether you are dealing with the intern, a junior, janitor, etc. they
should all be treated with respect. As a manager, treating your team members with
respect will help improve their productivity. Giving constructive criticism and saying
kind words to them even when they are not able to deliver perfectly will help them
strive to do better in the future.

J. Work Smarter

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 Don't just work hard, work smarter. The reason why you see an employee
promoted to the post of manager after just 2 years and a hardworking employee
who has been with the company for 10 years failed to get a promotion is smart
work.

3.2.2. Unethical Workplace Behaviors

A. Lies:

Lying is a trait that is detested in and outside the workplace. It kills trust, affects
relationships and may even put people in trouble. There are different situations where
employees lie in the workplace-with just one lie opening the floor for many others. It could
be a sales manager lying about the number of clients they were able to get in a month or
an employee calling in sick just to attend another job interview.

A lot of employees start lying from their CV, by adding experiences they didn't acquire, and
the skills they don't have. Employees need to understand that lying about work may
eventually get them in trouble and needs to stop before they lose their job.

B. Taking Credit for Others Hard Work

It is very common for managers to take credit for their team member's hard work
when reporting to the management. A team member may have brought an idea that
helped the sales team improve their sales by 200%. However, when giving a report,
the manager doesn't mention the team member's name but claims the idea as his.
Employees need to reduce the use of "I", but embrace the use of “We". By taking
credit for another person's work, you will be denying the person a promotion, bonus
or commendation for a job well done. This will discourage the person from sharing
ideas that will benefit the company in the future.

C. Verbal Harassment/Abuse

Employees need to stay away from using foul language on coworkers in and out of
the workplace. This is very important when dealing with customers. Customers are
known to get angry and may result in verbal abuse due to a bad product or service.
They may even get insult you when they are at fault. As a customer care
representative, salesperson or any other employee, it is important that you don't
use abusive words on customers no matter how provoked.

D. Violence

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 Similar to verbal harassment, employees should not be violent when dealing with
coworkers and customers. Customers may likely provoke you, but it is better to
keep shut and walk away rather than turn violent.

E. Non-Office Related Work

A lot of employees have side hustles which they use to supplement salaries. This is
very good and only very few companies are against employees working to make
money outside work hours. However, some employees still do non-office related
work during office hours. Employees who have side hustles should try doing them
on weekends or employing other people to handle some of the business logistics to
avoid eating into office hours to get the work done.

F. Extended Breaks

Companies give lunch breaks to employees and people take advantage of these
breaks to do other things outside office work like, go for interviews, meet with
friends or even work on their side hustles. They are free to do whatever they want
this lunch break. Employees, however, take advantage of these lunch breaks and
extend them beyond time.

G. Theft/Embezzlement

Some employees are known for diverting company funds into their bank accounts-
padding project quotations, invoices, etc. to deceive the company on how much
was spent on particular projects. This act is detrimental to the company because
employees who steal sometimes replace quality products with counterfeits which
are cheaper but causes damage in the future.

H. Sexual Harassment

Sexual harassment is an offense that is not limited to the workplace alone. An

employee accused of sexual harassment will not only face consequences in the
workplace but also tried at a court of law. Many companies have a zero-tolerance
rate for sexual harassment in and outside the workplace. This may tarnish the
company's reputation and the only way to curb is to make an example of defaulters.

I. Corrupt Practices

Some common causes of corruption can be seen during the employment process of
an organization. They invite so many people to send their CVs and come for

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 interviews but only people with the same political affiliation with them get the job.
This is also common with companies that ask for contractors to bid for a project but
the employees will only give them to their friends who may not even bid at all.

J. Management/Employers Unethical Behaviors

Workplace ethics is not for employees alone. Employers are also bound to
workplace ethics and may also be tried for unethical behavior.

K. Sex for Job /Promotion

It is common for managers, employers and major decision-makers to use their

position in the workplace to influence the hiring decision in exchange for sex.

L. Verbal Harassment

It is common among employers to verbally harass employees when they make little
mistakes. This will reduce employee morale and productivity. Employers should
always say kind words to their employees.

M. Undue Pressure

Deadlines are a great way to make sure the work gets done on time. However,
when employees are placed under undue pressure, they end up trading quality for
on-time delivery. An example of undue pressure will be giving an employee a 1-day
deadline for a project that would normally take a week.

N. Nepotism

This is a common type of corruption that happens in the workplace. An employee

who has been working hard for years while influencing company growth may get
sidelined for a promotion because of another employee who is a family friend,
family, or friend of the employer. Things like this are what reduce employee morale
or even push talented employees to dropping a resignation.

O. Unfriendly Work Environment

One of the things that can mar productivity is an unfriendly working environment.
This may come as a combination of abusive bosses, lack of commendation,
nepotism, etc. An unfriendly environment is an environment that combines various
unethical behaviors into one.

P. Unrealistic Expectations

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 Creative usually have it worse when it comes to having unrealistic expectations
from employees.

3.3. How to Solve Unethical Issues at the Workplace

3.3.1. Have Rules

Organizations need to have predefined rules and regulations regarding workplace

ethics. These rules and regulations should be given to new employees together
with their employment contracts. Also having the rules written at strategic places at
the workplace will also help remind people about the rules. People tend to
unconsciously imbibe things they see every day.

3.3.2. Accept Feedback/Complaint

Make it easy for employees to send feedback or complaint in case of harassment,

abuse, or any other unethical activities going on in the workplace.

3.3.3. List Consequences for Unethical Behaviors

Consequences for unethical behaviors should also be placed alongside the rules at
strategic places in the organization. That way, if anyone wants to ignore the rules
despite seeing them, the fear of getting punished will stop him or her from going
ahead.

3.3.4. Swift Justice/Disciplinary Action

Some companies often cover up issues of rape, sexual harassment, etc. when the
perpetrator is a high-ranking member of the organization. Things like this should not
be accommodated. Irrespective of who breaks the rule, there should be swift
disciplinary action by the organization.

3.4. Factors that Affect the Practice of Ethical Behaviour

There are different factors that can affect the Practice of ethical behavior are
individual and social Factors.

A. Individual Factors

Many individual factors affect a person's ethical behavior at work, such as

knowledge, values, personal goals, morals and personality. The more information
that you have about a subject, the better chance you will make an informed, ethical
decision. For example, what if you had to decide whether to approve building a new

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 company store? What if you did not have the knowledge that the store would
disturb an endangered species nest? Without the appropriate knowledge, you could
be choosing an unethical path.

Values are an individual's judgment or standard of behavior. They are another

individual factor that affects ethical behavior. To some people, acting in an improper
way is just a part of doing business. Would you feel that it is ethical to make up lies
about your competitor just to win a contract? Some people's standard of behavior
will feel that lying for a business financial win is not unethical.

Morals are another individual characteristic that can affect an individual's ethics.
Morals are the rules people develop as a result of cultural norms and values and
are, traditionally, what employees learn from their childhood, culture, education,
religion, etc. They are usually described as good or bad behavior. Would you have
good morals if you pushed a product on a customer that you knew was not going to
help solve a problem?

Many ethical work situations will also be affected by a person's goals. Which
characteristics do you feel are worthy to aspire to? Is financial gain ranked ahead of
good character or integrity? If your personal goals are about acquiring wealth no
matter what the consequence, then you might act unethical in the future.

Lastly, an employee's personality plays an important factor in determining ethical

behavior. Do you enjoy risk or do you prefer the safe route? Individuals who prefer
to take risks tend to have a higher chance of unethical conduct at work. For
example, if you are willing to risk dumping chemicals into a nearby water supply to
launch a profitable drug, then your riskiness could end up creating health issues in
local citizens for the sake of financial gain.

B. Social Factors

Cultural norms, the Internet and friends and family are three social factors that can
affect ethical behavior. Different cultures have norms that vary from place to place
in the business world. For example, you might have to face a request for a bribe in
order to conduct business in certain countries in some countries. This might be
unethical to you but considered an acceptable norm in their workplace.

Ethical practices:

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 Good ethical practice in the work place includes the following

 Acknowledging and respecting the attitudes and beliefs of others

 Separating professional and personal activities and interests
 Demonstrating effective interpersonal communication skills
 Maintaining informed ethical practice in the face of opposition, conflict, professional
challenges and limited resources
 Modeling high standards of behavior and presentation
 Offering and accepting advice as feedback on performance and for guidance and
recommendations
 Acknowledging and working within scope of personal competence
 Keeping to commitments
 Meeting performance requirements, including:
 adequate preparation, personal presentation and time management
 Cooperating with colleagues in team and relay interpreting responsibility to
communication.

3.5. Advantages and Implications of Workplace Ethics

A. It can stimulate positive employee behavior and create a positive ambiance in the
workplace

B. Ensures management guides and mentors their employees in a healthy

environment

C. A workplace with good ethics usually strengthens the bond employees have with
their superior

D. It boosts productivity through employee performance and job satisfaction which in

turn increases company growth.

E. Bad workplace ethics can cause a strain in the relationship with company
stakeholders

F. When it leaks (which it most likely will) poor behavior can be recorded and
propelled into unsavory headlines online. This can lead to reputational damage to
the brand name.

Self-Check 3 3 Written Test

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 Direction 1- Choose the Correct Answer from the Given Options
1. Which of the following is a not good ethical behavior?
A. Violating the company's rules
B. Effective communication
C. Taking Responsibility
2. Accountability characteristics true professionals possess in the workplace
A. Neat appearance.
B. Reliable
C. Competent.
D. Good phone politeness (Etiquette).
E. All of the above
3. The way to Get Respect from Our Coworkers are
A. Follow the rules
B. Work hard
C. Assume the best about People.
D. Don’t Admit Mistakes.
4. Take criticism and learn from itAll of the following are social factors that affect the
practice of ethical behaviour
A. Cultural influence
B. Internet influence
C. Knowledge, values and personal goals
D. Friends and family influence
E. All of the above

Direction 2- Write Short Answer for the Following Questions

1. What Factors that Affect the Practice of Ethical Behaviour? (4 pts.)

Information Sheet 4 Applying Codes of Ethics, Conduct and Standards of

4.1.
Professional Practice

The Purpose of Professional Codes of Conduct and Practice

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A code of ethics is a guide of principles designed to help professionals conduct business
honestly and with integrity. A code of ethics, also referred to as an "ethical code," may
encompass areas such as business ethics, a code of professional practice, and an
employee code of conduct. A well-written code of conduct clarifies an organization's
mission, values and principles, linking them with standards of professional conduct. The
code articulates the values the organization wishes to foster in leaders and employees
and, in doing so, defines desired behavior

4.2. Types of Codes of Ethics

A code of ethics can take a variety of forms, but the general goal is to ensure that a
business and its employees are following the laws, conducting themselves with an ideal
that can be exemplary, and ensuring that the business being conducted is beneficial for
all stakeholders. The following are three types of codes of ethics found in business.

i. Compliance-Based Code of Ethics

For all businesses, laws regulate issues such as hiring and safety standards.
Compliance-based codes of ethics not only set guidelines for conduct but also determine
penalties for violations. In some industries, including banking, specific laws govern
business conduct. These industries formulate compliance-based codes of ethics to
enforce laws and regulations. Employees usually undergo formal training to learn the
rules of conduct. Because noncompliance can create legal issues for the company as a
whole, individual workers within a firm may face penalties for failing to follow guidelines.
To ensure that the aims and principles of the code of ethics are followed, some
companies appoint a compliance officer. This individual is tasked with keeping up to date
on changes in regulation codes and monitoring employee conduct to encourage
conformity.

This type of code of ethics is based on clear-cut rules and well-defined consequences
rather than individual monitoring of personal behavior. Despite strict adherence to the
law, some compliance-based codes of conduct do not thus promote a climate of moral
responsibility within the company.

ii. Value-Based Code of Ethics

A value-based code of ethics addresses a company's core value system. It may outline
standards of responsible conduct as they relate to the larger public good and the

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environment. Value-based ethical codes may require a greater degree of self-regulation
than compliance-based codes.

Some codes of conduct contain language that addresses both compliance and values.
For example, a grocery store chain might create a code of conduct that espouses the
company's commitment to health and safety regulations above financial gain. That
grocery chain might also include a statement about refusing to contract with suppliers that
feed hormones to livestock or raise animals in inhumane living conditions.

4.3. Code of Ethics among Professionals

Advisers must be registered and certified or state regulators are bound by a code of
ethics. This is a legal requirement and also a code of loyalty that requires them to act in
the best interest of their clients. Certified public accountants, who are not typically
considered fiduciaries to their clients, still are expected to follow similar ethical standards,
such as integrity, objectivity, truthfulness, and avoidance of conflicts of interest.
Professionals should obey by:

 Act with integrity, competence, diligence, respect, and in an ethical manner with
the public, clients, prospective clients, employers, employees, colleagues in the
investment profession, and other participants in the global capital markets.
 Place the integrity of the investment profession and the interests of clients above
their own personal interests.
 Use reasonable care and exercise independent professional judgment when
conducting investment analysis, making investment recommendations, taking
investment actions, and engaging in other professional activities.
 Practice and encourage others to practice professionally and ethically that will
reflect credit on themselves and the profession.
 Promote the integrity and viability of the global capital markets for the ultimate
benefit of society.
 Maintain and improve their professional competence and strive to maintain and
improve the competence of other investment professionals.

All companies will have a different code of ethics with different areas of interest, based on
the industry they are involved in, but the areas that companies typically focus on include:
integrity, objectivity, professional competence, confidentiality, and professional behavior.

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A code of ethics in business is a set of guiding principles intended to ensure a business
and its employees act with honesty and integrity in all facets of its day-to-day operations
and to only engage in acts that promote a benefit to society.

4.4. The Difference between a Code of Ethics and a Code of Conduct

A code of ethics is broader in its nature, outlining what is acceptable for the company in
terms of integrity and how it operates. A code of conduct is more focused in nature and
instructs how a business' employees should act daily and in specific situations. A code of
ethics is a guiding set of principles intended to instruct professionals to act in a manner
that is honest and that is beneficial to all stakeholders involved. A code of ethics is drafted
by a business and tailored to the specific industry at hand, requiring all employees of that
business to adhere to the code.

4.5. Applying Code of Conduct

A code of conduct applies to everyone within an organization, with each company having
their own code of conduct that employees need to follow. A code of conduct is created by
the employer to let their staff members know what is expected of them in terms of behavior
in the workplace. A code of conduct is the most common policy within an organization. This
policy lays out the company's principles, standards, and the moral and ethical expectations
that employees and third parties are held to as they interact with the organization.

Some Codes of Conduct sets the values and principles that we as employees follow in our
interactions with each other and with our stakeholders such as customers and other
business partners, our shareholders and the regulatory authorities. It forms the basis for
our behavior and for the public image.

4.6. Standards of Professional Practice

The Standards of Professional Practice are an agreed upon set of ethical and professional
standards. Members the professions use these standards in developing their own codes
and guide them daily as they continue their work. These include the following:

A. Professional Services

Members of the profession fulfill the responsibilities of their position by supporting the
educational interests, rights, and welfare of clients in accordance with the mission of the
employing institution.

B. Agreement with Institutional Mission and Goals

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Members who accept employment with an educational institution subscribe to the general
mission and goals of the institution.

C. Management of Institutional Resources

Members of the profession seek to advance the welfare of the employing institution
through accountability for the proper use of institutional funds, personnel, equipment, and
other resources. Members inform appropriate officials of conditions which may be
potentially disruptive or damaging to the institution's mission, personnel, and property.

D. Employment Relationship

Members honor employment relationships. Members do not commence new duties or

obligations at another institution under a new contractual agreement until termination of an
existing contract, unless otherwise agreed to by the member and the member's current
and new supervisors. Members adhere to professional practices in securing positions and
employment relationships.

E. Conflict of Interest

Members recognize their obligation to the employing institution and seek to avoid private
interests, obligations, and transactions which are in conflict of interest or give the
appearance of impropriety. Members clearly distinguish between statements and actions
which represent their own personal views and those which represent their employing
institution when important to do so.

F. Legal Authority

Members respect and acknowledge all lawful authority. Members refrain from conduct
involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, and misrepresentation or unlawful discrimination.

Members demonstrate concern for the legal, social codes and moral expectations of the
communities in which they live and work even when the dictates of one's conscience may
require behavior as a private citizen which is not in keeping with these codes/expectations.

G. Equal Consideration and Treatment of Others

Members execute professional responsibilities with fairness and impartiality and show
equal consideration to individuals regardless of status or position. Members respect
individuality and promote an appreciation of human diversity in higher education. In
keeping with the mission of their respective institution and remaining cognizant of federal,

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state, and local laws, they do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin,
religion, age, sex, affection or disability. Members do not engage in or tolerate
harassment in any form and should exercise professional judgment in entering into
intimate relationships with those for whom they have any supervisory, evaluative, or
instructional responsibility.

H. Professionals Behavior

Members demonstrate and promote responsible behavior and support actions that
enhance personal growth and development of workers. Members foster conditions
designed to ensure a workers’ acceptance of responsibility for his/her own behavior.
Members inform and educate workers’ as to sanctions or constraints on worker behavior
which may result from violations of law or institutional policies.

I. Integrity of Information and Research

Members ensure that all information conveyed to others is accurate and in appropriate
context. In their research and publications, members conduct and report research studies
to assure accurate interpretation of findings, and they adhere to accepted professional
standards of academic integrity.

J. Confidentiality

Members ensure that confidentiality is maintained with respect to all privileged

communications and to educational and professional records considered confidential.
They inform all parties of the nature and/or limits of confidentiality. Members share
information only in accordance with institutional policies and relevant statutes when given
the informed consent or when required to prevent personal harm to themselves or others.

K. Research Involving Human Subjects

Members are aware of and take responsibility for all pertinent ethical principles and
institutional requirements when planning any research activity dealing with human
subjects.

L. Representation of Professional Competence

Members at all times represent accurately their professional credentials, competencies,

and limitations and act to correct any misrepresentations of these qualifications by others.
Members make proper referrals to appropriate professionals when the member's
professional competence does not meet the task or issue in question.

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 M. Selection and Promotion Practices

Members support nondiscriminatory, fair employment practices by appropriately

publicizing staff vacancies, selection criteria, deadlines, and promotion criteria in
accordance with the spirit and intent of equal opportunity policies and established legal
guidelines and institutional policies.

N. References

Members, when serving as a reference, provide accurate and complete information about
candidates, including both relevant strengths and limitations of a professional and
personal nature.

O. Job Description and Performance Evaluation

Members clearly define with subordinates and supervisors job responsibilities and
decision-making procedures, mutual expectations, accountability procedures, and
evaluation criteria.

P. Campus Community

Members promote a sense of community among all areas of the campus by working
cooperatively with staff, and others outside the institution to address the common goals.

Q. Professional Development

Members have an obligation to continue personal professional growth and to contribute to

the development of the profession by enhancing personal knowledge and skills, sharing
ideas and information, improving professional practices, conducting and reporting
research, and participating in association activities. Members promote and facilitate the
professional growth of staff and they emphasize ethical standards in professional
preparation and development programs.

R. Assessment

Members regularly and systematically assess organizational structures, programs, and

services to determine whether the developmental goals and needs of workers are being
met and to assure conformity to published standards and guidelines.

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Self-Check 4 Written Test

Direction 1- Choose the Correct Answer from the Given Options

1. _____________ created by the employer to let their staff members know what is
expected of them in terms of behavior in the workplace.
A. Professional Practice
B. A code of conduct
C. Moral reasoning
D. Accountability
2. Self-regulation Which of the following belongs to Standards of Professional Practice?
A. Conflict of Interest
B. Management of Institutional Resources
C. Agreement with Institutional Mission and Goals
D. Equal Consideration and Treatment of Others
E. All of the above
3. Professionals are expected to follow common ethical standards except --------
A. Integrity
B. Objectivity
C. Truthfulness
D. Avoidance of conflicts of interest
E. None of the above
4. Professionals should obey by__________.
A. Use reasonable care and exercise independent professional judgment
B. Practice and encourage others to practice
C. Promote the integrity and viability of the global capital markets
D. Maintain and improve their professional competence
E. All of the above

Direction 2- Write Short Answer for the Following Questions

1. What are the Difference between a Code of Ethics and a Code of Conduct? (5 pts.)

Information Sheet 5 Identifying Mechanisms of Ethical decision making

5.1 Ethical Decision Making

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An ethical decision is one that engenders trust, and thus indicates responsibility, fairness
and caring to an individual. Ethical decision-making requires a review of different options,
eliminating those with an unethical standpoint, and then choosing the best ethical
alternative. Ethical decisions generate and sustain trust; demonstrate respect,
responsibility, fairness and caring; and are consistent with good citizenship. These
behaviors provide a foundation for making better decisions by setting the ground rules for
our behavior.

Decision-Making is necessary in order to deal with conflicting duties, loyalties or interests

create moral dilemmas requiring decisions to be made and ethical decision-making
involves the ability to distinguish right from wrong along with the commitment to do what is
right. Workers are expected to make ethical and sound decisions in the workplace.
Decisions should be made on the basis of established rules, regulations, procedures and
practices.

Ethical decision making is first based on the distinction between statements that are
factual and those that are value-based. Suggested information may be divided into two
(true and untrue). It is wise to base decisions on truth and morally accepted facts. Ethical
decisions making is the process of identifying a problem, generating alternatives, and
choosing among them maximizing ethical values while also achieving the intended goal. In
short, ethical decision should be fully informed, aware of laws, principles and rules,
consciously and reflectively deliberated, intelligently, justifiable, and effectively
implemented.

Everything we do, or don’t do, is a choice that can affect our lives and the lives of others.
Ethical choices are based on principled decisions, not on self-interest or easy-returns.
Such principles are based on universal values that have been held across time, culture,
politics, religion and ethnicity. Any decision can be evaluated in terms of these universal
values or core ethical principles trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring
and citizenship before making any decision the responsible person should consider the
following points:

 There should be accurate and comprehensive information. As in any other

decision-making process, facts and evidences must be organized beforehand.
 Relevant policy and legislation have to be considered

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  The advice of others (i.e., professionals on a given area) should be sought before
making any final decision.

In making ethical decision, it is necessary to:

 Notice and eliminate unethical options -right vs. wrong. Ethical thinking requires a
sensitivity to perceive the ethical implications of decisions.
 Evaluate complex, ambiguous and incomplete facts. It is often difficult to obtain all
necessary information.
 Select the best ethical alternative. Resolve any ethical dilemmas-right vs. wrong.
Not all ethical responses to a situation are equal.
 Have ethical commitment, ethical consciousness, and ethical competency. Ethical
thinking and decision making takes practice

5.2 Rationalization

Studying ethics, involves attempting to find valid reasons for the moral arguments that we
make. Most people already have general ideas – or what philosophers call intuitions ‘or
Presumptions– about what they think is ‗right ‘or ‗wrong ‘. But a philosophical approach
to ethics requires people to think critically about the moral ideas that they hold, to support
or refute those ideas with convincing arguments, and to be able to articulate and explain
the reasons and assumptions on which those arguments are based. The real value of
discussing and debating ethical questions is not to win the argument 'or to ‗score points
'against the other person! It is more important to provide carefully considered arguments to
support our ideas, and to allow for rational – and deeper – understanding of the reasons
underlying our beliefs, ideas and attitudes. Crucially, this requires careful listening to,
analysis of and learning from the arguments that others make. Three forms of critical
reasoning that individuals can use to justify their arguments are outlined below:

 Reasoning by analogy /comparison/ explains one thing by comparing it to

something else that is similar, although different.

 Deductive reasoning applies a principle to a situation. For instance, if every

person has human rights, and you are a person, then you have human rights like
every person.
 Inductive reasoning involves providing evidence to support a hypothesis.

5.3 Some Steps to Ethical Thinking and Ethical Behaving

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Steps in ethical thinking and behaving include the following:

 Clarify/ identify the relevant facts of the case/: Determine precisely what must be
decided. What are the alternatives? Eliminate any impractical, illegal or improper
alternatives.
 Assess/ identify the relevant ethical principles /- Separate facts from beliefs,
desires, theories and opinions. Assess the influence of personal and/or collective
world views on assumptions about 'fact'. Assess the credibility of the sources of
information and the motivations of the stakeholders.
 Decide/. Identify other relevant ethical principles and resolve conflicts between
them /- Are there some right vs. wrong choices? Classify any ethical dilemmas
involving right vs. right choices and evaluate the viable alternatives by prioritizing
the ethical values so that you can choose which values to favor.
 Implement/ Decide on ethical principles and standards which are relevant to the
case at hand - Develop a plan to implement your decision in a way that maximizes
the benefits and minimizes the costs and risks. Involve as many stakeholders as
possible during implementation.
 Monitor/ Reconsider any remaining conflicts between the case and ethical
principles and standards. /- Monitor the effects of decisions and be prepared to take
alternative action based on new information.
 Reflect/ identify whether the decision would withstand public security, and finally
make decisions/ - Review you decision making process. Will do it differently next
time? Were you fully aware of your own values and worldview during the process?
What feedback should you seek?

5.4 Important principles for making Ethical decision:

 Empathize with another. Put yourself in the other person's shoes and understand
how they are feeling. Treat other people the way you would like to be treated.
 Demonstrate selflessness. Do not be selfish and put yourself before others. Do the
right thing even when it might not be what you really want to do.
 Be fair. Ethical people are compassionate and caring. They are always honest and
fair when dealing with others.
 Respect another's opinions and choices even when you disagree with them.
 Value nature. Do not view it as only a resource for sustaining life, but as a life force
in and of itself.

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  Act responsibly. Be a trustworthy and responsible person that others can rely on.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzxtS-cQN_8 (video)

Self-Check 5 Written Test

Direction 1- Choose the Correct Answer from the Given Options

1. Which of the following is not the requirement for ethical decision making?
A. Review of different options,
B. Eliminate unethical standpoint
C. Choose the best ethical alternative
D. Giving priority for personal Interest than the majority
E. None of the above
2. ____________ is the type of reasoning by comparing it to something else that is
similar, although different.
A. Deductive reasoning
B. Reasoning by analogy
C. Inductive reasoning
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
3. Which one is not important principle for making Ethical decision?
A. Respect another's opinions
B. Demonstrate selflessness.
C. Empathize with another.
D. Act responsibly.
E. All
4. Decisions should be made on the basis of__________.

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 A. Established rules
B. Regulations
C. Procedures and practices
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
Direction 2- Write Short Answer for the Following Question
List down Universal moral values that are expected from an employee (4 pts.)
Information sheet 6 Identifying Factors that affect Professional and Ethical
Decision

6.1 Factors that affect Professional and Ethical Decision

The code of ethics usually includes the six universal moral values that state
you expect employees to be:
a. Trustworthy: Worthy of confidence specifically: being or deriving from a source
worthy of belief or consideration for evidentiary purposes a trustworthy informant.
Other Words from trustworthy. trustworthiness noun
b. Respectful: Respect for persons may perhaps be the most fundamental principle
in all of ethics. Respect (full)calls on each and every one of us to respect the
intrinsic dignity of all other people. If something is intrinsic to us, it is essential to
our being and cannot be earned. It is a property of being a person.
c. Responsible: Responsibility is an ethical concept that refers to the fact that
individuals and groups have morally based obligations and duties to others and to
larger ethical and moral codes, standards and traditions.
d. Fair: Fairness is concerned with actions, processes, and consequences, which
are morally right honorable, and equitable. In essence, the virtue of fairness
establishes moral standards for decisions that affect others. Fair decisions are
made in an appropriate manner based on appropriate criteria.
e. Caring: The ethics of care is a normative ethical theory that holds that moral
action centers on interpersonal relationships and care or benevolence as a virtue.
f. Good citizens: Celebrating diversity and differences; go to local ethnic festivals
and introduce your child to friends who represent a variety of lifestyles, cultures
and religions.

6.2 Dress codes:

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A dress code is a set of rules, often written, with regards to what clothing groups of people
must wear. Dress codes are created out of social perceptions.

6.3 Code of conduct:

A code of conduct is a set of rules outlining the norms, rules, and responsibilities or proper
practices of an individual party or an organization. The code of conduct may include:

i. Mission statement and values.

The mission statement communicates the purpose of the organization. The vision
statement provides insight into what the company hopes to achieve or become in the
future. The values statement reflects the organization's core principles and ethics. Values
are individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. They serve as a guide
for human behavior. Some values have intrinsic worth, such as love, truth, and freedom.
Other values, such as ambition, responsibility, and courage, describe traits or behaviors
that are instrumental as means to an end.

6.4 Workplace policies and procedures.

 Code of conduct.
 Recruitment policy.
 Internet and email policy.
 Mobile phone policy.
 Non-smoking policy.
 Drug and alcohol policy.
 Health and safety policy.
 Anti-discrimination harassment policy

6.5 Industry Compliance and Regulations

Disciplinary actions

Professional practice standards means the set of documents that specify the legal and
ethical requirements for professional practice that include the standards of practice and
essential competencies for code of ethics, practice guidelines, regulations and bylaws.

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There are three important factors that can influence ethical decision making, which are
individual, organizational, and opportunity factors. All three of these factors can weigh
heavily on a person during the decision-making process, especially in the work place.
Many people look to friends or associates for guidance when making questionable
decisions. Sometimes a person may make a decision based on the opportunity they are
put into. Some people make decisions based on their own moral beliefs and the way they
were raised. No matter how a person comes to make a decision, there are usually three
factors that influence a person’s ethical decision-making process.

The first factor in the ethical decision-making process is called the individual. Individual
factors can affect a person greatly when making ethical or unethical decisions. Every
person will have a slightly different belief when it comes to individual factors. It is always
best to talk with an employee or consult the code of ethics before making individual
decisions.

The next factor is the organizational factor. The organizational factor can be defined as a
set of values or norms that is shared by members or employees of an organization.
Organizational factors can affect decision making if all of the employees or associates
have negative views and make unethical decisions. Organizational factors can be affected
by the people closest to the decision maker. If the organization and all of the employees
believe in a code of ethics, then most likely the decision will be ethical.

The last factor is the opportunity factor. This can be defined as a situation that encourages
or discourages a person. Opportunity factors are based on whether there are opportunities
to make ethical or unethical decisions. If the company promotes the do whatever it takes.

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Self-Check 6 Written Test

Direction 1- Choose the Correct Answer from the Given Options (2 pts. each)
1. _________ is a set of rules outlining the norms, rules, and responsibilities or proper
practices of an individual party or an organization.
A. Culture of the society
B. A code of conduct
C. Norm of the people
D. Interest of the people
E. None of the above
2. Which of the following is not important factor that can influence person’s ethical
decision?
A. Individual
B. Organizational factor
C. The opportunity factor
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

Direction 2- Write Short Answer for the Following Question

1. Explain Universal moral values that are expected from an employee (4 pts.?

Information Sheet 7 Promoting Ethical Standards and Practice with clients,

Colleagues and others

7.1. Promoting Ethical Standards and Practice

In order to promote Ethical standards and practice with clients, colleagues and others the
following behaviours should be considered:

a) Be a Role Model and Be Visible

Employees look at top managers to understand what behaviour is acceptable. Senior

management sets the tone for ethics in the workplace.

b) Communicate Ethical Expectations

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An organizational code of ethics can reduce ethical ambiguities. The code of ethics should
state the organization’s primary values and the ethical rules that employees are expected
to follow. Managers should remember that a code of ethics is worthless if leaders fail to
model ethical behaviours.

c) Offer Ethics Training

Managers should set up seminars, workshops and similar programs to promote ethics in
the workplace. Training sessions reinforce the organization’s standards of conduct, to
clarify what practices are and are not permissible, and to address possible ethical
dilemmas.

d) Visibly Reward Ethical Acts and Punish Unethical Ones

Performance appraisals of managers should include evaluations of how actions measure

up against the organization’s code of ethics. Appraisals need to include how managers
achieve these goals, as well as the goals themselves.

e) Provide Protective Mechanisms

The organization provision of formal mechanisms that allow employees to discuss ethical
dilemmas and report unethical behaviour without fear of reprimand that could include
developing roles for ethical counsellors, ombudsmen or ethical officers.

f) Enhancing the Workplace Model Behaviour

A better workplace requires leaders to model behaviour in every aspect of their role. In
your career, the ability to demonstrate leadership with a sound ethical basis is essential to
your success for any role.

7.2. Ways to Improve an Organization's Ethical Climate

a) Empowerment of Employees

One way to improve the ethical climate of your organization is to give employees more
power over their work. If employees have an ethical code and more control over their work
outcomes, they are likely to justify your trust in them to make the right decision.
Empowerment also can produce better results from employees, such as more creative
solutions to business problems, when implemented effectively. Give employees a reason
to act more ethically and to be more innovative – such as to keep their autonomy over
their work – and you will also increase your company's efficiency.

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 b) Communication Policies and Procedures

Improve your communication policies and procedures so that information will flow more
smoothly and frequently between employees and managers. For example, assign a
manager, HR specialist or ad-hoc team to create a series of training scenarios that teach
employees the right thing to do in common situations faced in your company.

c) Discipline and Consequences

You can't expect all employees to comply with the ethics policy without some kind of
discipline. Enforce your consequences for violations of the ethics policy evenly, regardless
of the offender's high or low status. If you don't have the time to do this, delegate the job to
a manager or HR director. Be sure to maintain careful documentation of employee
violations in case you get sued over disciplining or terminating an employee for an ethical
violation.

d) Changing Bad Patterns

As you look at employee behaviours and enforce your ethics policy, you might see
patterns of unethical behaviour. This might indicate that some rules and procedures need
to be changed in the organization, even it affects ways of doing things that save time or
money or increase profits.

From a business standpoint, the short-term losses should be outweighed by the resulting
improvement in the long-term reputation of your business.

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 Self-Check 7 Written Test

Direction 1- Choose the Correct Answer from the Given Options (2 pts. Each)
1. In order to promote Ethical standards and practice with clients, colleague’s which
behaviours should be considered?
A. Be a Role Model and Be Visible
B. Communicate Ethical Expectations
C. Provide Protective Mechanisms
D. Offer Ethics Training
E. All of the above
2. Which one of the following is not true about the ways to improve an organization's
ethical climate? Improve the ethical climate of your organization give employees more
power over their work
A. Empowerment can produce better results from employees.
B. Improve your communication will increase smooth relation between employees and
managers
C. All of the above
D. None of the above

Direction 2- Write Short Answer for the Following Question

1. What are Ways to Improve an Organization's Ethical Climate? (4 pts.)

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LG #- LO #3- Develop the Practice of
Patriotic Personality

Instruction Sheet
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics –
 Identifying the basics of patriotism
 Developing qualities of patriotic citizen
 Describing executing responsibility
 Discussing the concept of corruption
 Developing the sense of volunteerism
 Practicing industriousness in the work place
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this Learning Guide, you will be able to –
 Identify the basics of patriotism
 Describe qualities of patriotic citizen
 Describe executing responsibility
 Discuss the concept of corruption
 Develop the sense of volunteerism
 Develop industriousness in the work place

Learning Instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide
2. Follow the instructions described below
3. Read the information written in the Information Sheets
4. Accomplish the “Self-check

Information Sheet -1 Identifying the Concepts and Basics of Patriotism

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1.1 Definition of patriotism

Patriotism in a Modern notion is defined with the respect of human rights and constitutional
democracy. It is an appreciation of multiculturalism Whereas Patriotism in a rational
meaning defined as sense of attachment to a homeland or the country and alliance with
other citizens who share the same sentiment to create a feeling of oneness among the
people.

1.2 Patriotism versus Nationalism

1.2.1 The Similarity between Patriotism and Nationalism

Patriotism mean devotion to a particular place and a particular way of life, which one believes
to be the best in the world but has no wish to force upon other people. Patriotism is of its
nature defensive, both militarily and culturally. Nationalism, on the other hand, is inseparable
from the desire for power

1.2.2 The Difference between Patriotism and Nationalism

Nationalism and patriotism both show the relationship of an individual towards his or her
nation. The two are often confused and frequently believed to mean the same thing.
However, there is a vast difference between nationalism and patriotism.

 Nationalism means to give more importance to unity by way of a cultural background,

including language and heritage. Patriotism pertains to the love for a nation, with more
emphasis on values and beliefs.
 When talking about nationalism and patriotism, one cannot avoid the famous
quotation by George Orwell, who said that nationalism is ‘the worst enemy of peace’.
According to him, nationalism is a feeling that one’s country is superior to another in
all respects, while patriotism is merely a feeling of admiration for a way of life. These
concepts show that patriotism is passive by nature and nationalism can be a little
aggressive.
 Patriotism is based on affection and nationalism is rooted in rivalry and resentment.
One can say that nationalism is militant by nature and patriotism is based on peace.
 Most nationalists assume that their country is better than any other, whereas patriots
believe that their country is one of the best and can be improved in many ways.
Patriots tend to believe in friendly relations with other countries while some
nationalists don’t.

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  In patriotism, people all over the world are considered equal but nationalism implies
that only the people belonging to one’s own country should be considered one’s
equal.
 A patriotic person tends to tolerate criticism and tries to learn something new from it,
but a nationalist cannot tolerate any criticism and considers it an insult.
 Nationalism makes one to think only of one’s country’s virtues and not its deficiencies.
Nationalism can also make one contemptuous of the virtues of other nations.
Patriotism, on the other hand, pertains to value responsibilities rather than just valuing
loyalty towards one’s own country.
 Nationalism makes one try to find justification for mistakes made in the past, while
patriotism enables people to understand both the shortcomings and improvements
made.

In Summary,

Patriot: Expresses the emotion of love towards his country in a passive way

Nationalist: Strives for independence and the interests and domination of a nation and
expresses his love or concern for the country in an active political way.

1.3 The moral standing of patriotism

Many think of patriotism as a natural and appropriate expression of attachment to the

country in which we were born and raised and of gratitude for the benefits of life on its soil,
among its people, and under its laws. They also consider patriotism an important
component of our identity. Some go further, and argue that patriotism is morally
mandatory, or even that it is the core of morality. There is, however, a major tradition in
moral philosophy which understands morality as essentially universal and impartial, and
seems to rule out local, partial attachment and loyalty. Adherents of this tradition tend to
think of patriotism as a type of group egoism, a morally arbitrary partiality to “one’s own” at
odds with demands of universal justice and common human solidarity. A related objection
is that patriotism is exclusive in invidious and dangerous ways. Love of one’s own country
characteristically goes together with dislike of and hostility towards other countries. It tends
to encourage militarism, and makes for international tension and conflict. Tolstoy’s and
Kateb’s moral objections to patriotism, mentioned above, are in line with this position.

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What, then, is the moral status of patriotism? The question does not admit of a single
answer. We can distinguish patriotism as Extreme, Robust, moderate, Deflated and
Ethical which needs to be judged on its merits.

1.4 Types of Patriotism:

There are two types of Patriotism. Traditional and Constitutional (Democratic) patriotism

1.4.1 Traditional Patriotism

Traditional patriotism is a patriot one who dies for its country, respects and the national
anthems, flags, and loves the physical features of the country. Some major characteristics
of traditional patriotism are:

 Love of one’s country and particularistic sense of belonging to nation or country;

 The patriotic attachment is to territory or to the country in abstract;
 It is required to be loyal only to the government irrespective of its political
character;
 The state is considered as supreme and has the sovereign power;
 It can degenerate into nationalistic chauvinism and promotes intolerance and
endangers the peace of the national state etc.

1.4.2 Constitutional (Democratic) patriotism

 Its guiding Principles are the constitutional democracy;

 It celebrates one’s belongingness to constitutional state;
 Loyal to the values and principles of democracy enshrined in democratic
constitution;
 It tends to universalism and promote internationalism; etc.

Generally, patriot in modern sense is the one who live the community or the people he/she
belongs stand for the right of the others. It is also readiness to make sacrifices for what is
considered its best interest.

1.5 Basics of Patriotism

There are certain conditions that make people to love their homeland and these conditions
are known as factors or basis for building patriotism. These factors include tolerance of
diversity, legality, and prevalence of rule of law in the country.

1.5.1 Tolerance of Diversity

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Tolerance of diversity accepts any kinds of difference as natural. Differences in race,
language, colour, religion, etc by themselves are cultural values of a country. This
condition indicates that, patriotism is not only love of the soil of one’s birth land, its
scenario-the physical topography but more importantly love of people of the country.
These and other positive contributions and benefits of diversity and pluralism always exist
when there is trust and tolerance of citizens and good governance of the state.

1.5.2 Prevalence of equality

Equal access implies equitable distribution of natural resources political power and social
services to the people of the country. Citizens would not have sense of love for their
country unless they are entertained equally to use all kinds of opportunities in their
country.

1.5.3 Prevalence of Rule of Law

Rule of law is another important factor for the development of patriotic feeling. Therefore,
to enable citizens to have strong patriotic feeling and positive attitude towards their
country, there should be prevalence of rule of law.

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 Self-Check 1 Written Test

Directions: 1 Choose the best answer

1. Which of the following is correct about patriotism (2pts)
A. Extreme Patriotism will create tension
B. Respecting diversity
C. Will create the sense of collaboration
D. All
2.………………………a type of basics of patriotism accepts any kinds of difference
as natural? (2pts)
A. Tolerance diversity B. Prevalence of equality C. Prevalence of rule of law
D. all of the above

Directions II: Answer all the questions listed below

1. Define the term Patriotism in your own words. (2points)
2. Identify Patriotism from nationalism (2pts)
3. Compare and contrast traditional patriotism and modern/constitutional patriotism.
(2points)
4. Why is the principle of tolerance very important to the society of Ethiopia? (2
points)

Note: Satisfactory rating – 6 and above points Unsatisfactory - below

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 Information Sheet -2 Describing qualities of patriotic citizen

2.1 Describing qualities of patriotic citizen

Some of the qualities of a patriotic citizen are as follows:

2.1 .1 Respecting constitution and its provisions

In the constitutional system it is a duty of every citizen to show unreserved support for the
implementation of constitutional provision. They can also do this by fulfilling constitutional
obligations in good faith.

2.1.2 Respecting the rights of others

A patriot has the duty to respect the constitutional right and entitlement of individual and
group. As a patriot you are expected to respect the rights of your fellow citizens.

2.1.3. Loyalty

Loyalty is the quality of being faithful allegiance to the particular state or people. Loyalty of
Patriots is devoted to the nation and its historical and cultural achievement. However this
does not mean that patriots should be loyal to dictatorial and undemocratic governments
that undermine human rights and freedom of citizens. Struggling against such
governments is by itself the attribute of patriotism.

2.1.4. Developing tolerance and developing the culture of peace

Tolerance and the culture of peace are important attribute of true patriotism in multicultural
society. In countries such as Ethiopia where different groups with varied languages,
religions and other attributes coexist, it is important that there is the space for all of them to
have some common ground that offer them the opportunity and privilege to claim pride in
their own legacy and history. As a patriotic person, you need to be keen in solving your
problems and differences in a peaceful manner.

2.1.5. Respect and protect national heritages

Ethiopia has many important national heritages and historical sites. The Rock Hewn
Church of Lalibela, The Palace of Jima Aba Jifar, the Palace of Atse-Fasil in Gondar and
the various monument located in Ethiopia are just few of national heritages among many.
These national heritages not only attract thousands of tourists, but they are also source of
generating income. Therefore, a true patriot is expected to protect these national
heritages.

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 2.1.6 Keep National Secrets

State secrets are those you should keep due to social mindedness and love for your
country. A patriot always maintains national secrets, especially, at the time of war. A
patriot is not a dictator and does not make treason against his/her country.

2.1.7 Respecting National Symbol

A patriot always respects his/her country’s national values. National symbols include such
things as national flag, national anthem, and national day or days of independency. The
first two are important features for the identity of nations across the world. They indicate
the independence of a country and its citizens on a legal footing to other nations that a
patriot should reject. Beside this Ethiopia has also national day such as March 2 victory of
Adwa, May 5 is the day that marked the end of the five years struggle between Ethiopian
patriots and the Italian invaders.

2.1.8 Exposing unjust act

As a patriot, you are expected to expose wrong doing, unethical activities and
mismanagements of any organization, individual and groups. True patriots publicize
information about human right violations by anybody. They also give out information about
any illegal act that may be going in any organization.

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 Self-Check 2 Written Test

Directions I: Choose the best answer

1. Which of the following is the category of quality of patriotism (2Pts)
A. Being faith full to the state
B. Giving values for Historical heritages and Sites
C. Exposing wrong doing
D. All
2. Of the following one is the best example of Historical heritages and sites (2pt)
A. Palace of Abba jifar
B. Renaissance Dam
C. Red fox
D. None

Directions II: Answer all the questions listed below

1. If the national constitution does not favor the interest of the public, is the patriot duty
bound to respect the provisions of this constitution? Explain (3points)
2. Enumerate all national heritages located around your home place. (3 points)
3. Mention any patriotic person in Ethiopia?
4. Who is your best patriot person?

Note: Satisfactory rating – 5 and above points Unsatisfactory - below

Information Sheet #3 Executing Responsibility

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3.1 The Concept of Responsibility

Responsibility is that state of being answerable for an obligation and having the skill,
ability, and capacity to bear it. It also means the ability to do or not to do something. In
other words, one becomes responsible for one’s action. It means accountability.
Responsibility could be keeping promise, observing laws and other social values taking
inlet yourself and your fellow. Therefore, executing responsibility include: -

3.1.1The value of keeping promise

Keeping promise is a declaration which binds the person who makes it, either in honor,
conscience, or law to do or for bear certain specific act. A good citizen always keeps
his/her promise, because he/she has at least a moral obligation to do so as a member of
the society. Promising rule goes by appeal to the value that the practice of promising has
for us as members of a society. The chief value of the practice of promising is social
coordination and cooperation. Promises allow people to trust one another, which in turn
allows for all sorts of cooperative benefits.

3.1.2 Avoid wastage of public property

Public property is land or buildings that are for the use of everyone. This may include all
those properties in your school, public toilets in your surroundings and others. Public
properties also include those owned by government like power generating plants, electric
power transmission towers across the country, roads, telecommunication networks and
hospitals. As a citizen, you have the responsibility to protect such properties for future use.

Wastage of public property can take many forms, for example:

 Misappropriation or misuse of public property

 The purchase of unnecessary or inadequate goods
 Reckless use of the properties of the state
 Too many staff being employed in particular area, incurring cost which might
otherwise have been avoided
 Staff being remunerated for skills that they do not have, but are required to have
under the terms or conditions of their employment
 Programs not achieving their objectives and therefore the cost being clearly
ineffective and inefficient

Wastage of public property can result from such things as:

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  The absence of appropriate safeguards to prevent the theft and misuses,
 Purchasing procedures and practices which fail to ensure that goods and
services are necessary and adequate for their intended purpose.

3.1.3 Concerned with Global issues

The natural environment is the environment composed of land, water, air, human beings
and other living creatures as well as human created surroundings. Human survival
depends on natural environment. Responsible citizen gives strong attention to protect
his/her environment from the Resource depletion following problem:

 Over population
 Pollution
a. Water pollution.
b. Waste and waste disposal.
c. Ocean acidification.
d. Acid rain.
 Environmental degradation
 ozone layer depletion
 Terrorism
 Human trafficking
 Drug trafficking etc.

Ethiopia has an environment owed with plenty of natural resources. It is a home to a

wealth of biological diversity. Its wild life includes animals such as Walia Ibex, Mountain
Nyala and Chelada Baboon etc.

3.1.4 Preservation of Historical Heritage

Historical heritages are things that reflect the living condition of the ancient people, their
culture, their work and their artifacts etc. Historical heritages are the best proof of a
nation’s history and traditional culture. They are considered as precious material, spiritual
treasures which promote strong sense of national pride and patriotic enthusiasm.

Historical and cultural heritages are widely used for two main sorts of modern function:

I. They provide socio cultural places of identities and are also resources for an
important leisure service industry.

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 II. They are the main source of tourism industry. A country with plenty of historical and
cultural heritage has the potential to attract many visiting people from all over the
world. For instance,

 Harar Jegol building,

 The city of Harar
 The axumites obelisks
 Axum Tsion Church
 Ge’ez language, (Ethiopia’s first written language,)
 Rock hewn churches of Lalibela
 Fasildes castle in Gondar
 Aba Jiffar palace in Jimma
 Kumsa Moroda palace in Nekemte
 Sofomer cave of Bale
 The Nejashi mosque in Tigray etc.

3.2 Types of Responsibility

Citizens’ responsibility can be seen as individual or group.

3.2.1 Individual responsibilities

Individual responsibility refers to the moral and legal obligation of citizens to take care for
and take responsibility for themselves and their action. Individual responsibility includes
fulfilling personal responsibilities to oneself, family, friends and others. Personal
responsibility leads to social acceptance.

 Citizens personal responsibility Includes

 Self-governance
 Obliging the law
 Supporting families
 Behaving in civil manner
 Managing their life properly
 Respecting the right and interest of others
 Being responsible for the consequences of one’s action
 Adhering the social and moral principle etc.

3.2.2 Group Responsibility

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Group responsibility is the responsibility shared by all members of a group, community, or
a nation to promote the public interest of the common good. In any society members have
various social obligations in their society. These responsibilities are often called civic
responsibilities. Some of citizen’s social obligations include:

 Performing public service honestly

 Paying tax
 Protecting public property and concern for the environment
 Taking part in political activities
 Managing and resolving conflict
 Negotiation and compromise
 Being informed and attentive to public issues
 Obeying the law

Fulfilling obligations is the basis for social life

It is clear that those who discharge their individual responsibilities can successfully
discharge their group responsibilities. Both personal and group responsibilities can be
categorized in to Moral and legal.

I. Legal responsibility: includes promises, appointments, assignments, occupations,

customs, traditions, moral principles, citizenship, and laws are all sources of responsibility.

II. Moral responsibility: includes discharge: respecting seniors (elders), punctuality,

honesty, keeping promise are all examples of moral responsibility.

Responsibility can also be classified as Personal Responsibility, Social Responsibility and

Environmental Responsibility.

 Personal Responsibility:

 make and keep agreements;

 set goals and create ways to achieve them;
 accept consequences of personal choices; and
 Acknowledge personal accomplishments.

 Social Responsibility:

 communicate with others in a way that empowers them, not demeans them;
 honor others' rights, dignity, and worth,
 work together toward common goals,

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  negotiate problems and conflicts successfully; and
 Create opportunities for others.

 Environmental Responsibility:

 become conscious of the various contexts in which we function;

 respect property and take care of equipment, the classroom, the school, and the
community;
 Recognize the importance of the individual taking care of the environment as
well as influencing others to take care of the environment.

3.3 Characteristics of Responsible person

Responsible person is the one who identifies and accepts the consequences-good or
bad- of his decisions. Responsible behavior is made up of essential elements-honesty,
compassion, respect values and norms of a society, fairness, accountability and Courage.
In addition, responsible persons are those who do the right thing even no one is watching
and See things through.

 Being responsible means:

 Think before we act.

 Think about how our actions affect others.
 Think before we speak.
 Are accountable
 Fix our mistakes.
 Keep trying. ...
 Are reliable and always do our job.
 Clean up our own messes

 Responsible person is:

 reliable, trustworthy, and dependable

 Gain knowledge and experience
 Benefit others and the society at large
 Develops independence and self esteem

Independent person: is a state of being free from control, subjugation or dictation by any
extreme body. It is a situation of being dependent of one’s resources.

3.4 Respecting Values and Norms of Society

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Value: have to do with the principles beliefs or accepted standards of a person or social
groups

Moral: it has to do with human behavior and the distinctions between good, bad, right and
wrong behavior. For instance, helping a person in need of assistance, helping in protecting
public safety, peace and order are among the moral and ethical values of a society. In
general, good citizen responsibilities may include:

 Respecting the right of others

 Paying attention to how well our elected leaders do their jobs
 Paying fair tax
 Serving in the armed forces
 Voting

Self-Check # 3 Written Test

Directions I: Choose the best answer

1. Genuinely responsibility can be classified as (2)
A. Personal B. Social B. Environmental D. All
2. Responsible Person is known by (2)
A. Will think before act C. Keeping trying
B. Accountable D. Independent
3. Which of the following is unique about Global Concern of the Responsible person
A. Over population C. Pollution
B. Resource depletion D. none

Directions II: Answer all the questions listed below

1.Identify the moral and Legal Responsibility ( 2 points)
2.Explain keeping Promise(2pts)

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 Information Sheet #4 Discussing the Concept of Corruption

4.1. Concept of Corruption

Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense which is undertaken by a person or

an organization which is entrusted with a position of authority, in order to acquire illicit
benefits or abuse power for one's personal gain. Corruption erodes trust, weakens
democracy, hampers economic development and further exacerbates inequality, poverty,
social division and the environmental crisis. Exposing corruption and holding the corrupt to
account can only happen if we understand the way corruption works and the systems that
enable it.

4.2. Corruption in Ethiopian Context

Reading causes of corruption in Ethiopia, there is no extensive research done to date.

However, offering and receiving bribes were practiced during the emperor’s period (1930-
1974). Later on, during the Dreg Regime, the system of corruption became more
sophisticated. Some manifestations of corruption were the nationalization of privately
owned business by the government; parent offering bribes to Keble administrators to free
their sons from national military service; Individuals and officials with access to
government structures being allowed to get goods at lower prices and selling them at
higher price in the market to generate income. Besides these, it was impossible to have
access to public services and utilities without bribes. In general, nepotism, patronage,
abuse of office, kick back demands from government procurement contractors was
characteristics of that regime (1974-1991). This was because there were no accountability
and transparency systems.

Even after the Dreg Regime, corruption was still a problem to development. To address
such a problem, the government of Ethiopia a civil service reform program as part of the
general strategy to curb corruption by the year 1994.The reform program was under taken
on the basis of a task force established by the prime minister’s office. When the civil
service reform program approached an implementation phase, Federal Ethics and Anti-
corruption Commission (FEAC) was established in October 2001.

Some measures taken in the promotion of ethical standards and fight against corruption in
Ethiopia are as follows:

 The Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission was established;

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  A management manual was developed to help managers detect work and service
areas vulnerable to corruption and measures to be taken to address the problem;
 As it is not possible to fight corruption individually, a working together manual for
the investigators, prosecutors, and judiciary was developed;
 Code of ethics for politicians and civil servants was developed;
 Anti-corruption procedure and evidence law was developed and being
implemented;
 To assess the extent and prevalence of corruption in the country and institutions
most affected by it, a corruption survey was undertaken

In light of the problems, important steps are made in this area. For example, federal ethics
and anti-corruption commission is established and related legislation such as evidence
and procedure law and mandate of the commission are enacted.

4.3 Causes of Corruption

The following are some main causes of corruption:

1. Low Pay scales/ Wages

Most of the employees in the government sector are paid low wages and salaries. Hence
some employees revert to corruption for more financial benefits.

2. Low Job opportunities.

This is another cause of corruption. Due to the lack of job opportunities, many people like
to go for corruption mode to get a job offer. They will be ready to pay lump-sum amounts
for the job offer to the higher officials or politicians.

3. Lack of Strict and fast punishments:

Even if someone is found guilty or even caught red-handed by the anti-corruption officials
or media, the convicts get less punishment. First, they will be suspended for a few months
or weeks and then re-posted to another location with the same Job grade and pay. So this
means the official who did the corrupt practice is given a free license to continue his
practice.

If the government is so strict that any such corrupt incidents will lead to permanent
removal from the job and also punishment like several years imprisonment, then the
corruption will come down to a large extent.

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4. Lack of fear of bad reputation

If a person is corrupt or has done some unacceptable misconduct, they have to be

avoided and not be respected. But currently, those with corruption and other offense-
related history are given prominent positions like members of parliament or even higher
posts. Instead of being disrespected, they are respected.

5. Lack of Public Unity

The public openly criticizes corruption, but interestingly there is no unity among the public
to stop corruption. If a person wants to get his done his work, he gets it done by corruption
means if possible and then later criticizes the corrupt official. If the public stands united
against corruption so that no one is ready to offer bribes to get their work done, then the
corrupt officials will have no other option but to work in a corruption-free manner.

During the election, politicians try to lure the people by offering money and other things. If
these politicians win and get power, they try to regain 10 to 100 times the amount spent in
the process.

6. Lack of transparency in affairs and deals

Many seat selection processes like in education, contracts for the job, employee income
reports (wealth possession), etc., lack transparency.

7. Lack of Independent detective agency

Lack of the independent detective agency is to investigate with full power and freedom to
expose the corrupt individuals. The existing agencies are under the control of either the
government or the armies and are not free to work. Hence anyone who commits offense
will not be afraid of the investigation as they can escape from it by taking the help of those
controlling them.

8. Lack of state funding for elections

State funding for polls is the best way to beat corruption. Political parties receive party
donations and will not disclose them to the fullest. In doing so, they encourage corruption.
They collect massive amounts from industrialists with a promise to help when in power.
The presence of state funding can abolish party donations and minimize corruption.

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9. The option of many political parties

In a democracy, anyone can establish a political party. So there are chances for the
corruption of many political parties in the country.

If a political party wins, then the party members will desire to expand the party all over the
country. To do so, they need enough financial reserves. Once they come into power, they
opt for corrupt means to make the wealth needed to expand the party.

10. Lack of enough powers to the judicial system and other independent
organizations.

Like the election commission cannot ban a politician from contesting in case they make a
mistake or do not comply with the rules during the poll campaign (like distributing money to
people etc.). Similarly, the judicial system has low options to punish someone who is found
to be

11. Lack of accountability

In government, there is a big trend in corruption. This is because of a lack of

accountability. The employees in government offices do not perform to their par
excellence. If they have 100 files to be cleared in a week, they may not even clear 50 of
them in that week. They tend to postpone the clearance of the files. So those who are in
the urgency of the clearance have to get them done by rewarding the officials involved in
the clearance office. This lack of accountability in government offices is the chief cause of
corruption.

If there is a mandate that all the files or at least 95% of files received by government
offices for clearance are cleared in the said period, then corruption can be minimized to a
large extent.

12. Encouragement of Unhealthy Competition

Competition in business is a good sign for the quality of service to be delivered. But in
developing nations, there is an encouragement of unhealthy competition. Therefore, these
causes of corruption have to be eliminated for the better growth of the nation.

4.4 Types of Corruption

4.4.1 Grand Corruption

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It is a type of corruption in which huge amount of public property and government money
flow into the pocket of individuals within a short period of time. The principal participants of
grand corruption are higher government officials, political leader, higher level professionals
and higher-level merchants. This type of corruption mostly conducted when there are
governmental agreements, during international or higher level of purchase bids like
purchase of industrial machines, purchase of war ammunitions, fertilizers, transport
vehicles, and installations of huge industries.

Grand corruption is the abuse of high-level power that benefits the few at the expense of
the many, and causes serious and widespread harm to individuals and society. It often
goes unpunished. Grand corruption is a crime that violates human rights and deserves
judgment and punishment accordingly. There are three major branches of grand
corruption include Political corruption, Bureaucratic corruption and Organizational
(Systemic) corruption.

a. Political corruption: An illegal act by an office holder constitutes political

corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law
or involves trading in influence. Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion,
cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft, and embezzlement.

b. Bureaucratic corruption: A useful working definition of public sector corruption is

the abuse of Authority by public officials to make personal gains. One manifestation of
this is when civil servants, or bureaucrats, exploit their powers of discretion, delegated to
them by the government, to further their own interests.

c. Organizational (Systemic) corruption: is corruption which is primarily due to the

weaknesses of an organizational process. It can be contrasted with individual officials or
agents who act corruptly within the system. It is also termed as endemic corruption.

5 Petty corruption

It is a type of corruption under which small amount of public property (wealth) is

transferred illegally in to the pocket of individuals. Even though the transfer of abused
wealth small in amount it crates the greatest gap between the government and the people.
It aggravates the grievances of the people.

Mostly the participants of petty corruption are administrators at different levels of

government structures, government workers at grass root levels, and job seekers.

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Petty corruption also defined as a type of everyday abuse of entrusted power by low- and
mid-level public officials in their interactions with ordinary citizens, who often are trying to
access basic goods or services in places like hospitals, schools, police departments and
other agencies.

6. Manifestation of Corruption

Corruption can be manifested in different ways including the following: There are many
types of corruption. For most people, bribery probably comes first to mind when they hear
the word corruption, but other common types of corruption include bribery, nepotism,
fraud, embezzlement, theft, etc.

6.1 Bribery

Bribery is the bestowing of a benefit (money or favors) to influence an action or decision

unduly. It can be initiated by a person who seeks or solicits bribes or by a person who
offers and then pays bribes. The «benefit» in bribery can be virtually any inducement:
money and valuables, company shares, inside information, sexual or other favors,
entertainment, employment or, indeed, the mere promise of incentives.

6.2 Nepotism

Nepotism is favoritism shown by public official to relatives or close friends generally

involve abuses of discretion. Such abuses, however, are governed not by the self-interest
of an official but the interests of someone linked to him or her through membership of a
family, political party, tribe, religious, or other group.

If an individual bribes an official to hire him or her, the official acts in self-interest. If a
corrupt official hires a relative, he or she acts in exchange for the less tangible benefit of
advancing the interests of family or the specific relative involved (nepotism). The favoring
of, or discriminating against, individuals can be based on a wide range of group
characteristics: race, religion, geographical factors, political or other affiliation, as well as
personal or organizational relationships, such as friendship or membership of clubs or
associations.

7. Embezzlement, Theft and Fraud

In the context of corruption, embezzlement, theft and fraud all involve the taking or
conversion of money, property, or valuable items by an individual who is not entitled to
them but, by virtue of his or her position or employment, has access to them.

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In the case of embezzlement and theft, the property is taken by someone to whom it was
entrusted. Therefore, embezzlement and theft can be defined as «stealing money or other
government property. » Fraud, however, consists of the use of false or misleading
information to induce the owner of the property to relinquish it voluntarily. Fraud, therefore,
can be defined as «cheating the government through deceit. »

8. Abuse of Discretion

In some cases, corruption can involve the abuse of discretion, vested in an individual, for
personal gain. For example, an official responsible for Government contracting may
exercise the discretion to purchase goods or services from a company in which he or she
holds a personal interest or propose real estate developments that will increase the value
of property. Such abuse is often associated with bureaucracies where there is broad
individual discretion and few oversight or accountability structures, or where decision-
making rules are so complex that they neutralize the effectiveness of any accountability
structures that do ex

9. Consequences of corruption

Impact of corruption is very hard on public life. This is more of awkward and defaming
condition than being problematic. But it appears that the corruption is ever rising and
unstoppable. Further, the people involved in corruption seem to be hiding by blaming
others. Even they are proud of themselves as they made more money in short time. To
worsen the condition further, those involved in corruption are able to get better promotions
and opportunities. People also have developed an opinion that it is the only way to get
their work done. If not, the work will be pending for long or even might not be done.

10. Effects of corruption on people

 Lack of quality in services

In a system with corruption, there is no quality of service. To demand quality one might
need to pay for it. This is seen in many areas like municipality, electricity, distribution of
relief funds etc. If a person has to purchase a like medicine, due to corruption in education
then the candidate after completion of his course will not like to provide quality health
service if there is not enough remuneration for his service. Further candidates who do not
have the ability can also get into the same seat by purchasing it. So though he becomes a
medical practitioner, he may not be competent enough.

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  Lack of proper justice

Corruption in the judiciary system, leads to improper justice. And the victims of offense
might suffer. A crime may be proved as a benefit of the doubt due to lack of evidence or
even the evidence erased. Due to corruption in the police system, the investigation
process goes on for decades. This lets the culprits roam free and even perform more
crimes. There are even chances that criminals due to old age due to the delayed
investigation. So it leads to a sense of “Justice delayed is justice denied.”

 Chances of Unemployment

For example, the private education and training institutes are given permits to start
providing education. This permit is given based on the infrastructure and sufficient
recruitment of eligible staff. Here there are good chances of corruption. The institute or
college managements try to bribe the quality inspectors to get permits. Though there is no
sufficient eligible staff these institutes get permission from the inspectors leading to
unemployment. Instead of 10 faculties, a college is run by 5. So, even if well-qualified
persons wish to get a job there, they will not be offered. If there was no corruption by
inspectors, then there would be a chance for more employment.

 Poor Health and hygiene

In countries with more corruption one can notice more health problems among people.
There will be no fresh drinking water, proper roads, quality food grains supply, milk
adulteration, etc.

These low-quality services are all done to save money by the contractors and the officials
who are involved. Even the medicines provided in hospitals for the hospitals are of sub-
standard in quality. So, all these can contribute to the ill health of common man.

 Pollution

Pollution is mostly emitted in the form of water pollution, air pollution, and land pollution.
This pollution is from vehicles and factories. The governments have a monitor on this
pollution by regular check of vehicle emissions and also industrial exhausts.

Corruption in the government department lets the industry people opt to release of
untreated and harmful waste into rivers and air. If there is no corruption, there can be fair
probes. Then the industry personnel will treat the waste such that it is less toxic and

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harmless to environment and people in it. So we can mean that corruption is also the main
cause of pollution.

 Accidents

Sanction of driving license without proper check of driving skills in the driver leads to
accidents and death. Due to corruption, there are countries where one can driving license
without any tests.

 Failure of genuine research

Research by individuals needs government funding. Some of the funding agencies have
corrupt officers. These people sanction the funds for research to those investigators who
are ready to bribe them. In doing so, they do not sanction the funds to genuine and
hardworking investigators. Thus the research and development will be lagging. This
seems to be not a problem for the common public. But if we notice the resistance of
microbes to drugs, we can know that there were no new compounds discovered in the
past few decades for the efficient treatment of resistant microbes.

E. Effects of Corruption on Society

 Disregard for officials

People start disregarding the official involved in corruption by talking negatively about him.
But when they have work with him or her, they again approach them by a thought that the
work is done if some monetary benefits are provided. Disregard towards officials will also
build distrust. Even lower grade officer will be disrespectful to higher grade officer. So
even he may not obey his orders. There were even incidents where a lower grade police
officer kidnapped higher grade officer for not offering him leave when asked.

 Lack of respect for rulers

Rulers of the nation like the president or prime ministers lose respect among the public.
Respect is main criteria in social life. People go for voting during the election not only with
the desire to improve their living standards by the election winner but also with respect for
the leader. If the politicians are involved in corruption, people knowing this will lose respect
for them and will not vote such politicians.

 Lack of faith and trust in the governments

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People vote to a ruler based on their faith in him/ her but if found to be involved in
corruption people lose faith in them and may not vote next time.

F. Effects of corruption on Economy

 A decrease in foreign investment

There are many incidents wherein foreign investments which were willing to come to India
have gone back owing to heavy corruption in the government bodies.

 Delay in growth

Due to desire to mint money and other unlawful benefits, the official who needs to pass the
clearances for projects or industries delay the process. A work which can be done in few
days may be done in a months’ time that leads to delay in investments starting and
growth. Even if started, company growth hinders as every work linked to officials get
delayed due to need to provide bribes or other benefits.

 Lack of development

Many new industries willing to get started in particular region change their plans if the
region is unsuitable. If there are no proper roads, water, and electricity, the companies do
not wish to start up there. This hinders the economic progress of that region.

 Differences in trade ratio’s

Some countries have inefficient standard control institutes. Or in other words, these
standard control institutes are corrupt that they can approve low-quality products for sale
in their country. Hence you can see countries manufacturing cheap products dump them in
big markets. These countries can manufacture cheap quality products but cannot dump in
countries with strict standard control institutes. They can do so only in countries with
chances of corrupt officials in standard control. One best example is products which can’t
be just dumped into Europe and US markets can be done in other country markets with
poor import regulations and quality checks. So there arises trade deficit that these
countries cannot manufacture their own products at the cheaper price than those exporting
to them. So if corruption is minimized than these countries will have fewer trade deficits in-
terms of exports and imports with other countries and their economies can prosper.

1. Approaches towards combating Corruption

There are two types of approaches toward combating corruption.

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  Preventive approach: it is based on laws of the land starting from the constitution,
other laws and rules. It focuses on the preventive role that those laws can play,
E.g., Rules related to financial administration.

 Curative Approach: It includes receiving complaints investigating corruption cases

and bring the corrupt officials before justice particularly committed citizens that are
vigilant to protect public property are needed to fight against corruption. Such as
Whistle blowers, these are people who expose wrong doings unethical activities or
criminal acts happening in their surrounding without identifying themselves as a
source.

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 2. Mechanisms for Combating Corruption

As discussed in the previous section, corruption is like a cancer and unless it is treated
immediately it is likely to affect the entire system. Therefore, taking measures to reduce its
causes and thereby its impacts are indispensable. In this regard, penalizing corrupt
officials and civil servants may help as a starting point. However, only an integrated and
comprehensive approach results in meaningful solution. The basic and integrated anti-
corruption approaches are as follows:

 Political Commitment

Combating corruption through governmental actions is ultimately a matter of political will.

Without genuine political will, government’s promises to reform the civil service or
introduce transparency and accountability are unlikely to take place. Unless the leadership
is committed, the fight against corruption is incomplete. Accordingly, there has to be a
system whereby political leaders play an exemplary role of being ethical and free from
corruption. This helps to send message to the public that corrupt act will not be tolerated
and no one is above the law. This may include exposing illegal acts of officials and trial of
their cases at the appropriate court.

 Administrative Reform

Administrative reform is an important ingredient to combat corruption. The following can be

cited an element of administrative reform. First, the most basic area is to make institutions
effective. This requires eliminating redundant structures; introducing transparent and
accountable rules and regulations; sharpening institutional focus on strategic goals for the
achievement of maximum results, giving due attention to area that are phone to corruption
and better equipping of civil servants for their tasks. In line with this, introducing
appropriate living wages to the officials and civil servants; creating suitable working
environment including making employment and promotion on the basis of merit are areas
that need attention in the administrative aspect to combat corruption. It is also necessary
to ensure government decisions and the monitoring of performance on the basis of sound
data. On top of that, a properly functioning public administration also requires transparent
budgeting and financial management systems with sound expenditure systems.

Administrative reform is expected to improve access to information by the public, about the
services provided and decision made. On top of that, transparency, of administration or
service delivery brought about by administrative reform should result in consultation with

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stake holders’ trough focus groups, public hearings, client satisfaction surveys, etc., about
how the institution is delivering services and how it would deliver in the future.

 Transparency and Accountability

Transparency and accountability are the pillars of democracy and good governance, thus,
are important at all levels of governance. If the activities of the government are transparent
and officials and civil servants are held accountable for their decisions, the chance for
corruption will be minimized. Usually, corruption takes place when there is lack of
transparency and accountability.

Transparency is ensured by putting in place such measures as setting standards for timely
services, requiring reasons for decision and providing redress against decisions. Unless it
is specifically wanted to be secret by law, the public needs to have information from a
specific organization on the type of service, its standard and conditions of delivery. That is
to avoid ambiguity; limited access to confidential information must be defined by law.

On the other hand, accountability mechanisms can be exercised through administrative,

legal and political arrangements. Administrative mechanisms may include internal audit,
evaluation and reporting of performances in writing. Besides these, anti-corruption
legislation, code of ethics for every profession and audit mechanisms by certified audit
institutions would serve as a legal accountability while oversight mechanisms such as
parliamentary committee and Ombudsmen would help as political mechanisms of
accountability.

Legal Framework

Legal framework is the other essential mechanism for combating corruption. Under this
sub- heading the following legal aspects will be discussed:

I. Anti- corruption law

Though enforcement is the least effective mechanism to combat corruption, there should
be anti- - corruption laws to penalize corrupt officials and civil servants. The anti-
corruption law should not only penalize the corrupt but also provide mechanisms for
confiscating the property or wealth obtained through corruption. It has to provide protection
for those who report cases of corrupt practices. The list of anti-corruption laws should
include investigation and prosecution of cases of corruption, disclosure, of financial
interests and other properties, and whistle blower protector mechanisms.

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 II. Code of Ethics

Code of ethics serves bas guide to acceptable and unacceptable behaviour at work place.
It includes sanctions, when there is breach of the provision in the code of ethics by those
working within the government machinery. The code of ethics should be prepared in line
with the need of every government institution or organization.

III. Conflict of Interest Laws

Conflict interest is any interest is any interest that either directly or indirectly influences the
officials and civil servant in the discharge of their duties. In order to avoid conflict of
interest, officials and civil servants working in areas that are susceptible to corruption
should be required by law to declare and register their assets and financial interests.
According to the Canadian experience, for the purpose of registration, assets are
classified into three, i.e. exempted assets, declarable assets and controlled assets.

Besides the above, conflict of interest law shall define clearly what type of work-related
behaviour are acceptable and unacceptable, and specify work areas that are prohibited as
outside employment in relation to each position. For example, the law shall include
identification of risk areas or activities such as whether running personal business venture
or participating in shareholding business activities.

IV. Whistle-blower Protection Law

The campaign against corruption cannot be successful unless it is backed by the

involvement of public. To do so, protection mechanism is needed to encourage the public
to expose corrupt officials and civil servants. Otherwise, the public may not be actively
involved due to fear of revenge from corrupt individuals of groups. Similarly, there should
be a reporting centre where members of the public may expose corruption without
disclosing their identity.

 Establishment of key Institutions

Creating and strengthening institutions which are directly related to fight against corruption
is essential. Thus, the following institutions are focus of attention:

 General Auditor
 Ombudsman
 Ethics Coordinating Body;
 The Judiciary.

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  Strengthening Civic Organizations and Undertaking Public Awareness
Programs

Strengthening civic organizations and undertaking public awareness programs are also
crucial in the fight against corruption. In line with this, the following strategies are
necessary to reach the various sectors of civic organizations and the general public:-

 Mass media;
 Professional associations;
 Religious organizations;
 Others undertaking public awareness Program. For example, establishing and
strengthening consumer associations.

Self-Check 4 Written Test

Directions I: Choose the best answer

1. Which of the following institution is essential in fighting against corruption (2pts)
A. General Auditor B. Ombudsman C. Judiciary D. All
2. Which one is true about mechanisms of Combating Corruption (2pt)
A. Administrative Reform B. Political reform C. A &B D. None
3. Which organization is essential in dealing with Corruption (2pts)
A. Mass media A. Professional associations C. Religious organizations;

Directions II: Answer all the questions listed below.

1. Discuss the issues of Corruption in Ethiopian Context (3pts)

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 2. Describe the consequences of Corruption (3pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating 6 and above points Unsatisfactory - below 6

points

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 Information Sheet- 5 The Sense of Volunteerism
5.1 The Concept of Volunteerism
Volunteerism is the practice of donating time, energy, knowledge and skills for the benefit
of a community as asocial responsibility rather than for any financial reward. And a
volunteer is a person who voluntarily undertakes or expresses a willingness to undertake a
service voluntarily. In an employment-related context, volunteerism is concerned with the
methods and tools employers use to support employees that want to volunteer.
People choose to volunteer for a variety of reasons. For some it offers the chance to give
something back to the community or make a difference to the people around them. For
others it provides an opportunity to develop new skills or build on existing experience and
knowledge.
5.1.1 Benefits of volunteerism
 The act of volunteerism resulted in: Gain confidence
 Make a difference
 Meet people. Volunteering can help you meet different kinds of people and
make new friends.
 Be part of a community
 Learn new skills
 Take on a challenge
 Have fun!
 Creates or develops anticorruption mentality.
 Serves as pressure group to government or the society.

5.1.2 The qualities of volunteer

 Enthusiasm
 Flexibility
 Reliability
 Creative and passionate
 Integrity
 Teamwork
 Communication
 Good organizational skills

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5.2 Basic Principles of volunteerism
 Volunteering:
 benefits the community and the volunteer
 work is unpaid
 is always a matter of choice
 is not compulsorily undertaken to receive pensions or government allowances
 is a legitimate way in which citizens can participate in the activities of their
community.
 is a vehicle for individuals or groups to address human, environmental and
social needs.
 is an activity performed in the not for profit sector only
 is not a substitute for paid work
 Volunteers do not replace paid workers nor constitute a threat to the job
security of paid workers
 Respects the rights, dignity and culture of others.
 promotes human rights and equality

Self-Check # 5 Written Test

Directions I: Choose the best answer

1. Why people choose to be to volunteer(2pts)
A. It offers the chance to give something back to the community
B. It provides an opportunity to develop new skills

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 C. A&B
D. none
2. Of the following one does not correspond to the principle of volunteerism (2pts)
A. Work is unpaid C. Only true for the developed nation
B. promotes human rights and equality D. All

Directions II: Answer all the questions listed below.

1. Define volunteerism in your own terms (3pts)
2. mention at least three qualities of volunteers(3pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating – 5 and above points Unsatisfactory - below 5

points
Answer Sheet

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 Information Sheet - 6 Developing the Practice of Industriousness
6.1 The Concept of Industriousness

The term industriousness is derived from the word industry which means the quality of
regularly working hard. A person having the characteristics of working hard is said to be
industrious. Thus, industrious usually refers to the characteristics of diligent, punctual and
hard-working person.

We have to respect all types of work. In order for people to get what they need and want;
they have to work. This means we have to respect every profession and labor work. Work
is the only respectable and legal way to earn money. Work is the base to fulfill our basic
necessities and other needs and wants. Work is very important for the survival of human
race and civilization. Ethiopia is a very poor country. By working hard, it is possible to
produce the goods and services that are needed to get out of poverty. We need to develop
the skills and provide opportunities so that everyone can work their way out of poverty.

6.2 The Culture of Hard Work and Development

Many people in developed countries work very hard. Because of this they are able to
produce more, goods and services to consume. When you are able to produce more, then
you have more choice to satisfy your needs and wants. This enhances your creativity,
productivity, and or quality of your work. Creativity can lead to the invention of new things
such as technological development.

Ethical work conduct enables workers to possess proper behavior and as to develop
proper relationship with other workers and help they create good industrial environmental.
Hard work is not enough; we need to be educated and skilled in order to move towards
development.

6.3 Characteristics of Industrious person

Industrious person is a person who works energetically and devotedly, hard-working and
diligent. Industrious traits are essential if you hope to overcome obstacles, motivate
yourself, and achieve your dreams. Being industrious includes working hard with energy,
devotion, and diligence.

Some of the most common traits of industrious people include efficiency, perseverance,
and a strong work ethic. These traits are obtainable if you do not currently have them, by
developing and sharpening your own industrious traits.

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 i. Becoming More Efficient

 Plan ahead. One of the best ways to be more efficient is to plan ahead. Don't just
plan for the things you know will happen (though you should obviously do this as
well); try to anticipate the workload and needed time.

 Manage your time wisely.

 Prepare supplies and plans in advance as much as possible.

 Make lists of items "to do." The best way to stay on top of your workload, no
matter what profession or area of studies you're in, is to make lists, update progress
and check items off as you accomplish them.

 Delegate work and share tasks. Depending on your job description, your
personality type, and available workers with complementary jobs, you may be able
to work together with others.

ii. Developing Perseverance

 Develop specific, measurable goals. The best way to set yourself up for success
is to create S.M.A.R.T. goals: Specific, Measurable, Action-oriented, Realistic, and
Time-bound.

 Visualize your success. Visualization techniques are an effective way to bring

about positive change in your own life.

 Resist the urge to procrastinate. Procrastination will quickly kill your will to
persevere.

 Take pleasure in your effort. The key to staying motivated is to find pleasure in
your efforts, even when they don't seem to be paying off.

iii. Cultivating Strong Work Habits

 Be punctual. being punctual is important to success.

 Eliminate or reduce distractions. Every day you're faced with countless choices,
but one of the choices that may be most difficult for some people is the choice
between diligent work and a fun, short-term distraction. While distractions are good
in moderation to relax and "unplug" your brain, they should be restricted to
evenings and weekends so that your work productivity is not affected.

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 Example: Think about how much time you waste on a given day checking your
social media, like Facebook and Twitter. Spending 10 minutes on Facebook every
hour of an eight hour workday adds up to 80 minutes of time wasted online.

 Be more professional. Ultimately, though, your version of professionalism should

place the needs of your employers and your professional responsibilities over your
own personal interests.

 Ignore the little things at work that upset you.

 Be more self-disciplined and keep yourself motivated.
 Stay above the gossip that circulates through your workplace.
 Show kindness and respect to everyone you work with.
 Make sure your personal attitude is professional, appropriate, and
contributes to a healthy work environment.

 Develop a healthy morning routine. Treat your body and mind in the morning
before you come to work sets the pace for your entire day, and can either sabotage
your efforts or set you up for success.

 Have restful evenings. Just as your morning routine sets the pace for the rest of
your day, your evening routine could set the tone for what your morning will be like.
Going to bed stressed, not getting enough sleep, or spending too much time in front
of the watching television at night can affect how well-rested you are in the morning.

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iv. Communicating Effectively

 Take a moment to calm down. Communicating effectively is difficult when you are
upset or stressed: If you are feeling upset or stressed, then take a moment to calm
yourself down before having a conversation.

 Try taking a few deep breaths.

 Make yourself a cup of herbal tea.
 Visualize a pleasant place for a few minutes.
 Go for a walk.

 Focus on the conversation. It is also important to stay focused and listen when
you are talking to someone.

 Before you start a conversation, put away your cell phone, focus your eyes on
the speaker, and pay attention to what the speaker is saying.
 If you get confused about something the speaker says, it is okay to ask a
question. For example, you can say something like, “Can you clarify what you
meant when you said ___?”

 Work on your body language. How you hold yourself and the expression of your
face can also have an impact on the amount of information that you retain. You can
demonstrate that you are listening by:

 Making eye contact.

 Nodding and responding with appropriate facial expressions.
 Facing the speaker and leaning in slightly.

 Be more assertive. Assertive speech is important for effective communication. If

you use passive rather than direct communication, then you risk being
misunderstood or unheard.

 Use simple speech. Communicating effectively is to use simple speech rather than
complex speech. Before you speak, try to think of the simplest way for you to
express yourself. Consider your audience and think about what would help them
understand the point you are trying to make.

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6.4 Factors Affecting the World of Work

The small business owner needs to know what things frequently affect the workplace
balance. Knowing what to look for will help the small business maintain an expected level
of harmony, thereby increasing production and raising job satisfaction.

 Workplace Deviance

When employees wilfully engage in conduct that puts the small business or its employees
at risk, it is called workplace deviance. Pilfering, laziness and hostility are appropriate
examples of workplace deviance. Employees that witness deviance are likely to be
discouraged and less happy at work. Workplace deviance allowed to continue
unchallenged by management is especially disturbing for other employees.

 Tardiness and Absence

Chronic employee tardiness affects the workplace in a number of ways. Other employees
have to make up the work difference and may feel angry or resentful toward the late
employees. People who are chronically late are displaying their disregard for others, even
though this may be subconscious. Chronic absences are also workplace factors that can
upset balance. When people take more days than allotted or bail out during stressful
projects, other workers have to fill in. These factors can lead to stress and negative
feelings.

 Company Changes

New technologies like new machinery, updated computer systems or new inventory
applications can confuse some workers. However, some small business employees look
at equipment changes as a work upgrade and appreciate the effort. Changes in staffing,
reshuffling of duties and even changes in the coffee served can affect the workplace
environment.

 Growth Opportunities

Employee growth opportunities like paid workshops or college courses positively affect the
workplace. When workers feel they have the opportunity to learn more and possible
advance, they display positive attitudes toward the business. People who are not given the
chance to improve may feel underappreciated by their employer. Regular, insightful
performance reviews can affect the workplace, too.

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  Teamwork and Dysfunction

Employees who work together to meet challenges and reach goals have a positive,
uplifting effect on the business. When groups or teams enjoy this kind of camaraderie, it is
often infectious and can influence other work groups in the company. On the flip side,
departments that don't communicate and lack cohesion achieve little and stimulate no
team pride. This type of work dysfunction can affect other departments and may trigger a
discouraging domino effect.

6.5 Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction

Job satisfaction is a big factor in employee engagement, and the level of discretionary
effort team members are likely to make. No doubt, people’s work performance suffers
when they don’t feel satisfied with their jobs, not to mention their quality of life. Of course,
every person is unique in what they wish to achieve from their work, but there are some
job satisfaction factors that psychologists usually agree on. Job satisfaction depends on
several different factors such as satisfaction with pay, promotion opportunities, fringe
benefits, job security, relationship with co-workers and supervisors, etc.

Job satisfaction may lead to cost reduction by reducing absences, task errors, conflicts at
work and turnover. As work is an important aspect of people’s lives and most people
spend a large part of their working lives at work, understanding the factors involved in job
satisfaction is crucial to improving employees ‘performance and productivity. Factors
affecting the level of job satisfaction are;

 Working  Feel of Belongings  Personal Interest

Environment  Initiation and and Hobbies
 Fair Policies and Leadership  Respect from Co-
Practice  Feel of Being Workers
 Caring Loved  Relationship with
Organization  Safety and Security Supervisors
 Appreciation  Challenges  Feedback
 Pay  Responsibilities
 Flexibility
 Age  Creativity in Job
 Promotion  Nature of Work

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 Self-Check -6 Written Test

Directions I: Say True or False

1. Work is very important for the survival of human race and civilization. (2pts)
2. Hard work enhances creativity. (2pts)
Directions II: Choose the best answer
3. Which one of the following is acceptable and legal way to earn money? (2pts)
A) Corruption B) Work C) Cheating D) Stealing
Directions III: Answer all the questions listed below.
1. Define the concept of industriousness. (2 point)
2. Discuss factors that affect work productivity. (2pts)

Note: Satisfactory rating 5 and above points Unsatisfactory -

below 5 points

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 References
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 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_n6i1ug0tQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzxtS-cQN_8
https://www.formpl.us/blog/workplace-ethics

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 Acknowledgement
We wish to extend thanks and appreciation to the many representatives of TVET
instructors, Experts from minster of Labor and skill curriculum experts of Ministry of
education, regional Labor and skill/training Bureaus, FTVETI who donated their time and
expertise to the development of this Teaching, Training and Learning Materials. In
addition, we thank save the children project in collaboration with Ministry of labor and skill
Employees who donate the financial issues.

This Teaching, Training and Learning Materials (TTLM) was developed on March, 2022 at
Naziret, Dembel Hotel.

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 The Experts who developed this Learning guide
No Name Qualification Educational background Region PHONE
1 Zelalem Taye A Management and Amhara 0918021238
Leadership
2 Walelign Mekuria B Geography SNNPR 0916853464
3 Tsehay Kebede A Geography Amhara 0920250795
4 Geberehiwot Difaw A Social anthropology Addis Ababa 0911122817
5 Gemechis Ifa A Public administration Oromia 0911702322
6 Yeshitila Habitie A Sociology Oromia 0911892061
7 MekonnenTaddesse A Educational policy and MOE/ Higher 0911984036
planning Education
8 Dejene Dessu A Civic and ethical education MOE 0913863020
9 Sultan Chiko B Civic and ethical education Bishotu Poly 0935131969
Technic college
10 Zekaris Kamil A Public Policy Ministry of 0911990272
11 Getye Wondimu A Social Policy Labour and Skill 0930641616
12 Biniyam Tilahun A Business Administration Employees 0910036935
13 Wondweson Hagos A PSIR/International FTVETI 0936562157
management

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and Training March- 2022