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Types of
SOLUTIONS
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Solutions – are homogenous mixture which mainly comprises

two components namely the solute and solvent.
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FORMS of SOLUTIONS
▫ AQUEOUS SOLUTION ▫ NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTION
When a solute is dissolved in When a solute is dissolved in a solvent
water. other than water.

Examples: Examples:
Salt in water Iodine in carbon tetrachloride
Sugar in water Sulphur in carbon disulfide
Phosphorus in ethyl alcohol
Copper sulfate in water
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Depending upon the dissolution of the solute in the solvent, solutions can be
categorized into supersaturated solution, unsaturated and saturated solutions.

A saturated solution can

be defined as a solution
in which no more solute
can dissolve. At the
saturation point, all of
the solute is dissolved,
but adding more solute
will leave some
undissolved.
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Depending upon the dissolution of the solute in the solvent, solutions can be
categorized into supersaturated solution, unsaturated and saturated solutions.

An unsaturated
solution is a solution in
which the solute
completely dissolves.
More solute may be
added and dissolved.
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Depending upon the dissolution of the solute in the solvent, solutions can be
categorized into supersaturated solution, unsaturated and saturated solutions.

A supersaturated solution is
solution that contains more
solute than a saturated
solution. Usually, this results
in undissolved material that
tends to crystallize.
Sometimes a supersaturated
solution contains dissolved
solute that exceeds the
normal solubility.
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CATEGORIES OF SOLUTIONS
(Based on components)
SOLID SOLUTIONS – solute and solvent are in solid-state.
Example: ceramics and polymers blends

LIQUID SOLUTIONS – solid, gas or liquid is mixed in a liquid state.

Example: CO₂ in water – carbonated drinks, Sugar in water, Vinegar in
water

GASEOUS SOLUTIONS – homogeneous mixtures of gases like air.

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Factors Affecting
Solubility
For many solids dissolves in a liquid
water, the solubility increases with
temperature.
The increase in kinetic energy that
comes with higher temperatures allows
the solvent molecules to more
effectively break apart the solute
molecules that are held together by
intermolecular attractions.
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Factors Affecting
Solubility
The solubility of gas in water
decreases as temperature
increases. Bubbles formed before
the water boils and these are not
water but the gases that were
dissolved in the water. Gas
bubbles come out because gas
molecules gain more energy as
the water is heated.
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Factors Affecting Solubility

The effect of pressure on the
solubility of solids and liquids is
negligible, but its effect on the
solubility of gases is significant.
The solubility of a gas in a
liquid is proportional to the
pressure of the gas over the
solution.
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This relationship is known as Henry’s Law, which was

formulated by an English chemist – William Henry in 1803.

c = kP
c – molar concentration (mol/L)
k – constant of the given gas (depends mainly on temperature)(mol/L • atm)
P – pressure (atm)
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Example:
Calculate the molar concentration of nitrogen in water at 25°C for a
partial pressure of 0.78 atm. The Henry’s law of constant for nitrogen
at this temperature is 6.8 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L • atm.

Solution:
c = kP
c = (6.8 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L • atm) (0.78 atm)
c = 5.3 x 10⁻⁴ mol/L or 5.3 x 10⁻⁴ M
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concentrations of
SOLUTIONS
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There are many ways to express concentrations:

By Mass
(expressing concentrations in terms of mass is advantageous if the solute is
solid. Moreover, mass is more stable since it is not affected by temperature.)

𝑚
Percent by mass, %( ) is computed by dividing the mass of the solute by the
𝑚
mass of the solution.

𝒎 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Percent by mass, %( ) = x 100%
𝒎 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆+𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕
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Example
To maintain the same sodium chloride (NaCl) solution concentration as
sea water, an aquarium should contain 3.5 g NaCl per 100.0g of water.
What is the percentage by mass of NaCl in the solution?
Solution:
𝒎 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Percent by mass, %( ) = x 100%
𝒎 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆+𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝟑.𝟓 𝒈 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍
= x 100%
𝟑.𝟓 𝒈 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍+𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒈 𝑯₂𝑶
𝟑.𝟓 𝒈 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍
= x 100%
𝟏𝟎𝟑.𝟓 𝒈
= 3.4 %
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There are many ways to express concentrations:

By Volume
(expressing concentrations in terms of volume is the method used when the
substances that form the solution are in state whose quantities can more
accurately measured in terms of volume such as when both the solute and
solvent are in the liquid or gaseous state.)

𝑽 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Percent by volume%( ) = x 100%
𝑽 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
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Example
A 70% ethyl alcohol-water solution is made from 70.0 mL ethyl
alcohol diluted to 100.0 mL using water.

Solution:
𝑽 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Percent by volume%( ) = x 100%
𝑽 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟕𝟎.𝟎𝒎𝑳
= x 100%
𝟏𝟎𝟎.𝐎 𝒎𝑳
= 70%
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Molarity (M)
Common and one of the most used units of concentrations. (mol/L –
read as molar)

𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
M=
𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
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Example
To prevent dehydration, intravenous (IV) solution is given to
hospital patients. Commonly used are solutions containing sodium
chloride and glucose. A 150.0-mL IV solution contains 6.60 grams
glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆). What is the molarity of this solution?

Solution: Molar Mass of Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 6 C = 6(12) = 72
M=
𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 12 H = 12 (1) = 12
6 O = 6 (16) = 96
180 g C₆H₁₂O₆
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Use the molar mass to calculate the number of moles of (C₆H₁₂O₆)

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙(C₆H₁₂O₆)
6.60 g (C₆H₁₂O₆) = 0.0366 mol C₆H₁₂O₆
180 𝑔(C₆H₁₂O₆)

Convert the volume of solution from milliliters to liters.

1𝐿
150 mL = 0.1500 L
1000𝑚𝐿
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Solution:
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
M=
𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

0.0366 mol C₆H₁₂O₆

M=
𝟎.𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑳

M = 0.244 mol/L
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Molality (m)
Is advised if calculation are performed over different temperatures
since volume is dependent on temperature (mol/kg – read as molal)

𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
m=
𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕
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Example
3.0 moles of NaCl dissolved in 2000 g of water has a concentration of
1.5 m NaCl-water solution.

Solution:
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
m=
𝒌𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍
m=
𝟐 𝒌𝒈 𝑯₂𝑶

m = 1.5 mol/kg
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Mole Fraction (X)

Some properties, such as vapor pressure need the solution
concentration to be expressed in terms of moles.
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕ᵢ
Xᵢ =
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

ᵢ - denotes the solution component in question.

𝒏ᴀ
Xᴀ - mole fraction of solute Xᴀ =
𝒏ᴀ+𝒏𝑩

𝒏ᴃ
Xᴃ - mole fraction of the solvent Xᴃ =
𝒏ᴀ+𝒏𝑩
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Example
What is the mole fraction of HCl in an aqueous solution that
contains 44.2 grams HCl and 88.6 grams of H₂O?

Solution:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
n(HCl) = 44.2 g HCl (36.5 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙) = 1.21 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙H₂O
n(H₂O) = 88.6 g H₂O( ) = 4.92 mol H₂O
18 𝑔H₂O
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𝒏ᴀ 𝒏ᴃ
Xᴀ = & Xᴃ =
𝒏ᴀ+𝒏𝑩 𝒏ᴀ+𝒏𝑩

𝒏(HCl) 1.21 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙

X(HCl) = =
𝒏(HCl)+𝒏(H₂O) 1.21 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙+4.92 𝑚𝑜𝑙 H₂O

X(HCl) = 0.197

𝒏(H₂O) 4.92 𝑚𝑜𝑙 H₂O

X(H₂O) = =
𝒏(HCl)+𝒏(H₂O) 1.21 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙+4.92 𝑚𝑜𝑙 H₂O

X(H₂O) = 0.803
THANKS!
Do you have any questions?

Mark C. Alderite, LPT

Science Teacher
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Exercises No. 1
1. Bleach solution contains the solute sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).
How many grams of NaOCl are in a 1500.0 grams of 3.6% bleach
solution?
2. What is the percent by volume of rubbing alcohol, an aqueous
solution of liquid isopropyl, in a solution that contains 42mL of
isopropyl alcohol in 1.2 L of water?
3. What is the molarity of a bleach solution containing 12.5 grams of
NaOCl per liter of bleach?
4. What is the mole fraction of NaOH in an aqueous solution that
contains 33.9% NaOH by mass?