EM Waves

Source : spmphysics
EM Waves

Source : spmphysics
nightvision.com.au
EM Waves
EM Waves

Wave propagating along x direction Electric and magnetic fields be given as

𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝑥Τ𝑐
𝑐 : speed of light
𝐵 = 𝐵0 sin 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝑥Τ𝑐

A combination of mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields is referred to as an electromagnetic wave
in vacuum.
Wave Vector
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NEET 2018
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Maxwell’s Displacement current

Ampere’s law , when Electric field does not change with time.

ර 𝑩 ∙ 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝟎 𝒊.

But when Electric field varied with time at a surface, this equation is not valid.
Maxwell’s Displacement current

ර 𝑩 ∙ 𝒅𝒍 ≠ 𝝁𝟎 𝒊.

ර 𝑩′ ∙ 𝒅𝒍 = 𝟎.
Maxwell’s Displacement current

𝒅𝝋𝑩
ර 𝑬 . 𝒅𝒍 = −
𝒅𝒕

ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍 = ?
Maxwell’s Displacement current

𝒅𝝋𝑬
ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝟎 𝒊 + 𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎
𝒅𝒕

ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝟎 𝒊 + 𝒊𝒅

𝒅𝝋𝑬
𝒊𝒅 = 𝝐𝟎
𝒅𝒕
Ans. a
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Continuity of Electric Current

𝑖3
𝑖1

𝑖2
Continuity of Electric Current

𝒅 𝒒𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆
= 𝒊𝟏 −𝒊𝟐
𝒅𝒕

𝒅 𝒒𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆
𝒊𝒅 =
𝒅𝒕

𝒊𝟏 = 𝒊𝟐 + 𝒊𝒅

Thus, total current (conduction + displacement) going into the volume is equal to the total current
coming out of it.
Maxwell equations

The four fundamental equations that can describe electricity and magnetism mathematically

𝒒
1) ර 𝑬 ∙ 𝒅𝑺 =
𝜺𝟎

2) ර 𝑩 ∙ 𝒅𝑺 = 𝟎

𝒅𝝋𝑩
3) ර 𝑬 ∙ 𝒅𝒍 = −
𝒅𝒕

4) 𝒅𝝋𝑬
ර 𝑩 ∙ 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝟎 𝒊 + 𝜺𝟎 𝝁𝟎
𝒅𝒕
These equations are collectively known as Maxwell equations.
Maxwell equations

In vacuum Faraday’s law and Ampere’ law take the form

𝒅𝝋𝑩
Faraday’s Law ර 𝑬 ∙ 𝒅𝒍 = −
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝝋𝑬
Ampere’s Law ර 𝑩 ∙ 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝟎 𝜺𝟎
𝒅𝒕
Maxwell equations

A plane Electromagnetic wave propagates along +x direction given by :

𝑬 = 𝑬𝒚 = 𝑬𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝒕 − 𝒙Τ𝒄

𝑩 = 𝑩𝒛 = 𝑩𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝒕 − 𝒙Τ𝒄

The Maxwell’s equations have a solution giving a plane electromagnetic wave of the above form.
Source : lumenlearning
Faraday’s Law
y

d c

a b x
B
z

Faraday’s law is satisfied by the wave if : ?

d c

E l

a b x
B
z

Faraday’s law is satisfied by the wave if : 𝑬𝟎 = 𝒄𝑩𝟎

E
e h
x
l
z B f g

𝑩𝟎
Ampere’s law is satisfied by the wave if : 𝝁𝟎 𝜺𝟎 = 𝑬𝟎 𝒄
Speed of EM wave

1
𝜇0 𝜀0 = 2
𝑐

𝟏
𝒄= 𝑐 ∶ Speed of the wave
𝝁𝟎 𝜺 𝟎

𝑐 = 2 ∙ 99793 × 108 𝑚/𝑠

𝜇0 = 4π × 10−7 𝑇 − 𝑚/𝐴
−12
𝐶2
𝜀0 = 8 ∙ 85 × 10
𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
Speed of EM wave in a medium of refractive
index 𝜇

𝟏
v=
𝝁 𝜺
Ans. c
Ans. b
Energy Density

A plane Electromagnetic wave propagates along +x direction given by :

𝑬 = 𝑬𝒚 = 𝑬𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝒕 − 𝒙Τ𝒄

𝑩 = 𝑩𝒛 = 𝑩𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝒕 − 𝒙Τ𝒄

In any small volume dV, the energy of the electric field is

𝑼𝑬 = ?
In any small volume dV, the energy of the magnetic field is

𝑼𝑩 = ?
Energy Density

In any small volume dV, the energy of the electric field is

𝟏
𝑼𝑬 = 𝜺𝟎 𝑬𝟐 𝒅𝑽
𝟐

In any small volume dV, the energy of the magnetic field is

𝟏
𝑼𝑩 = 𝑩𝟐 𝒅𝑽
𝟐𝝁𝟎
Energy Density

Total Energy is 𝑼 = 𝑼𝑬 + 𝑼𝑩

𝟏 𝟏
Energy density is 𝒖 = 𝟐 𝜺𝟎 𝑬𝟐 + 𝟐𝝁 𝑩𝟐
𝟎
Energy Density

Average Electric and magnetic Energy density is equal

𝟏
Average Electric Energy density is equal to : 𝜺𝟎 𝑬𝟐𝟎
𝟒
Energy Density

𝟏
Average Magnetic Energy density is equal to : 𝟒𝝁 𝑩𝟐𝟎
𝟎

1 2 1
𝐵
4𝜇0 0
=4 𝜀0 𝐸𝑜2
Average Energy Density

𝟏
𝒖𝒂𝒗 = 𝜺𝟎 𝑬𝟐𝟎
𝟒

𝟏 𝟐
𝒖𝒂𝒗 = 𝑩𝟎
𝟒𝝁𝟎
Prove that average magnetic and electric
energy densities are equal.
1 1
𝐵02 = 𝜀0 𝐸𝑜2
4𝜇0 4
Total Average Energy Density

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝒖𝒂𝒗 = 𝜺 𝟎 𝑬𝟎 = 𝑩𝟎
𝟐 𝟐𝝁𝟎
Ans. d
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Intensity

The energy crossing per unit area per unit time perpendicular to the direction of
propagation is called Intensity of a wave.
Intensity

𝑐∆𝑙

𝐴 →𝑥

𝑰=?
Intensity

𝑐∆𝑙

𝐴 →𝑥

𝟏
𝑰 = 𝜺𝟎 𝑬𝟐𝟎 𝒄
𝟐
Electromagnetic spectrum

Source : sun.org
Source of EM Wave

The basic source of EM Wave is an accelerated charge.

Source : physics.stackexchange.com
Absorption of EM Waves in earth’s atmosphere

Source : sun.org
Uses of Electromagnetic Waves

Source : britannica.com
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