Brief historical development

 1950: Use of magnetic tapes, which are a type of information storage medium or support that is recorded
in tracks on a plastic band with a magnetized material, generally iron oxide or some chromate.
 1960: Using disks, this support could consult the information directly, without the need to know where the
data was on the disk.
The Hierarchical database model is born, which links records in the form of a tree structure.
The Red database model is also developed, in which the main difference was that a node has several
parents.
 1970: Edgar Frank Codd, gives the concepts of Relational Databases, which are based on relationships
which could be logically considered as Tuples, proposed in "Codd's Twelve Rules", designed to define
what a database management system requires, from these contributions the Oracle database was
developed. The most common language for relational database queries is SQL.
 1980: Relational databases manage to position themselves in the database market with their system of
tables, rows, columns, and various parallel investigations take place, such as object-oriented databases.

The term database was first heard at a symposium held in California in 1963.

In a first approximation, we can say that a database is a set of related information that is
grouped or structured.

From a computer point of view, a database is a system consisting of a set of data stored on
disks that allow direct access to them and a set of programs that manipulate that set of
data.

A database management system, on the other hand, is a very specific type of software
dedicated to serving as an interface between the database, the user and the applications
that use it; or in other words, a group of programs that serve to define, build and manipulate
a database, thus allowing the data to be stored and subsequently accessed quickly and in
a structured manner.

Today, databases are having a decisive impact on the growing use of computers.

But in order to understand a database more deeply, it is necessary to understand its

Origins

The origins of databases date back to ancient times, when libraries and all kinds of records
already existed. They were also used to collect information about crops and censuses.
However, their search was slow and inefficient, and there was no help from machines that
could replace manual labor.

Later, the use of databases developed from the need to store large amounts of information
or data. Above all, since the appearance of the first computers, the concept of databases
has always been linked to information technology.
In 1884 Herman Hollerith created the automatic punched card machine, thus being named
the first statistical engineer in history. At this time, censuses were carried out manually.

Faced with this situation, Hollerith began to work on the design of a tabulating or census
machine, based on punched cards.

Later, in the 1950s, magnetic tapes were invented to automate information and make
backups. This served to meet the information needs of the new industries. And through this
mechanism, information began to be automated, with the disadvantage that it could only be
done sequentially.

1960s
Later, in the 1960s, computers became cheaper so that private companies could buy them,
leading to the popularization of disk use, which was a very effective advance at the time,
since information could be consulted directly from this medium, without having to know the
exact location of the data.

At this same time, the first generations of network databases and hierarchical databases
began, since it was possible to save data structures in lists and trees.

Another major achievement of the 1960s was the alliance between IBM and American
Airlines to develop SABRE, an operating system that managed flight reservations,
transactions and passenger information for American Airlines.

And, later in this same decade, the development of the IDS developed by Charles
Bachman (who was part of CODASYL) was carried out, which meant the creation of a new
type of database system known as a network model that allowed the creation of a standard
in database systems thanks to the creation of new information system languages.

CODASYL (Conference on Data Systems Languages) was a consortium of computer

The members of this consortium were from industries and government institutions involved
in data processing, whose main goal was to promote more effective analysis, design and
implementation of data systems; and although they worked in various programming
languages such as COBOL, they never managed to establish a fixed standard, a process
that was carried out by ANSI.

1970s

As for the 1970s, Edgar Frank Codd, an English computer scientist known for his
contributions to relational database theory, defined the relational model and published a
series of rules for relational data systems through his article “A relational data model for
large shared databases”.
This fact gave way to the birth of the second generation of Database Management
Systems.

As a result, during the 1970s, Lawrence J. Ellison, better known as Larry Ellison, based on
the work of Edgar F. Codd developed the Relational Software System, or what is currently
known as Oracle Corporation, on relational database systems, thus developing a relational
database management system with the same name as that company.

Later in the eighties, SQL (Structured Query Language) was also developed, which is a
query language or declarative language for accessing relational databases that allows
queries to be made in order to retrieve information of interest from a database and to make
changes to the database in a simple way; in addition to analyzing large amounts of
information and allowing different types of operations to be specified on the same
information, unlike the databases of the eighties that were designed for transaction
processing applications.

But it should be noted that ORACLE is considered one of the most complete database
systems in the world, and although its dominance in the business server market has been
almost total until relatively recently, it is currently facing competition from SQL Server from
Microsoft and from the offering of other freely licensed Relational Database Management
Systems such as PostgreSQL, MySQL or Firebird, which would appear later in the 1990s.

1980s

For its part, in the early eighties the commercialization of relational systems began to
boom, and SQL began to be the industry standard, since relational databases with their
system of tables (composed of rows and columns) were able to compete with hierarchical
and network databases, as a consequence of the fact that their programming level was
simple and their programming level was relatively low.

1990s decade

In the 1990s, database research revolved around object-oriented databases. Which have
been quite successful in managing complex data in fields where relational databases have
not been able to develop efficiently. This is how tools such as Excel and Access from the
Microsoft Office package were developed, marking the beginning of object-oriented
databases.
This is how the third generation of database management systems was created.

It was also during this time that the first publication of the SQL language made by ANSI
began to be modified and new regular expressions, recursive queries, triggers and some
object-oriented features began to be added, which later in the 21st century would undergo
modifications again introducing XML features, changes in its functions, standardization of
the sequence object and auto-number columns. In addition, the possibility of using SQL in
conjunction with XML will be created, and ways of how to import and save XML data into a
SQL database will be defined. Thus, providing the possibility of providing facilities that allow
applications to integrate the use of XQuery (XML query language) for concurrent access to
ordinary SQL data and XML documents. And later, the possibility of using the order by
clause will be given.

Although the boom of the nineties will be the birth of the World Wide Web at the end of the
decade, since through it the consultation of databases will be facilitated.

21st CENTURY

Currently, the three major companies that dominate the database market are IBM,
Microsoft and Oracle. In the field of the Internet, the company that generates a large
amount of information is Google. Although there is a wide variety of software that allows
you to create and manage databases with great ease, such as LINQ, which is a Microsoft
project that adds native queries similar to those of SQL to the languages of the .NET
platform. The goal of this project is to allow all code written in Visual Studio to also be
object-oriented; since before LINQ, the manipulation of external data had a more structured
concept than object-oriented; and that is why it tries to facilitate and standardize access to
these objects.

It is worth noting that Visual Studio is an integrated development environment for Windows
operating systems that supports several programming languages such as Visual C++,
Visual#, Visual J#, ASP.NET and Visual Basic.NET, although the necessary extensions are
being developed for others, the objective of which is to allow the creation of applications,
sites and web applications, as well as web services to any environment that supports
the .Net platform, thus creating applications that intercommunicate between workstations,
web pages and mobile devices.