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Telnet
Telnet (short for "telecommunications network") is a client/server
application protocol that provides access to
virtual terminals of remote systems on local area networks or the
Internet.
It is a protocol for bidirectional 8-bit communications.

World Wide Web

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
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The World Wide Web (WWW), often called the Web, is a system
of interconnected web pages and information that you can access using
the Internet.

All public websites or web pages that people may access on their
local computers and other devices through the internet are collectively
known as the World Wide Web or W3.

What is WWW?

WWW stands for World Wide Web and is commonly known as

the Web. Web pages are linked together using hyperlinks which are
HTML-formatted and, also referred to as hypertext, these are the
fundamental units of the Internet and are accessed through Hypertext
Transfer Protocol(HTTP).

The benefit of hypertext is it allows you to pick a word or phrase

from the text and click on other sites that have more information about
it.
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History of the WWW

It is a project created, by Tim Berner Lee in 1989, for researchers

to work together effectively at CERN. It is an organization, named the
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which was developed for further
development of the web.

Working of WWW
A Web browser is used to access web pages. Web browsers can be
defined as programs which display text, data, pictures, animation and
video on the Internet.
The below diagram indicates how the Web operates just like client-
server architecture of the internet. When users request web pages or
other information, then the web browser of your system request to the
server for the information and then the web server provide requested
services to web browser back and finally the requested service is utilized
by the user who made the request.
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Components of the Web

There are 3 components of the web:
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL): URL serves as a system for
resources on the web.
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): HTTP specifies
communication of browser and server.
 Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML): HTML defines the
structure, organisation and content of a web page.

Difference Between WWW and Internet

WWW Internet

It is originated in 1989. It is originated in 1960.

WWW is an interconnected network of websites and Internet is used to connect a

documents that can be accessed via the Internet. computer with other computer .

Internet used protocols such

WWW used protocols such as HTTP
as TCP/IP

It is based on software. It is based on hardware.

There is a entire infrastructure in

It is a service contained inside an infrastructure.
internet.
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What is a web page?

A Web page is a document for the World Wide Web that is identified by a
unique Uniform Resource Locator (URL).

A Web page can be accessed and displayed on a monitor or mobile

device through a Web browser .

The data found in a Web page is usually in HTML or XHTML format. The
Web pages usually also contain other resources such as style sheets, scripts and
images for presentation. Users may be able to navigate to other pages through
hypertext links.

The first web page was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. It was a simple
page that contained information about the World Wide Web. Over the years,
webpages have become more complex and sophisticated. Today, there are billions
of webpages on the World Wide Web.

What is a Website?
A website is a collection of publicly accessible, interlinked web pages that
share a single domain name. Websites can be created and maintained by an
individual, group, business, or organization to serve a variety of purposes. A
website is also known as a “web presence” or simply “site.”

Together, all publicly accessible websites constitute the World Wide Web.

What is a Browser?

A browser is a software program that is used to explore, retrieve,

and display the information available on the World Wide Web.
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A browser is a client program as it runs on a user computer or

mobile device and contacts the web server for the information requested
by the user.

The web server sends the data back to the browser that displays the
results on internet supported devices. On behalf of the users, the
browser sends requests to web servers all over the internet by
using HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol).

A browser requires a smart phone, computer, or tablet and internet

to work.

Features of Web Browser

Most Web browsers offer common features such as:

1. Refresh button: Refresh button allows the website to reload the

contents of the web pages. By clicking on the refresh button, you
can see the updated information.
2. Stop button: It is used to cancel the communication of the web
browser with the server and stops loading the page content.

For example, if any malicious site enters the browser

accidentally, it helps to save from it by clicking on the stop button.

3. Home button: It provides users the option to bring up the

predefined home page of the website.
4. Web address bar: It allows the users to enter a web address in the
address bar and visit the website.
5. Tabbed browsing: It provides users the option to open multiple
websites on a single window. It helps users to read different
websites at the same time.
6. Bookmarks: It allows the users to select particular website to save
it for the later retrieval of information, which is predefined by the
users.
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How does a browser work?

In Brief:

o When a user enters something (like javatpoint.com) in the browser.

This request goes to a domain name server.
o The browser sends the user request to the server using an IP
address, which is described by the domain name server.
o The domain name server sends an IP address to the web server that
hosts the website.
o The server sends the information back to the IP address, which is
defined by the browser at the time of the request. The requested

page may include links to other files on the same server, like
images, for which the browser also requests the server.

o The browser gathers all the information requested by the user, and
displays on your device screen in the form of web pages.

List of top web browsers

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Google Chrome

Mozilla Firefox

Opera Web Browser

Safari Web Browser

Internet Explorer

Netscape Browser

What is the difference between web page, website, web

server, and search engine?
Web Page

A document which can be displayed in a web browser. These are also often
called just "pages."

Website

A collection of web pages which are grouped together and usually connected
together in various ways. Often called a "website" or a "site."

Web server

A computer that hosts a website on the Internet.

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Search engine

A web service that helps you find other web pages. Search engines are
normally accessed through a web browser.

Let's compare the library with a web server:

 The library is like a web server. It has several sections, which is similar to a
web server hosting multiple websites.
 The different sections (science, math, history, etc.) in the library are like
websites. Each section is like a unique website (two sections do not contain
the same books).
 The books in each section are like webpages. One website may have several
webpages, e.g., the Science section (the website) will have books on heat,
sound, thermodynamics, statics, etc. (the webpages). Webpages can each be
found at a unique location (URL).
 The search index is like the search engine. Each book has its own unique
location in the library (two books cannot be kept at the same place) which is
specified by the catalog number.

What is a bookmark/favourite?
A bookmark is a web browser feature used to save a web site's
URL address for future reference. Bookmarks save user and browser
time, which is especially useful for Web pages with long URLs or
accessing a specific part of the site that might not be the homepage for
the site.

Displaying the Bookmarks bar

By default, Google Chrome will not show the bookmarks bar and
will only be accessible through the (...) Menu. Once in the menu, select
'Bookmarks' and 'Show bookmarks bar': Once enabled, the bookmarks
bar will be displayed below the address bar of Google Chrome, if you
have saved any bookmarks these will be displayed in this bar:
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Creating a bookmark
There are two ways to create a bookmark in Google Chrome:
1. Click and drag from the Address bar icon to the bookmarks bar:
2. Or, click the menu button, select 'bookmarks' and then select
'Bookmark this page':

Search engine

What is a search engine?

A search engine is a coordinated set of programs that searches for
and identifies items in a database that match specified criteria. Search
engines are used to access information on the World Wide Web.

How do search engines work?

Google is the most commonly used internet search engine. Google
search takes place in the following three stages:

1. Crawling. Crawlers discover what pages exist on the web. A search

engine constantly looks for new and updated pages to add to its list
of known pages. This is referred to as URL discovery. Once a page
is discovered, the crawler examines its content. The search engine
uses an algorithm to choose which pages to crawl and how often.
2. Indexing. After a page is crawled, the textual content is processed,
analyzed and tagged with attributes and metadata that help the
search engine understand what the content is about. This also
enables the search engine to weed out duplicate pages and collect
signals about the content, such as the country or region the page is
local to and the usability of the page.
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3. Searching and ranking. When a user enters a query, the search

engine searches the index for matching pages and returns the results
that appear the most relevant on the search engine results page
(SERP). The engine ranks content on a number of factors, such as
the authoritativeness of a page, back links to the page and keywords
a page contains.
Examples of search engines
1. Google
2. Microsoft Bing
3. Yahoo!
4. Alta Vista
5. DuckDuckGo
6. Excite
7. Infoseek
8. Hotbot
9. Ask.com

Search Strategies

What is a search strategy?

A search strategy is an organized combination of keywords,
phrases, subject headings, and limiters used to search a database.
Your search strategy will include:

keywords

boolean operators

variations of search terms (synonyms, suffixes)

subject headings

Your search strategy may include:


truncation (where applicable)
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
phrases (where applicable)

limiters (date, language, age, publication type, etc.)

1.Search for the exact phrase

If you want words to appear next to each other in an exact phrase,
use quotation marks, eg “self-esteem”.
Phrase searching decreases the number of results you get.

2.Truncation and wildcards

Many databases use an asterisk (*) as their truncation symbol to
find various word endings like singulars and plurals.
"Therap*"
retrieves: therapy, therapies, therapist or therapists.
Use a wildcard (?) to find different spellings like British and American
spellings.
"Behavio?r" retrieves behaviour and behavior.

3.Searching with subject headings

Database subject headings are controlled vocabulary terms that a
database uses to describe what an article is about.

Use Boolean logic to combine search terms

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Boolean operators (AND, OR and NOT) allow you to try different

combinations of search terms or subject headings.
Databases often show Boolean operators as buttons or drop-down menus
that you can click to combine your search terms or results.
The main Boolean operators are:

OR

AND

NOT

OR is used to find articles that mention either of the topics you search
for.
AND is used to find articles that mention both of the searched topics.
NOT excludes a search term or concept. It should be used with caution
as you may inadvertently exclude relevant references.
For example, searching for “self-esteem NOT eating disorders” finds
articles that mention self-esteem but removes any articles that mention
eating disorders.

4. Adjacency searching
Use adjacency operators to search by phrase or with two or more
words in relation to one another.

"breast ADJ3 cancer" finds the word breast within three words of cancer,
in any order.
This includes breast cancer or cancer of the breast.
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5. Cited Reference Searching

Cited reference searching is a method to find articles that have been
cited by other publications.
Use cited reference searching to:

find keywords or terms you may need to include in your search
strategy

find pivotal papers the same or similar subject area

find pivotal authors in the same or similar subject area

track how a topic has developed over time

Types of Search Engines

1.Crawlers
These types of search engines use a "spider" or a "crawler" to search the
Internet. The crawler digs through individual web pages, pulls out
keywords and then adds
the pages to the search engine's database. Google and Yahoo are
examples of crawler search engines.
The advantage of crawlers are:

 They contain a huge amount of pages.

 Ease of use.

 Familiarity. Most people who search the Internet are familiar with
Google.

There are several disadvantages to crawlers:

 Sometimes, it's just too much information.

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 It is easy to trick the crawler. Websites have hidden data that can
be manipulated to make the page appear like it's something it's
not.

So, that search result for Descartes might actually take you to a
porn site.

 Page rank can be manipulated. While search engine companies

frown on the practice, there are ways to improve where your page
appears on the list of results.

2.Directories
Directories are human powered search engines. A website is
submitted to the directory and must be approved for inclusion by
editorial staff. Open Directory Project and the Internet Public
Library are examples of directories.
Advantages:

 Each page is reviewed for relevance and content before being

included. This means no more surprise porn sites.
 Less results sometimes means finding what you need quicker.

Disadvantages:

 Unfamiliar design and format.

 Delay in creation of a website and it's inclusion in the directory.

 May have trouble with more obscure searches.

3.Hybrids
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Hybrids are a mix of crawlers and directories. Sometimes, you

have a choice when you search whether to search the Web or a
directory. Other times, you may receive both human powered results
and crawler results for the same search. In this case, the human results
are usually listed first.
4.Meta
Meta search engines are ones that search several other search
engines at once and combines the results into one list. While you get
more results with meta search engines, the relevancy and quality of the
results may sometimes suffer. Dogpile and Clusty are examples of meta
search engines.