1 Chapter 31

Chapter 31

1. THINK Energy is supplied by the 120 V rms ac line to keep the air conditioner running.

EXPRESS The impedance of the circuit is Z  R 2  ( X L  X C ) 2 , and the average rate of

energy delivery is
2
%  %2 R
Pavg  I 2
rms R   rms  R  rms2 .
 Z  Z

ANALYZE (a) Substituting the values given, the impedance is

 8.00     3.00   0
2 2
Z  8.54 .

(b) The average rate at which energy has been supplied is

% 2 R 120 V  8.00  
2

Pavg  rms2   1.58 103 W.

8.54  
2
Z

LEARN In a steady-state operation, the total energy stored in the capacitor and the inductor
stays constant. Thus, the net energy transfer is from the generator to the resistor, where
electromagnetic energy is dissipated in the form of thermal energy.

2. When switch S1 is closed and the others are open, the inductor is essentially out of the circuit
and what remains is an RC circuit. The time constant is C = RC. When switch S2 is closed and
the others are open, the capacitor is essentially out of the circuit. In this case, what we have is an
LR circuit with time constant L = L/R. Finally, when switch S3 is closed and the others are open,
the resistor is essentially out of the circuit and what remains is an LC circuit that oscillates with
period T  2 LC . Substituting L = RL and C = C/R, we obtain T  2  C L .

3. (a) Equation 31-39 gives f = /2 = (2CXC)1 = 8.84 kHz.

(b) Because of its inverse relationship with frequency, the reactance will go down by a factor of
2 when f increases by a factor of 2. The answer is XC = 6.00 .

4. When the switch is open, we have a series LRC circuit involving just the one capacitor near
the upper right corner. Equation 31-65 leads to
 2 Chapter 31

1
d L 
d C
 tan o  tan(20)   tan 20.
R

Now, when the switch is in position 1, the equivalent capacitance in the circuit is 2C. In this
case, we have
1
d L 
2 d C
 tan 1  tan10.0.
R

Finally, with the switch in position 2, the circuit is simply an LC circuit with current amplitude

%m %m %m
I2   
Z LC 2 1  L
 1  

 d L   dC
d

  d C 

where we use the fact that (d C )1   d L in simplifying the square root (this fact is evident from
the description of the first situation, when the switch was open). We solve for L, R and C from
the three equations above, and the results are as follows:

% m 120 V
(a) R    165  ,
I 2 tan o (2.00 A) tan ( 20.0)

%m  tan 1  120 V  tan10.0 

(b) L  1  2  1  2   0.313 H ,
d I 2  tan o  2(60.0 Hz)(2.00 A)  tan (20.0) 

(c) and
I2 2.00 A
C 
2d % m 1  tan 1 / tan 0  2(2 )(60.0 Hz)(120 V) 1  tan10.0 / tan( 20.0) 
 1.49 105 F.

5. (a) Now XC = 0, while R = 300  and

XL = L = 2fdL = 115.6 

both remain unchanged. Therefore, the impedance is

Z  R 2  X L2  (300  ) 2  (115.6 ) 2  322  .

 3 Chapter 31

(b) The phase angle is, from Eq. 31-65,

 X L  XC  1  115.6   0 
  tan 1    tan    21.1 .
 R   300  

% m 36.0 V
(c) The current amplitude is now found to be I    0.112 A .
Z 322 

6. (a) The rms current is

% rms % rms
I rms  
Z R 2   2 fL 1/ 2 fC 
2

75.0V

 
2
 20.0    2  550Hz  25.0 mH  1/  2  550 Hz  4.70  F  
2

 2.35A.

(b) The rms voltage across R is Vab  I rms R   2.59 A  20.0    47.1V .

(c) The rms voltage across C is

I rms 2.35A
Vbc  I rms X C    144.85 V  145 V .
2 fC 2  550 Hz  4.70  F 

(d) The rms voltage across L is

Vcd  I rms X L  2I rms fL  2  2.35A  550 Hz  25.0 mH   203.25 V  203 V .

(e) The rms voltage across C and L together is

Vbd  Vbc  Vcd  144.85 V  203.25V  58.4 V .

(f) The rms voltage across R, C, and L together is

 47.1V    58.4 V 
2 2
Vad  Vab2  Vbd2   75.0V .

V 2  47.1V 
2

(g) For the resistor R, the power dissipated is PR  ab   111W.

R 20.0 
 4 Chapter 31

(h) No energy dissipation in C.

(i) No energy dissipation in L.

7. This circuit contains no reactances, so % rms = IrmsRtotal. Using Eq. 31-71, we find the average
dissipated power in resistor R is

2
 % 
PR  I R   m  R.
2
rms
rR

In order to maximize PR we set the derivative equal to zero:

dPR % m  r  R   2  r  R  R  % m  r  R 
2  2
 2

  0  Rr
r  R r  R
4 3
dR

8. (a) The amplifier is connected across the primary windings of a transformer and the resistor R
is connected across the secondary windings.

(b) If Is is the rms current in the secondary coil then the average power delivered to R is
Pavg  I s2 R . Using I s   N p / N s  I p , we obtain

F
G
I N I
2

HN JKR.
p p
Pavg 
s

Next, we find the current in the primary circuit. This is effectively a circuit consisting of a
generator and two resistors in series. One resistance is that of the amplifier (r), and the other is
the equivalent resistance Req of the secondary circuit. Therefore,

% rms % rms
Ip  
r  Req r   N / N 2 R
p s

where Eq. 31-82 is used for Req. Consequently,

%2 ( N p / Ns )2 R
Pavg  2
.
 r  ( N p / N s )2 R 
 5 Chapter 31

Now, we wish to find the value of Np/Ns such that Pavg is a maximum. For brevity, let x =
(Np/Ns)2. Then
% 2 Rx
Pavg  ,
 r  xR 
2

and the derivative with respect to x is

dPavg % 2 R  r  xR 
 .
 r  xR 
3
dx
This is zero for
x  r / R  1000   / 10    100.

We note that for small x, Pavg increases linearly with x, and for large x it decreases in proportion
to 1/x. Thus x = r/R is indeed a maximum, not a minimum. Recalling x = (Np/Ns)2, we conclude
that the maximum power is achieved for

N p / N s  x  10 .

The diagram that follows is a schematic of a transformer with a ten to one turns ratio. An actual
transformer would have many more turns in both the primary and secondary coils.

9. (a) Since the percentage of energy stored in the electric field of the capacitor is
(1  65.0%)  35.0% , then
U E q 2 / 2C
  35.0%
U Q 2 / 2C
which leads to q / Q  0.350  0.592.

(b) From
U B Li 2 / 2
 2  65.0%,
U LI / 2
 6 Chapter 31

we find i / I  0.650  0.806.

10. (a) We use U  21 LI 2  21 Q 2 / C to solve for L:

2 2 2 2
1  Q  1  CV  V   2.30 V 
L      max   C  max    4.00 106 F   3
3
  8.46 10 H.
C I  C I   I   50.0 10 A 

(b) Since f = /2, the frequency is

1 1
f   865 Hz.
2 LC 2 8.46 103 H  4.00 106 F
(c) Referring to Fig. 31-1, we see that the required time is one-fourth of a period (where the
period is the reciprocal of the frequency). Consequently,

1 1 1
t T   2.89  104 s.
4 4 f 4  865 Hz 

11. According to U  21 LI 2  21 Q2 C , the current amplitude is

Q 5.50  106 C
I   0.117 A.
LC 1.10 10 H  2.00 10 F
3 6

12. (a) The maximum charge is

Q = CVmax = (2.4  10–9 F)(5.7 V) = 1.4  10–8 C.

(b) From U  21 LI 2  21 Q2 / C we get

Q 1.4 108 C
I   5.1103 A.
LC  3.0 10 3
H  2.4  10 F 
9

(c) When the current is at a maximum, the magnetic energy is at a maximum also:

1 2 1
LI   3.0 103 H  5.1103 A   3.9 108 J.
2
U B ,max 
2 2
 7 Chapter 31

13. (a) Yes, the voltage amplitude across the inductor can be much larger than the amplitude of
the generator emf.

(b) The amplitude of the voltage across the inductor in an RLC series circuit is given by
VL  IX L  I d L . At resonance, the driving angular frequency equals the natural angular
frequency:  d    1/ LC . For the given circuit

L L 4.0 H
XL     2000  .
LC C 1.0 106 F

At resonance the capacitive reactance has this same value, and the impedance reduces simply: Z
= R. Consequently,

%m % m 10 V
I    1.0 A .
Z resonance R 10 

The voltage amplitude across the inductor is therefore

VL  IX L  (1.0 A)(2000 )  2.0 103 V

which is much larger than the amplitude of the generator emf.

14. (a) The power consumed by the light bulb is P = I2R/2. So we must let Pmax/Pmin = (I/Imin)2 =
5, or
2
 
  R   Lmax 
2 2 2 2 2
 I   % m / Z min   Z max   5.
       
 I min   % m / Z max   Z min  R
 

We solve for Lmax:

2 120 V  / 800 W
2
2R
Lmax    9.55  102 H.
 2  60.0 Hz 

(b) Yes, one could use a variable resistor.

(c) Now we must let

F
GR R I
2

H R JK 5,
max bulb

bulb

or
 8 Chapter 31

120 V 
2

Rmax   
5  1 Rbulb   5 1  800 W
 22.2 .

(d) This is not done because the resistors would consume, rather than temporarily store,
electromagnetic energy.

15. (a) We observe that d = 12566 rad/s. Consequently, XL = 754  and XC = 199 . Hence, Eq.
31-65 gives
X  XC F
G IJ
  tan 1 L
R H
 122
. rad .
K
(b) We find the current amplitude from Eq. 31-60:

%m
I  0.288 A .
R  ( X L  X C )2
2

2
16. (a) The effective resistance Reff satisfies I rms Reff  Pmechanical , or

Reff 
Pmechanical

b
0100 gb
. hp 746 W / hp
 177 .
g
2
I rms b
0.650 A
2
g
(b) This is not the same as the resistance R of its coils, but just the effective resistance for power
2
transfer from electrical to mechanical form. In fact I rms R would not give Pmechanical but rather the
rate of energy loss due to thermal dissipation.

17. THINK In this problem, we demonstrate that in a driven RLC circuit, the energies stored in
the capacitor and the inductor stay constant; however, energy is transferred from the driving emf
device to the resistor.

EXPRESS The energy stored in the capacitor is given by U E  q 2 / 2C. Similarly, the energy
stored in the inductor is U B  12 Li 2 . The rate of energy supply by the driving emf device is
P  i %, where i  I sin(d   ) and %  % m sin d t. The rate with which energy dissipates in
the resistor is PR  i 2 R.

ANALYZE (a) Since the charge q is a periodic function of t with period T, so must be UE.
Consequently, UE will not be changed over one complete cycle. Actually, UE has period T/2,
which does not alter our conclusion.

(b) Since the current i is a periodic function of t with period T, so must be UB.
 9 Chapter 31

(c) The energy supplied by the emf device over one cycle is

T T T
U %   P% dt  I % m  sin(d t   ) sin(d t ) dt  I % m  [sin d t cos   cos d t sin  ]sin(d t ) dt
0 0 0

T
 I % m cos  ,
2
where we have used
T T T

0
sin 2 (d t ) dt 
2
, 
0
sin(d t ) cos(d t ) dt  0.

(d) Over one cycle, the energy dissipated in the resistor is

T T T 2
U R   PR dt  I 2 R  sin 2 (d t   ) dt  I R.
0 0 2

(e) Since % m I cos   % m I VR / % m   % m I  IR / % m   I 2 R, the two quantities are indeed the
same.

LEARN In solving for (c) and (d), we could have used Eqs. 31-74 and 31-71: By doing so, we
find the energy supplied by the generator to be

1 
PavgT   I rms % rms cos   T   T  % m I cos 
2 

where we substitute I rms  I / 2 and % rms  % m / 2. Similarly, the energy dissipated by the
resistor is

b g
Pavg,resistor T  I rmsVR T  I rms I rms R T  b g F
G1 I
H2 T J
KI R.
2

The same results are obtained without any integration.

18. (a) From Eq. 31-4, we have L = (2C)1 = ((2f)2C)1 = 2.41 H.

(b) The total energy is the maximum energy on either device (see Fig. 31-4). Thus, we have
1
Umax = 2 LI2 = 21.4 pJ.

(c) Of several methods available to do this part, probably the one most “in the spirit” of this
1
problem (considering the energy that was calculated in part (b)) is to appeal to Umax = 2 Q2/C
(from Chapter 26) to find the maximum charge: Q = 2CUmax = 82.2 nC.
 10 Chapter 31

19. (a) All the energy in the circuit resides in the capacitor when it has its maximum charge. The
current is then zero. If Q is the maximum charge on the capacitor, then the total energy is

Q 2  5.90 10 C 
6 2

U   4.83 106 J.
2C 2  3.60 106 F 

(b) When the capacitor is fully discharged, the current is a maximum and all the energy resides in
the inductor. If I is the maximum current, then U = LI2/2 leads to

2U 2  4.83  10 6 J 
I  3
 1.14  10 2 A.
L 75  10 H

20. The rms current in the motor is

% rms % rms 315 V

I rms     3.51A.
Z R X
2 2
L  72.1  
2
  53.6  
2

21. (a) The inductive reactance for angular frequency d is given by X L  d L , and the
capacitive reactance is given by XC = 1/dC. The two reactances are equal if dL = 1/dC, or
 d  1/ LC . The frequency is

d 1 1
fd     3.5  10 2 Hz.
2 2 LC 2  H)(23  10 F)
  6

(b) The inductive reactance is

XL = dL = 2fdL = 2( 3.5 102 Hz)(9.0  10–3 H) = 20 .

The capacitive reactance has the same value at this frequency.

(c) The natural frequency for free LC oscillations is f   / 2  LC , the same as we found
in part (a).

22. The charge q after N cycles is obtained by substituting t = NT = 2N/' into Eq.
31-25:
 11 Chapter 31

q  Qe  Rt / 2 L cos  t     Qe  RNT / 2 L cos    2 N /      

 
cos  2 N   
 RN 2 L / C / 2 L
 Qe
 Qe N R C/L
cos  .

We note that the initial charge (setting N = 0 in the above expression) is q0 = Q cos , where q0 =
6.2 C is given (with 3 significant figures understood). Consequently, we write the above result

as qN  q0 exp  N R C / L . 

(a) For N = 5, q5   3.44  C  exp 5  3.65   (3.20 10 6 F)/(12H)  3.34  C. 

(b) For N = 10, q10   3.44  C  exp 10  3.65   (3.20 10 6 F)/(12H)  3.24  C. 

(c) For N = 100, q100   3.44  C  exp 100  3.65   (3.20 106 F)/(12H)  1.90  C. 
23. (a) We compare this expression for the current with i = I sin(t+0). Setting (t+) = 2500t
+ 0.850 = /2, we obtain t = 2.88  10–4 s.

(b) Since  = 2500 rad/s = (LC)–1/2,

1 1
L   1.72 103 H.
 C  2500 rad/s   93.0 10 F 
2 2 6

(c) The energy is

1 2 1
LI  1.72 103 H  1.60 A   2.20  103 J.
2
U
2 2

24. (a) The reactances are as follows:

X L  2 f d L  2 (400 Hz)(0.0242 H)  60.82 

X C  (2 f d C ) 1  [2 (400 Hz)(1.21 10 5 F)]1  32.88 

Z  R 2  ( X L  X C ) 2  (20.0 ) 2  (60.82   32.88 ) 2  34.36  .

With %  90.0 V, we have

 12 Chapter 31

% 90.0 V I 2.62 A
I   2.62 A  I rms    1.85 A .
Z 34.36  2 2

Therefore, the rms potential difference across the resistor is VR rms = Irms R = 37.0 V.

(b) Across the capacitor, the rms potential difference is VC rms = Irms XC = 60.9 V.

(c) Similarly, across the inductor, the rms potential difference is VL rms = Irms XL = 113 V.

(d) The average rate of energy dissipation is Pavg = (Irms)2R = 68.6 W.

25. We use Eq. 31-79 to find

N   400 
Vs  V p  s
N    80.0 V     640 V.
 p   50 

26. (a) Let t   / 4   / 2 to obtain t  3 / 4  3 /  4  350 rad/s    6.73 103 s.

(b) Let t   / 4   / 2 to obtain t   / 4   /  4  350 rad/s    2.24 10 3 s.

(c) Since i leads % in phase by /2, the element must be a capacitor.

(d) We solve C from X C   C   % m / I :

1

I 6.20 103 A
C   5.90 105 F.
% m  30.0 V  350 rad/s 

27. The amplitude (peak) value is

Vmax  2Vrms  2 110 V   156 V.

28. (a) Using  = 2f , XL = L, XC = 1/C and tan  = (XL XC)/R, we find

= tan1[(16.022 – 33.157)/40.0] = –0.40473  –0.405 rad.

(b) Equation 31-63 gives I = 120/ 402 + (16-33)2 = 2.7576  2.76 A.

(c) XC > XL  capacitive.

 13 Chapter 31

29. (a) We recall the fact that the period is the reciprocal of the frequency. It is helpful to refer
also to Fig. 31-1. The values of t when plate A will again have maximum positive charge are
multiples of the period:

n n
t A  nT    n  2.50  s  ,
f 400  103 Hz

where n = 1, 2, 3, 4,  . The earliest time is (n = 1) t A  2.50 s.

(b) We note that it takes t  21 T for the charge on the other plate to reach its maximum positive
value for the first time (compare steps a and e in Fig. 31-1). This is when plate A acquires its
most negative charge. From that time onward, this situation will repeat once every period.
Consequently,

1 1
t  T  (n 1)T   2n 1 T 
 2n 1   2n 1  2n 1 2.50  s ,
  
2 2 2f 2  2 103 Hz 

where n = 1, 2, 3, 4,  . The earliest time is (n = 1) t  1.25 s.

(c) At t  41 T , the current and the magnetic field in the inductor reach maximum values for the
first time (compare steps a and c in Fig. 31-1). Later this will repeat every half-period (compare
steps c and g in Fig. 31-1). Therefore,

T (n 1)T T
tL     2n  1   2n  11.25  s  ,
4 2 4

where n = 1, 2, 3, 4,  . The earliest time is (n = 1) t  0.625 s.

30. (a) With a phase constant of 45º the (net) reactance must equal the resistance in the circuit,
which means the circuit impedance becomes

Z = R 2  R = Z/ 2 = 707 .

(b) Since f = 8000 Hz, then d = 2(8000) rad/s. The net reactance (which, as observed, must
equal the resistance) is therefore

XL – XC = dL – (dC)1 = 707 .

We are also told that the resonance frequency is 6000 Hz, which (by Eq. 31-4) means
 14 Chapter 31

1 1 1 1
C   2 2  2 .
 L
2
(2 f ) L 4 f L 4 (6000 Hz)2 L
2

Substituting this for C in our previous expression (for the net reactance) we obtain an equation
that can be solved for the self-inductance. Our result is L = 32.2 mH.

(c) C = ((2(6000))2L)1 = 21.9 nF.

31. THINK The transformer in this problem is a step-down transformer.

EXPRESS If Np is the number of primary turns, and Ns is the number of secondary turns, then
the step-down voltage in the secondary circuit is

N 
Vs  V p  s  .
N
 p 

By Ohm’s law, the current in the secondary circuit is given by I s  Vs / Rs .

ANALYZE (a) The step-down voltage is

N   15 
Vs  V p  s
N   120 V     4.5 V.
 p   400 

Vs 4.5 V
(b) The current in the secondary is I s    0.225 A  0.23 A.
Rs 20 

We find the primary current from Eq. 31-80:

N   15 
   0.225 A  
3
I p  Is  s   8.4  10 A.
N  400 
 p 

(c) As shown above, the current in the secondary is I s  0.23A.

LEARN In a transformer, the voltages and currents in the secondary circuit are related to that in
the primary circuit by
N  N 
Vs  V p  s  , Is  I p  p .
N 
 p  Ns 

32. (a) We find L from X L   L  2 fL :

 15 Chapter 31

XL 1.30 103 
f   4.60 103 Hz.
2 L 2  45.0 10 H 
3

(b) The capacitance is found from XC = (C)–1 = (2fC)–1:

1 1
C   2.66 108 F.
2 fX C 2  4.60 10 Hz 1.30 103  
3

(c) Noting that XL  f and XC  f –1, we conclude that when f is doubled, XL doubles and XC
reduces by half. Thus,

XL = 2(1.30  103 ) = 2.60  103  .

(d) XC = 1.30  103 /2 = 6.50  102 .

33. The assumption stated at the end of the problem is equivalent to setting  = 0 in Eq. 31-25.
2
Since the maximum energy in the capacitor (each cycle) is given by qmax / 2C , where qmax is the
maximum charge (during a given cycle), then we seek the time for which

2
qmax 1 Q2 Q
  qmax  .
2C 3 2C 3

Now qmax (referred to as the exponentially decaying amplitude in Section 31-5) is related to Q
(and the other parameters of the circuit) by

q max  Qe  Rt / 2 L  ln
F
Gq I
J Rt
HQ K 2 L .

max

Setting qmax  Q / 3 , we solve for t:

2 L  qmax  2L  1  L
t ln   ln  ln 3 .
R  Q  R  3  R

The identities ln (1/ 3)   ln 3   12 ln 3 were used to obtain the final form of the result.

34. (a) Now XL = 0, while R = 200  and XC = 1/2fdC = 133  Therefore, the impedance is

Z  R 2  X C2  (125  ) 2  (133 ) 2  182 .

 16 Chapter 31

(b) The phase angle is

 X L  XC  1  0  133  
  tan 1    tan  125    46.7
 R   

(c) The current amplitude is

% m 36.0 V
I   0.198 A .
Z 182 

35. From Eq. 31-4, we have C = (2L)1 = ((2f)2L)1 = 1.59 F.

36. THINK The current and the charge undergo sinusoidal oscillations in the LC circuit. Energy
is conserved.

EXPRESS The angular frequency oscillation is related to the capacitance C and inductance L by
  1/ LC . The electrical energy and magnetic energy in the circuit as a function of time are
given by

q2 Q 2
UE   cos 2 (t   )
2C 2C
1 1 Q2
U B  Li 2  L 2Q 2 sin 2 (t   )  sin 2 (t   ).
2 2 2C

The maximum value of UE is Q 2 / 2C , which is the total energy in the circuit, U. Similarly, the
maximum value of UB is also Q 2 / 2C , which can also be written as LI 2 / 2 using I  Q.

ANALYZE (a) Using the fact that  = 2f, the inductance is

1 1 1
L    6.89  107 H.
 C 4 f C 4 10.4  10 Hz   340  10 F 
2 2 2 2 3
2
 6

(b) The total energy may be calculated from the inductor (when the current is at maximum):

U
1 2 1
2 2
c hc
LI  6.89  107 H 7.20  103 A h 179
2
.  10 11
J.

(c) We solve for Q from U  21 Q2 / C:

c
Q  2CU  2 340  106 F 179 hc
.  1011 J  110 h
.  107 C.
 17 Chapter 31

LEARN Figure 31-4 of the textbook illustrates the oscillations of electrical and magnetic
energies. The total energy U  U E  U B  Q 2 / 2C remains constant. When UE is maximum, UB is
zero, and vice versa.

37. (a) Equation 31-4 directly gives 1/ LC  5.77103 rad/s.

(b) Equation 16-5 then yields T = 2/1.09 ms.

(c) Although we do not show the graph here, we describe it: it is a cosine curve with amplitude
200 C and period given in part (b).

38. (a) We note that we obtain the maximum value in Eq. 31-28 when we set

 1 1
t    0.00417 s
d 4 f 4(60)

or 4.17 ms. The result is % m sin(    % m sin (90)  36.0 V .

(b) At t = 4.17 ms, the current is

i  I sin (d t   )  I sin (90  ( 24.3))  (0.164A) cos(24.3)

 0.1495A  0.150 A.

Ohm’s law directly gives

vR  iR  (0.1495A)(200)  29.9V.

(c) The capacitor voltage phasor is 90° less than that of the current. Thus, at t = 4.17 ms, we
obtain

vC  I sin(90  (24.3)  90) X C  IX C sin(24.3)  (0.164 A)(177) sin(24.3)

 11.9V.

(d) The inductor voltage phasor is 90° more than that of the current. Therefore, at t =
4.17 ms, we find

vL  I sin(90  (24.3)  90) X L   IX L sin(24.3)  (0.164 A)(86.7)sin(24.3)

 5.85V.
 18 Chapter 31

(e) Our results for parts (b), (c) and (d) add to give 36.0 V, the same as the answer for part (a).

39. We find the capacitance from U  21 Q 2 C :

Q 2  2.80 10 C 
6 2

C   2.80 108 F.
2U 2 140 10 J 
6

40. The capacitors C1 and C2 can be used in four different ways: (1) C1 only; (2) C2 only; (3) C1
and C2 in parallel; and (4) C1 and C2 in series.

(a) The smallest oscillation frequency is

1 1
f3  
2 L  C1  C2  2 1.0 10 2
H  3.0 106 F  6.0 106 F  .
 5.3102 Hz

(b) The second smallest oscillation frequency is

1 1
f1    6.5 102 Hz .
2 LC1 2 1.0 10 2
H  6.0 10 F  6

(c) The second largest oscillation frequency is

1 1
f2    9.2 102 Hz .
2 LC2 2 1.0 10 2
H  3.0 10 F  6

(d) The largest oscillation frequency is

1 1 3.0 106 F  6.0 106 F

f4    1.1103 Hz .
2 LC1C2 /  C1  C2  2 1.0 10 H  3.0 10 F  6.0 10 F
2 6 6

41. The time required is t = T/4, where the period is given by T  2 /   2 LC.
Consequently,
T 2 LC 2  0.025 H   3.0 106 F 
t    4.3 10 4 s.
4 4 4
 19 Chapter 31

42. (a) After the switch is thrown to position b the circuit is an LC circuit. The angular frequency
of oscillation is   1/ LC . Consequently,

 1 1
f    389 Hz.
2 2 LC 2  27.0 103 H  6.20 106 F
(b) When the switch is thrown, the capacitor is charged to V = 34.0 V and the current is zero.
Thus, the maximum charge on the capacitor is

Q = VC = (45.0 V)(6.20  10–6 F) = 2.79  10–4 C.

The current amplitude is

I   Q  2 fQ  2  275 Hz   2.79 10 4 C   0.682 A.

43. From Eq. 31-60, we have (220 V / 3.00 A) 2  R 2  X L2  X L  69.3  .

44. THINK The three-phase generator has three ac voltages that are 120° out of phase with each
other.

EXPRESS To calculate the potential difference between any two wires, we use the following
trigonometric identity:

sin   sin   2 sin     2  cos     2  ,

where  and  are any two angles.

ANALYZE (a) We consider the following combinations: V12 = V1 – V2, V13 = V1 – V3, and
V23 = V2 – V3. For V12,

F
120 I F
G 2 t  120 I
b g
V12  A sin( d t )  A sin ( d t  120 )  2 A sin
H2 JKcosG
H 2 JK 3 A cos  d t  60 
d

where sin 60  3 2. Similarly,

 240   2d t  240 

V13  A sin(d t )  A sin (d t  240)  2 A sin   cos  
 2   2 
 3 A cos d t  120 
and
 20 Chapter 31

 120   2d t  360 

V23  A sin(d t  120)  A sin (d t  240)  2 A sin   cos  
 2   2 
 3 A cos d t  180  .

All three expressions are sinusoidal functions of t with angular frequency d.

(b) We note that each of the above expressions has an amplitude of 3 A.

LEARN A three-phase generator provides a smoother flow of power than a single-phase

generator.

45. We shall use

% 2m R % 2m R
Pavg   .
2Z 2 2  R 2  d L 1/ d C 2 
 

b
where Z  R 2   d L  1 /  d C g is the impedance.
2

(a) Considered as a function of C, Pavg has its largest value when the factor R 2  d L  1/ d C 
2

has the smallest possible value. This occurs for d L  1/ d C , or

1 1
C   6.60 105 F.
 L
2
d  2   80.0 Hz 
2 2
 60.0 10 3
H

The circuit is then at resonance.

(b) In this case, we want Z2 to be as large as possible. The impedance becomes large without
bound as C becomes very small. Thus, the smallest average power occurs for C = 0 (which is not
very different from a simple open switch).

(c) When dL = 1/dC, the expression for the average power becomes

% 2m
Pavg  ,
2R

so the maximum average power is in the resonant case and is equal to

 50.0 V   250 W.
2

Pavg 
2  5.00  
 21 Chapter 31

(d) At maximum power, the reactances are equal: XL = XC. The phase angle  in this case may be
found from
X  XC
tan   L  0,
R
which implies  = 0 .

(e) At maximum power, the power factor is cos  = cos 0° = 1.

(f) The minimum average power is Pavg = 0 (as it would be for an open switch).

(g) On the other hand, at minimum power XC  1/C is infinite, which leads us to set tan    .
In this case, we conclude that  = –90°.

(h) At minimum power, the power factor is cos  = cos(–90°) = 0.

46. (a) The impedance is Z = (80.0 V)/(1.25 A) = 64.0 .

(b) We can write cos  = R/Z. Therefore,

R = (64.0 )cos(0.650 rad) = 50.9 .

(c) Since the current leads the emf, the circuit is capacitive.

47. Resonance occurs when the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance. Reactances
of a certain type add (in series) just like resistances. Thus, since the resonance values are the
same for both circuits, we have for each circuit:

1 1
 L1  ,  L2 
 C1  C2

and adding these equations we find

1 1 1 
  L1  L2     .
  C1 C2 
Since Leq  L1  L2 and Ceq1  (C11  C21 ) ,

1
Leq =  resonance in the combined circuit.
Ceq

1
48. From Umax = 2 LI2 we get I = 0.115 A.
 22 Chapter 31

49. THINK The total energy in the LC circuit is the sum of electrical energy stored in the
capacitor, and the magnetic energy stored in the inductor. Energy is conserved.

EXPRESS Let UE be the electrical energy in the capacitor and UB be the magnetic energy in the
inductor. The total energy is U = UE + UB. When UE = 0.500UB (at time t), then UB = 2.00UE and
U = UE + UB = 3.00UE. Now, UE is given by q 2 / 2C , where q is the charge on the capacitor at
time t. The total energy U is given by Q2 / 2C , where Q is the maximum charge on the capacitor.

ANALYZE (a) Thus,

Q 2 3.00q 2 Q
  q  0.577Q .
2C 2C 3.00

(b) If the capacitor is fully charged at time t = 0, then the time-dependent charge on the capacitor
is given by q  Q cost . This implies that the condition q = 0.577Q is satisfied when cos(t) =
0.557, or t = 0.955 rad. Since   2 / T (where T is the period of oscillation),
t  0.955T / 2  T , or t / T = 0.152.

LEARN The fraction of total energy that is of electrical nature at a given time t is given by

U E (Q 2 / 2C ) cos2 t  2 t 
 2
 cos 2 t  cos 2  .
U Q / 2C  T 

A plot of U E / U as a function of t / T is given below.

From the plot, we see that U E / U  1/ 3 at t / T = 0.152.

50. THINK This problem explores the analogy between an oscillating LC system and an
oscillating mass–spring system.
 23 Chapter 31

EXPRESS Table 31-1 provides a comparison of energies in the two systems. From the table, we
see the following correspondences:

1 dx dq
x  q, k  , m  L, v    i,
C dt dt
1 2 q2 1 2 1
kx  , mv  Li 2 .
2 2C 2 2

ANALYZE (a) The mass m corresponds to the inductance, so m = 2.50 kg.

(b) The spring constant k corresponds to the reciprocal of the capacitance, 1/C. Since the total
energy is given by U = Q2/2C, where Q is the maximum charge on the capacitor and C is the
capacitance, we have
Q 2 175  10 C 
6 2

C   2.552 103 F
2U 2  6.00 106 J 
and
1
k  392 N/m.
2.552  10 3 m/N

(c) The maximum displacement corresponds to the maximum charge, so xmax  1.75  104 m.

(d) The maximum speed vmax corresponds to the maximum current. The maximum current is

Q 175 106 C
I  Q    2.19 103 A.
LC  2.50 H   2.552 10 3
F

Consequently, vmax = 2.19  10–3 m/s.

LEARN The correspondences suggest that an oscillating LC system is mathematically

equivalent to an oscillating mass–spring system. The electrical mechanical analogy can also be
seen by comparing their angular frequencies of oscillation:

k 1
 (mass-spring system),   (LC circuit)
m LC

 
1
51. We find the inductance from f   / 2  2 LC .
 24 Chapter 31

1 1
L   6.3 10 5 H.
4 f C 4 10 10 Hz   4.0 10 F 
2 2 2 3 2  6

52. (a) From Eq. 31-65, we have

F
V V I
G FV  (V / 150
. )I
  tan 1
HV K H(V / 2.00) JK
J  tan G
L C 1 L L

R L

which becomes tan–1 (2/3 ) = 33.7° or 0.588 rad.

(b) Since  > 0, it is inductive (XL > XC).

(c) We have VR = IR = 9.98 V, so that VL = 2.00VR = 20.0 V and VC = VL/1.50 = 13.3 V.

Therefore, from Eq. 31-60, we have

% m  VR2  (VL  VC ) 2  (9.98 V) 2  (20.0 V  13.3 V) 2  12.0 V .

53. (a) The current amplitude I is given by I = VL/XL, where XL = dL = 2fdL. Since the circuit
contains only the inductor and a sinusoidal generator, VL = % m . Therefore,

VL %m 23.0 V
I    36.6 mA.
X L 2 f d L 2  Hz)(50.0 10 3 H)


(b) The frequency is now eight times larger than in part (a), so the inductive reactance XL is eight
times larger and the current is one-eighth as much. The current is now

I = (0.0366 A)/8 = 4.58 mA.

54. From Eq. 31-4 we get f = 1/2 LC = 1.84 kHz.

% m 125 V
55. (a) The impedance is Z    39.1 .
I 3.20 A

(b) From VR  IR  % m cos  , we get

% m cos  125 V  cos  0.982 rad 

R   21.7 .
I 3.20 A
 25 Chapter 31

b g
(c) Since X L  X C  sin   sin 0.982 rad , we conclude that XL < XC. The circuit is
predominantly capacitive.

56. (a) Eqs. 31-4 and 31-14 lead to

1
Q  I LC  1.27 106 C .


(b) We choose the phase constant in Eq. 31-12 to be      , so that i0 = I in Eq.

31-15). Thus, the energy in the capacitor is

q 2 Q2
UE   (sin t ) 2 .
2C 2C

Differentiating and using the fact that 2 sin  cos  = sin 2, we obtain

dU E Q2
  sin 2t .
dt 2C

We find the maximum value occurs whenever sin 2t  1 , which leads (with n = odd integer) to

1 n n n
t   LC  8.31105 s, 2.49 104s, K .
2   

The earliest time is t  8.31 10 5 s.

(c) Returning to the above expression for dU E / dt with the requirement that sin 2t  1 , we
obtain

F
GdU I
J Q dI LC i
2
2
I I2 L
Hdt K 2C
    5.44  103 J / s .
E

max 2C LC 2 C

57. The average power dissipated in resistance R when the current is alternating is given by
Pavg  I rms
2
R , where Irms is the root-mean-square current. Since I rms  I / 2 , where I is the
current amplitude, this can be written Pavg = I2R/2. The power dissipated in the same resistor
when the current id is direct is given by P  id2 R. Setting the two powers equal to each other and
solving, we obtain

I 4.50 A
id    3.18A.
2 2
 26 Chapter 31

58. (a) The capacitive reactance is

1 1
XC    33.2  .
2 fC 2  Hz)(12.0 106 F)

(b) The impedance is

Z  R 2  ( X L  X C ) 2  R 2  (2 fL  X C ) 2
 (220 )2  [2  Hz)(150  103 H)  33.2 ]2  408  .

(c) The current amplitude is

% m 180 V
I   0.441 A .
Z 408 

(d) Now X C  Ceq1 . Thus, XC increases as Ceq decreases.

(e) Now Ceq = C/2, and the new impedance is

Z  (220 ) 2  [2  Hz)(150  10 3 H)  2(33.2  )]2  381   408  .

Therefore, the impedance decreases.

(f) Since I  Z 1 , it increases.

59. THINK Since the current lags the generator emf, the phase angle is positive and the circuit is
more inductive than capacitive.

EXPRESS Let VL be the maximum potential difference across the inductor, VC be the maximum
potential difference across the capacitor, and VR be the maximum potential difference across the
resistor. The phase constant is given by

 VL  VC 
  tan 1  .
 VR 

The maximum emf is related to the current amplitude by % m  IZ , where Z is the impedance.

ANALYZE (a) With VC  VL / 2.00 and VR  VL / 2.00, we find the phase constant to be
 27 Chapter 31

 VL  VL / 2.00 
  tan 1    tan 1.00   45.0.
1

 VL / 2.00 

(b) The resistance is related to the impedance by R  Z cos  . Thus,

% m cos   30.0 V  cos 45 

R   70.7 .
I 300 103 A

LEARN With R and I known, the inductive and capacitive reactances are, respectively,
X L  2.00 R  141 , and X C  R  70.7  . Similarly, the impedance of the circuit is

%m
Z  (30.0 V) / (300  103 A)  100  .
I

60. THINK We have a series RLC circuit. Since R, L, and C are in series, the same current is
driven in all three of them.

EXPRESS The capacitive and the inductive reactances can be written as

1 1
XC   , X L  d L  2 f d L .
d C 2f d C

The impedance of the circuit is Z  R 2  ( X L  X C ) 2 , and the current amplitude is given by

I  m / Z.

ANALYZE (a) Substituting the values given, we find the capacitive reactance to be

1 1
XC    37.894  .
2 f d C 2   z)(70.0  10 6 F)

Similarly, the inductive reactance is

X L  2 f d L  2  z)(230 103 H)  86.708  .

Thus, the impedance is

Z  R 2  ( X L  X C ) 2  (400  ) 2  (37.894   86.708  ) 2  403  .

 28 Chapter 31

(b) The phase angle is

 X L  XC  1  86.708   37.894  
  tan 1    tan    69.6 .
 R   400  

(c) The current amplitude is

% m 36.0 V
I   89.3 mA.
Z 403 

LEARN The circuit in this problem is more inductive since X L  X C . The phase angle is positive,
so the current lags behind the applied emf.