Ques. 1 What is an applet? Explain the life cycle of Applet? List the Ques.

Ques. 5 Write the steps of JDBC in establishing a connection for By following these conventions, JavaBeans promote reusability,
methods involved in it? creating a dynamic website? interoperability, and ease of development in various Java frameworks,
An applet is a small Java program that runs within a web browser and To establish a connection using JDBC for creating a dynamic website, such as JavaFX, Spring, and JavaBeans Activation Framework (JAF).
provides interactive features. The life cycle of an applet consists of the the following steps are typically followed:
following methods: 1. Load the JDBC driver: Use Class.forName() to dynamically Sure! Here are the answers to the remaining questions:
1. init(): This method is called when the applet is first loaded. load the appropriate JDBC driver class for the database you're using. 2. (a) Differentiate the following, with the help of an example:
It is used for applet initialization tasks, such as initializing variables or 2. Establish a connection: Use (i) Application and Applet:
setting up the GUI.
2. start(): This method is called after the init() method and
DriverManager.getConnection() to establish a connection to the
database. Provide the necessary database URL, username, and
• An application is a standalone program that can be
executed independently.
whenever the applet is restarted. It is used to start the applet's password as parameters.
execution or resume it from a stopped state. 3. Create a statement: Create an instance of Statement or • An applet is a small program that runs within a web browser
3. stop(): This method is called when the applet needs to be PreparedStatement using the connection object. This is used to with the help of a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
stopped, such as when the user navigates away from the web page execute SQL queries and updates. Example:
containing the applet. It is used to suspend any ongoing activities or 4. Execute SQL queries: Use the statement object to execute javaCopy code
resources. SQL queries like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE. Retrieve and // Application public class MyApp { public static void main(String[]
4. destroy(): This method is called when the applet is being process the results as needed. args) { System.out.println("This is a Java application."); } } // Applet
unloaded or destroyed. It is used for cleanup tasks, such as releasing 5. Handle transactions (optional): If your application requires import java.applet.Applet; import java.awt.Graphics; public class
resources or closing connections. transaction management, use the connection object's commit() and MyFirstApplet extends Applet { public void paint(Graphics g) {
5. paint(Graphics g): This method is automatically called rollback() methods to control transaction boundaries. g.drawString("This is a Java applet.", 20, 20); } }
whenever the applet needs to be redrawn or refreshed. It is used to 6. Close resources: Release the resources acquired during (ii) Structural Approach and Object-Oriented Approach:
render the applet's graphical output on the screen.
Ques. 2 How does Java handle events? Describe the different
database operations. Close the statement, result set (if any), and the
connection using their respective close() methods.
• Structural Approach focuses on organizing code into
functions and procedures.
components of an event? Write a program in Java to capture an Ques. 6 Explain the Java RMI architecture with the help of a diagram?
event generated by the keyboard? I apologize, but as a text-based AI model, I'm unable to generate or • Object-Oriented Approach focuses on designing programs
In Java, events are handled using the event delegation model. The display diagrams. However, I can explain the Java RMI (Remote around objects that have properties and behaviors.
components that participate in event handling are: Method Invocation) architecture in words: Example: Structural Approach:
1. Event Sources: These are the objects that generate events, Java RMI is a distributed object-oriented programming framework in javaCopy code
such as buttons, text fields, or keyboards. Java that allows communication between remote objects residing on // Structural Approach public class Rectangle { int length; int width;
2. Event Listeners: These are the objects that receive and different Java Virtual Machines (JVMs). The Java RMI architecture public static void main(String[] args) { Rectangle rect = new
process events generated by event sources. They implement specific consists of the following components: Rectangle(); rect.length = 5; rect.width = 3; int area = rect.length *
listener interfaces corresponding to the type of event they are 1. Client: The client is the program that initiates the remote rect.width; System.out.println("Area: " + area); } }
interested in. method invocation. It contains the stub, which is a local object that Object-Oriented Approach:
3. Event Objects: These objects represent the events represents the remote object and acts as a gateway for method calls. javaCopy code
themselves. They encapsulate information about the event, such as 2. Stub: The stub is a client-side proxy object that implements // Object-Oriented Approach public class Rectangle { private int length;
the type of event and the source object. the same interface as the remote object. It marshals the method private int width; public Rectangle(int length, int width) { this.length =
Here's an example program in Java to capture an event generated by parameters, sends them over the network, and invokes the remote length; this.width = width; } public int calculateArea() { return length *
the keyboard: method on the server. width; } public static void main(String[] args) { Rectangle rect = new
javaCopy code 3. Remote Reference Layer: This layer provides the Rectangle(5, 3); int area = rect.calculateArea();
import java.awt.event.*; public class KeyboardEventDemo infrastructure for locating and referencing remote objects. It handles System.out.println("Area: " + area); } }
implements KeyListener { public static void main(String[] args) { tasks such as object serialization, network communication, and (iii) String and StringBuffer:
KeyboardEventDemo demo = new KeyboardEventDemo();
demo.setup(); } private void setup() { // Add the KeyListener to a
parameter marshaling.
4. Skeleton: The skeleton is a server-side object that receives
• String is an immutable class in Java, meaning its value
cannot be changed once created.
component // For example, a JFrame or a JTextField // Assuming a the incoming remote method invocation requests, unmarshals the
JFrame is used in this example JFrame frame = new JFrame(); parameters, and dispatches the method call to the actual remote • StringBuffer is a mutable class that allows modifying its
frame.addKeyListener(this); frame.setVisible(true); } @Override public object. value.
void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) { // Called when a key is pressed 5. Remote Object: The remote object is the actual object Example:
System.out.println("Key Pressed: " + e.getKeyChar()); } @Override residing on the server. It implements the remote interface, which javaCopy code
public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) { // Called when a key is released defines the methods that can be invoked remotely. // String String str = "Hello"; str = str + " World";
System.out.println("Key Released: " + e.getKeyChar()); } @Override 6. Remote Method Protocol: This protocol defines the rules System.out.println(str); // Output: Hello World // StringBuffer
public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) { // Called when a key is typed and format for exchanging remote method invocation requests and StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Hello"); sb.append(" World");
(pressed and released) System.out.println("Key Typed: " + responses between the client and server. System.out.println(sb.toString()); // Output: Hello World
e.getKeyChar()); } } The diagram would illustrate the relationships and interactions (iv) Abstract Class and Interface:
Ques. 3 Differentiate AWT and Swing Components?
AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) and Swing are two different sets of
between these components, showcasing how the client invokes a
remote method and how the server processes the request and sends
• Abstract class can have both abstract and non-abstract
methods. It cannot be instantiated and requires subclasses to
GUI components in Java. Here are the main differences between them: back the response. implement abstract methods.
1. AWT is the original set of GUI components in Java, while Ques. 7 What are cookies and session objects? Where do we use
Swing is an extension of AWT with additional components and them? • Interface can only have abstract methods. It provides a
enhanced features. Cookies and session objects are used in web development to manage contract that classes implementing the interface must adhere to.
2. AWT components are lightweight wrappers around native state and store information about a user's interaction with a website. Example:
OS components, while Swing components are entirely written in Java Here's a brief explanation: javaCopy code
and are therefore platform-independent. 1. Cookies: Cookies are small pieces of data stored on the // Abstract Class abstract class Animal { abstract void makeSound(); }
3. AWT components have a native look and feel, whereas client's browser. They are used to store information such as user class Dog extends Animal { void makeSound() {
Swing components have a consistent look and feel across different preferences, session identifiers, or shopping cart contents. Cookies are System.out.println("Woof!"); } } // Interface interface Animal { void
platforms. sent back and forth between the client and the server with each makeSound(); } class Dog implements Animal { public void
4. AWT provides fewer components compared to Swing, request and response, allowing the server to recognize and track the makeSound() { System.out.println("Woof!"); } }
which offers a wide range of highly customizable components like client. 3. (a) What is StreamTokenizer? Explain the different instance
JTable, JTree, and JFileChooser. 2. Session Objects: Session objects are server-side objects variables defined in StreamTokenizer. Also, explain the use of
5. AWT components use native peer interfaces for drawing that store user-specific data throughout multiple requests from the StreamTokenizer with the help of an example.
and handling events, while Swing components handle their own same client. They are associated with a unique session identifier, StreamTokenizer is a class in Java that tokenizes the input stream into
painting and event handling. typically stored in a cookie or appended to the URL. Session objects tokens. It breaks the input into tokens based on the specified delimiter
Ques. 4 What is a layout manager? Discuss the flow layout and grid can store user information, session state, and other data needed to characters and allows the programmer to access and process these
layout, giving suitable examples for each? maintain a user's session on the server. tokens individually.
A layout manager in Java is responsible for determining the size and Cookies and session objects are commonly used in scenarios such as Instance variables defined in StreamTokenizer:
position of components within a container. It helps in achieving a
consistent and flexible arrangement of components. Two commonly
user authentication, maintaining user sessions, personalizing user
experiences, and storing temporary data during a user's visit to a
• nval: Holds the numeric value of the token if it is a number.
used layout managers are: website. • sval: Holds the string value of the token if it is a word or a
1. FlowLayout: It arranges components in a left-to-right flow, Ques. 8 What is a JavaBean? Discuss its features briefly. quoted string.
wrapping to the next line when the container's width is filled. It is A JavaBean is a Java class that follows specific coding conventions to • ttype: Holds the type of the token. It can have values like
suitable for simple GUIs that require components to be placed in a provide reusable, encapsulated, and easily manageable components. TT_NUMBER, TT_WORD, TT_EOL, etc.
linear order. JavaBeans are used extensively in Java development frameworks and
Example usage of FlowLayout: tools. Here are some features of JavaBeans: • lineno: Holds the current line number in the input stream.
javaCopy code 1. Default Constructor: A JavaBean class should have a public Example usage of StreamTokenizer:
import java.awt.FlowLayout; import javax.swing.*; public class default constructor that takes no arguments. This allows frameworks javaCopy code
FlowLayoutDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { JFrame frame and tools to instantiate the class using the Class.newInstance() import java.io.*; public class StreamTokenizerExample { public static
= new JFrame("Flow Layout Demo"); frame.setLayout(new method. void main(String[] args) { try { FileReader fileReader = new
FlowLayout()); // Add components to the frame frame.add(new 2. Properties: JavaBeans expose properties using getter and FileReader("input.txt"); StreamTokenizer tokenizer = new
JButton("Button 1")); frame.add(new JButton("Button 2")); setter methods. These methods follow a naming convention StreamTokenizer(fileReader); int token; while ((token =
frame.add(new JButton("Button 3")); frame.pack(); (getPropertyName for getters, setPropertyName for setters) and tokenizer.nextToken()) != StreamTokenizer.TT_EOF) { if (token ==
frame.setVisible(true); } } allow access to the internal state of the object. StreamTokenizer.TT_NUMBER) { System.out.println("Number: " +
2. GridLayout: It divides the container into a grid of cells, 3. Serializable: JavaBeans often implement the Serializable tokenizer.nval); } else if (token == StreamTokenizer.TT_WORD) {
where components are placed in each cell. The grid has a specified interface to enable their state to be persisted and transferred across System.out.println("Word: " + tokenizer.sval); } else if (token ==
number of rows and columns. It is useful for creating uniform-sized different JVMs. StreamTokenizer.TT_EOL) { System.out.println("End of Line"); } else {
grids of components. 4. Encapsulation: JavaBeans encapsulate their internal state System.out.println("Other Token"); } } fileReader.close(); } catch
Example usage of GridLayout: and behavior, providing a controlled and well-defined interface for (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
javaCopy code interacting with the component. In this example, the program reads an input file and tokenizes it using
import java.awt.GridLayout; import javax.swing.*; public class 5. Event Support: JavaBeans can support event handling by StreamTokenizer. It identifies and prints the type of each token
GridLayoutDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { JFrame frame defining methods for adding and removing event listeners and encountered (number, word, end of line, or other token).
= new JFrame("Grid Layout Demo"); frame.setLayout(new notifying listeners when certain events occur. 3. (b) "Java is architecture-neutral, secure, and distributed
GridLayout(2, 3)); // Add components to the frame frame.add(new 6. Introspection: JavaBeans can be introspected by tools to programming language." Justify the statement.
JButton("Button 1")); frame.add(new JButton("Button 2")); discover their properties, methods, and events. This enables Java is considered architecture-neutral, secure, and distributed due to
frame.add(new JButton("Button 3")); frame.add(new JButton("Button frameworks to perform automated tasks like binding, validation, and the following reasons:
4")); frame.add(new JButton("Button 5")); frame.add(new GUI generation. • Architecture-Neutral: Java programs are compiled into
JButton("Button 6")); frame.pack(); frame.setVisible(true); } } bytecode, which is platform-independent and can be executed on any
system with a compatible Java Virtual Machine (JVM). This 4. (c) What is the difference between the throw and throws keywords BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(inputStream)); String
architecture neutrality allows Java programs to run on different used in Java? Explain with an example. response = reader.readLine(); System.out.println("Server response: " +
hardware and operating systems without requiring recompilation.
• throw: The throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an
response); socket.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace();
• Secure: Java provides several security features to ensure exception from a method or block of code. It is used when we want to
}}}
In this example, the TCP client socket connects to the server running
secure programming. It has a robust security model with features like handle exceptional situations manually by throwing an exception
on "localhost" at port 1234. It sends a message to the server and
bytecode verification, memory management, and exception handling. object.
receives a response.
Additionally, Java's built-in security manager allows controlling access Example:
to system resources and protecting against malicious code. javaCopy code • TCP Server Socket: A TCP server socket waits for incoming
• Distributed: Java provides libraries and APIs for developing
public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { int age =
17; if (age < 18) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid age");
connection requests from clients. It is responsible for accepting client
connections, creating a separate socket for each client, and handling
distributed applications. It supports remote method invocation (RMI)
} System.out.println("Welcome!"); } } client requests.
and networking capabilities, enabling developers to create distributed
In this example, if the age is less than 18, an IllegalArgumentException Example:
systems and communicate between different components over a
is thrown using the throw keyword. This allows us to handle the javaCopy code
network.
exceptional situation when the age is invalid. import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class TCPServer { public
These characteristics make Java suitable for developing applications
that can run on various platforms, maintain security, and facilitate • throws: The throws keyword is used in a method signature
static void main(String[] args) { try { ServerSocket serverSocket = new
ServerSocket(1234); System.out.println("Server started. Waiting for
distributed computing. to declare that the method may throw one or more checked
clients..."); while (true) { Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept();
3. (c) What is the private access specifier? Explain with an example exceptions. It specifies the exception types that can be thrown by the
System.out.println("Client connected: " +
how it is different from public and protected access specifiers. method but does not handle them.
clientSocket.getInetAddress().getHostAddress()); InputStream
In Java, the private access specifier is used to restrict the accessibility Example:
inputStream = clientSocket.getInputStream(); BufferedReader reader
of a class member (field or method) within the same class. It is the javaCopy code
= new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(inputStream)); String
most restrictive access level and ensures that the member is not import java.io.FileNotFoundException; public class Example { public
message = reader.readLine(); System.out.println("Received from
accessible outside the class. void readFile() throws FileNotFoundException { // Code that may
client: " + message); OutputStream outputStream =
Example: throw FileNotFoundException } }
clientSocket.getOutputStream(); PrintWriter writer = new
javaCopy code In this example, the readFile() method declares that it may throw a
PrintWriter(outputStream, true); writer.println("Hello, client!");
public class MyClass { private int privateField; public int publicField; FileNotFoundException using the throws keyword. The responsibility
clientSocket.close(); } } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
protected int protectedField; private void privateMethod() { // Private of handling the exception is delegated to the caller of the method.
In this example, the TCP server socket listens on port 1234 for
method implementation } public void publicMethod() { // Public 4. (d) Explain the use of the super keyword in Java, with an example.
incoming client connections. Once a client connection is established, it
method implementation } protected void protectedMethod() { // In Java, the super keyword is used to refer to the superclass or parent
receives a message from the client and sends a response back.
Protected method implementation } } public class AnotherClass { class of a subclass. It is used to access superclass members (fields and
5. (c) What is RMI? Explain the advantages of using RMI.
public static void main(String[] args) { MyClass myObj = new MyClass(); methods) that are hidden or overridden by the subclass. The super
RMI (Remote Method Invocation) is a Java API that provides a
myObj.privateField = 10; // Not accessible due to private access keyword can be used in the subclass to differentiate between
mechanism for invoking methods of objects residing on remote
specifier myObj.publicField = 20; // Accessible myObj.protectedField = superclass and subclass members with the same name.
systems. It enables distributed computing by allowing Java objects to
30; // Accessible myObj.privateMethod(); // Not accessible due to Example:
invoke methods on remote objects, as if they were local objects.
private access specifier myObj.publicMethod(); // Accessible javaCopy code
Advantages of using RMI:
myObj.protectedMethod(); // Accessible } } class Vehicle { protected String brand; public Vehicle(String brand) {
1. Simplified Distributed Computing: RMI simplifies
In the example above, the privateField and privateMethod of MyClass this.brand = brand; } public void drive() { System.out.println("Driving a
distributed computing by abstracting the complexity of network
are not accessible in AnotherClass, as they are declared with the vehicle"); } } class Car extends Vehicle { private int maxSpeed; public
communication and object serialization. Developers can focus on the
private access specifier. However, the publicField, publicMethod, Car(String brand, int maxSpeed) { super(brand); // Calling the
business logic of their applications without dealing with low-level
protectedField, and protectedMethod are accessible, as they have superclass constructor this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed; } public void
networking details.
public and protected access specifiers, respectively. drive() { super.drive(); // Calling the superclass method
2. Object-Oriented Interaction: RMI allows object-oriented
The private access specifier ensures encapsulation and information System.out.println("Driving a car"); } } public class Main { public static
interaction between distributed components. Remote objects can be
hiding by restricting direct access to the class's internal void main(String[] args) { Car car = new Car("Toyota", 200); car.drive();
treated as local objects, enabling method invocations and parameter
implementation details, making it different from public and protected // Output: Driving a vehicle \n Driving a car } }
passing in a natural and seamless manner.
access specifiers. In this example, the Car class extends the Vehicle class. The super
3. Location Transparency: RMI provides location
keyword is used in the Car class constructor to invoke the superclass
transparency, meaning that the client does not need to know the exact
constructor and initialize the brand field. In the drive() method of the
physical location of the remote object. The client can invoke methods
Car class, super.drive() is used to call the drive() method of the Vehicle
on the remote object without being concerned about the underlying
keep continue class before executing the subclass-specific code.
network communication.
ChatGPT
4. Dynamic Class Loading: RMI supports dynamic class
Sure! Here are the answers to the remaining questions:
loading, allowing objects to be loaded and executed on remote
4. (a) What is the finalize() method in Java? Give an example to
systems. This enables the server to send classes and objects to the
demonstrate its use. keep continue
client dynamically, enhancing flexibility and adaptability.
The finalize() method is a special method provided by the Object class ChatGPT
5. Automatic Serialization: RMI handles object serialization
in Java. It is called by the garbage collector before an object is garbage- Certainly! Here are the answers to the remaining questions:
and deserialization automatically. Complex objects can be passed as
collected to perform any necessary cleanup or resource releasing 5. (a) What is a stateless protocol? Is HTTP a stateless protocol? What
method arguments or returned as method results without the need
operations. are the various ways through which you can maintain the 'State'
for explicit serialization and deserialization code.
Example: while using HTTP?
5. (d) Briefly explain the life cycle of a servlet.
javaCopy code A stateless protocol is a communication protocol that does not require
The life cycle of a servlet consists of several stages:
public class MyClass { public void finalize() { // Cleanup or resource the server to retain any information or state about the client's previous
1. Loading: The servlet container loads the servlet class by
releasing operations System.out.println("Finalize method called"); } requests. Each request from the client is treated as an independent
invoking its init() method. This happens when the container starts up
public static void main(String[] args) { MyClass obj1 = new MyClass(); and isolated transaction.
or when the servlet is first accessed.
MyClass obj2 = new MyClass(); obj1 = null; // Making obj1 eligible for HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a stateless protocol. It means
2. Initialization: The init() method of the servlet is called by
garbage collection System.gc(); // Requesting garbage collection } } that the server does not maintain any information about past requests
the container. This method is responsible for initializing the servlet's
In this example, the finalize() method is overridden in the MyClass or interactions with the client. Each HTTP request is independent, and
resources, setting up database connections, loading configuration
class. When System.gc() is called, it requests garbage collection, and the server processes it without any knowledge of previous requests.
parameters, etc. The init() method is called only once during the
before the object referenced by obj1 is garbage-collected, the To maintain state while using HTTP, various techniques can be
servlet's life cycle.
finalize() method is invoked. employed:
3. Request Handling: The servlet is ready to handle client
4. (b) Define a package in Java. Explain the need for a user-created 1. Cookies: Cookies are small pieces of data sent by the server
requests. For each incoming request, the container invokes the
package in Java. Also, explain the procedure of creating a package in and stored on the client's side. They contain information that can be
servlet's service() method. The service() method determines the type
Java. used to identify and track the client's state across multiple requests.
of the request (GET, POST, etc.) and delegates the request processing
In Java, a package is a way to organize related classes, interfaces, and The client sends the cookies back to the server with each subsequent
to the appropriate method (doGet(), doPost(), etc.).
resources into a single unit. It provides a mechanism for grouping and request.
4. Concurrency: The servlet container may create multiple
categorizing classes, avoiding naming conflicts, and enhancing code 2. URL Rewriting: In this approach, additional parameters are
instances of a servlet to handle concurrent requests. Each request is
organization and reusability. added to the URL to encode the client's state. These parameters are
processed by a separate thread, and multiple threads can execute the
The need for a user-created package in Java: used to track and maintain state between requests.
service() method concurrently.
1. Organization and Modularity: Packages help in organizing 3. Hidden Form Fields: In HTML forms, hidden form fields can
5. Destroying: The servlet container calls the servlet's
code into logical units. They allow developers to group related classes be used to store and send data between requests. The server includes
destroy() method when it decides to remove the servlet from service.
together, making it easier to locate and understand code. hidden fields in the HTML form, and the client submits the form with
This can happen when the container is shutting down or when the
2. Access Control: Packages provide access control by using the hidden field values.
servlet is no longer needed. The destroy() method allows the servlet
access modifiers such as public, private, protected, and default. This 4. Session Management: Sessions can be used to maintain
to release any resources it has acquired during its lifetime.
allows controlling the visibility and accessibility of classes and state on the server-side. A session is a logical construct that represents
6. Unloading: The servlet class is unloaded by the container,
members. a series of related requests from the same client. The server assigns a
freeing up memory and resources. This typically happens when the
3. Code Reusability: Packages enable code reuse by creating unique session identifier to the client, and this identifier is used to
container itself is shut down.
reusable modules. Other developers can import and use classes from track the client's state across requests.
During the servlet's life cycle, the init() and destroy() methods are
the package, reducing redundancy and promoting modular design. 5. (b) Differentiate between TCP client and TCP server sockets with
called only once, while the service() method is called for each request.
To create a package in Java, follow these steps: the help of an example.
The container manages the life cycle of the servlet, ensuring that it is
1. Choose a Package Name: Select a meaningful and unique In Java, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) client and server sockets
properly loaded, initialized, and unloaded.
name for your package. For example, com.example.myapp. are used for establishing network communication between a client
2. Create Package Directory Structure: Create a directory and a server. Here are the differences between them:
1. (a) What is object-oriented programming? How is it different from
structure that matches your package name. Each level of the package
name corresponds to a subdirectory. For example, if the package name
• TCP Client Socket: A TCP client socket is used by the client structured programming? Explain the advantages of using object-
to initiate a connection request to a server. It is responsible for oriented programming.
is com.example.myapp, create the directory structure as
establishing a connection with the server, sending data to the server, Answer: Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming
com/example/myapp.
and receiving data from the server. paradigm that focuses on creating objects, which are instances of
3. Add Class Files: Place your Java class files inside the
Example: classes, to represent and interact with real-world entities. It
appropriate directory according to the package structure.
javaCopy code emphasizes the concept of encapsulation, inheritance, and
4. Package Declaration: Add a package declaration at the
import java.io.*; import java.net.*; public class TCPClient { public static polymorphism.
beginning of each Java source file to specify the package it belongs to.
void main(String[] args) { try { Socket socket = new Socket("localhost", Structured programming, on the other hand, is a procedural
For example, package com.example.myapp;.
1234); OutputStream outputStream = socket.getOutputStream(); programming paradigm that uses a linear top-down approach,
5. Compile and Run: Compile the Java source files using the
PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(outputStream, true); focusing on functions and procedures.
javac command. Use the fully qualified class name (including the
writer.println("Hello, server!"); InputStream inputStream = Advantages of using object-oriented programming:
package name) when executing or importing the classes.
socket.getInputStream(); BufferedReader reader = new
. Modularity and Reusability: OOP promotes modular design, allowing5. Serializable: This interface is used for serialization and deserialization
3. Creating an instance and starting the thread: Create an instance of
code to be divided into smaller, independent objects that can be of objects. It allows objects to be converted into a stream of bytes for the subclass and call the start() method on that instance. The start()
reused in different parts of the program. storage or transmission and reconstructed later. It acts as a marker method will start the execution of the thread, and the run() method
. Code organization: OOP provides a clear and organized structure for interface, indicating that the implementing class is serializable. will be invoked concurrently.
code, making it easier to understand, maintain, and modify. These interfaces, along with their implementing classes, provide a Different predefined thread priorities in Java:
. Encapsulation: Objects encapsulate data and behavior, hiding internal flexible and standardized way of performing input and output Java provides thread priorities to determine the order in which threads
details and providing controlled access through methods. This operations in Java. are scheduled for execution. Thread priorities are represented by
enhances security and reduces dependencies between different parts Please let me know if you would like answers to the remaining integers ranging from 1 to 10, where 1 represents the lowest priority
of the program. questions. and 10 represents the highest priority. The thread scheduler uses
. Inheritance: Inheritance allows classes to inherit properties and these priorities to determine the order in which threads are allocated
behaviors from other classes, promoting code reuse and creating CPU time.
hierarchical relationships. The predefined thread priorities in Java are:
. Polymorphism: Polymorphism enables objects to be treated as
instances of their own class or their parent class interchangeably,
keep continue
ChatGPT
• MIN_PRIORITY (1): The minimum thread priority.
allowing flexibility and extensibility in program design. Sure! Here are the answers to the remaining questions: • NORM_PRIORITY (5): The default thread priority assigned to threads.
. Abstraction: Abstraction allows complex systems to be modeled by 6. (f) What is an Exception? Explain how exceptions are handled in It represents a balanced priority.
representing only the essential features, making the code more
intuitive and easier to understand.
Java. Write a Queue class that throws an exception when the Queue
is full. Display the exception message as "Queue is full".
• MAX_PRIORITY (10): The maximum thread priority. Threads with this
priority are given the highest preference for CPU time.
2. (b) Explain why Java is called a platform-independent language? Answer: In Java, an Exception is an object that represents an abnormal
It's important to note that thread priorities are not guaranteed to have
Answer: Java is called a platform-independent language due to its condition or error that occurs during the execution of a program.
strict behavior across different platforms and JVM implementations.
"write once, run anywhere" capability. This is achieved through the Exceptions are used to handle exceptional situations, such as runtime
The thread scheduler might handle priorities differently based on the
following mechanisms: errors, invalid inputs, or unexpected events.
underlying system.
• Bytecode: Java source code is compiled into platform-independent
Exceptions in Java are handled using a mechanism called exception
handling. The key components of exception handling in Java are:
2. (b) Write a Java program that takes two 3 x 3 matrices as input and
bytecode, which is a low-level representation of the code. This finds the sum of the two matrices. Define constructors for initializing
•
bytecode can be executed on any platform that has a Java Virtual Try-Catch: The code that may throw an exception is placed inside a try matrix objects.
Machine (JVM) installed. block. If an exception occurs within the try block, it is caught and Here's an example Java program that takes two 3 x 3 matrices as input
• Java Virtual Machine (JVM): The JVM is responsible for executing the
handled by the catch block. and finds their sum:
bytecode. It acts as an interpreter, translating the bytecode •
javaCopy code
into Catch: The catch block is responsible for catching and handling
import java.util.Scanner; public class MatrixSum { private int[][] matrix;
machine code that is understood by the underlying operating system. exceptions. It specifies the type of exception it can handle and
public MatrixSum(int rows, int columns) { matrix = new
• Platform-specific JVM: Although Java programs are platform-
provides the necessary code to handle the exception.
int[rows][columns]; } public void inputMatrix(Scanner scanner) {
•
independent, the JVM itself is platform-specific. Different operating Throw: If a method encounters an exceptional condition that it cannot System.out.println("Enter matrix elements:"); for (int i = 0; i <
systems have their own JVM implementations, allowing Java programs handle, it can throw an exception using the throw keyword. This matrix.length; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) { matrix[i][j]
to run seamlessly on various platforms. propagates the exception to the calling method, which can then = scanner.nextInt(); } } } public static MatrixSum sum(MatrixSum
By utilizing bytecode and the JVM, Java programs can be developed handle it or propagate it further. matrix1, MatrixSum matrix2) { int rows = matrix1.matrix.length; int
and compiled once, and then executed on any platform with a Here's an example of a Queue class that throws an exception when the columns = matrix1.matrix[0].length; MatrixSum sumMatrix = new
compatible JVM, without the need for recompilation or modification. Queue is full: MatrixSum(rows, columns); for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) { for (int j = 0; j
3. (a) What is abstraction? Explain why classes in OOP are known as javaCopy code < columns; j++) { sumMatrix.matrix[i][j] = matrix1.matrix[i][j] +
abstract data types. public class Queue { private int maxSize; private int[] queueArray; matrix2.matrix[i][j]; } } return sumMatrix; } public void displayMatrix()
Answer: Abstraction is a fundamental principle in object-oriented private int front; private int rear; private int currentSize; public { System.out.println("Sum of the matrices:"); for (int i = 0; i <
programming that allows complex systems to be represented in a Queue(int maxSize) { this.maxSize = maxSize; this.queueArray = new matrix.length; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) {
simplified manner. It involves identifying and extracting the essential int[maxSize]; this.front = 0; this.rear = -1; this.currentSize = 0; } public System.out.print(matrix[i][j] + " "); } System.out.println(); } } public
features and behaviors of real-world entities into classes. void enqueue(int value) { if (currentSize == maxSize) { throw new static void main(String[] args) { Scanner scanner = new
Classes in OOP are known as abstract data types because they provide IllegalStateException("Queue is full"); } rear = (rear + 1) % maxSize; Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter elements for the first
a high-level abstraction of data and behavior. They encapsulate the queueArray[rear] = value; currentSize++; } // Other methods of the matrix:"); MatrixSum matrix1 = new MatrixSum(3, 3);
state (data) and behavior (methods) of objects, hiding the internal Queue class... } matrix1.inputMatrix(scanner); System.out.println("Enter elements for
implementation details and providing a simplified interface for In the enqueue method, if the currentSize of the queue reaches the the second matrix:"); MatrixSum matrix2 = new MatrixSum(3, 3);
interacting with the objects. This abstraction allows users to work with maxSize, an IllegalStateException is thrown with the message "Queue matrix2.inputMatrix(scanner); MatrixSum sumMatrix =
objects without needing to understand the underlying complexities of is full". This exception can be caught and handled appropriately in the MatrixSum.sum(matrix1, matrix2); sumMatrix.displayMatrix();
how they are implemented. calling code. scanner.close(); } }
Abstract data types provide a clear separation between the interface 7. (g) Explain the Java RMI architecture with the help of a diagram. In this program, we define a MatrixSum class that represents a matrix.
(public methods) and the implementation (private details) of a class, Answer: Unfortunately, as a text-based AI model, I'm unable to display We have a constructor to initialize the matrix, a method to input matrix
allowing users to focus on what the class does rather than how it does or generate visual diagrams. However, I can provide a textual elements, a static sum() method to find the sum of two matrices, and
it. This promotes modularity, code reusability, and reduces description of the Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI) architecture: a method to display the sum matrix. The main() method takes input
dependencies between different parts of the program. Java RMI enables remote communication between Java objects for two matrices and displays their sum.
4. (d) What is a Java applet? How is it different from a Java running on different Java Virtual Machines (JVMs). The architecture of Please let me know if you have any further questions or if there's
application program? Java RMI involves the following components: anything else I can assist you with!
Answer: A Java applet is a small Java program that is designed to be
executed within a web browser. It can be embedded in an HTML page
• Client: The client initiates the remote method invocation. It creates a
stub object that acts as a proxy for the remote object residing on a
and run as a part of that page. Applets were commonly used in the
different JVM.
early days of the web for interactive content, such as games and keep continue
multimedia. • Stub: The stub object is responsible for communicating with the ChatGPT
On the other hand, a Java application program is a standalone program remote object. It resides in the client's JVM and acts as a Certainly! Here are the answers to the remaining questions:
that is executed directly by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) without the representative of the actual remote object. 3. (a) Write a Java program that reads the contents of a text file and
need for a web browser. It runs independently of any web page and
typically performs tasks specific to its purpose, such as data
• Skeleton: The skeleton resides in the server's JVM and serves as an
counts the number of white spaces, number of characters, number
of words, and number of semicolons in the contents. Print the output
intermediary between the stub and the actual remote object. It
processing, file manipulation, or user interaction. of the program on standard output.
receives the remote method calls from the stub, invokes the
The main differences between Java applets and Java application Here's an example Java program that reads a text file and counts the
appropriate methods on the actual object, and returns the results back
programs are: number of white spaces, characters, words, and semicolons in its
to the stub.
• •
Execution environment: Applets run within a web browser, while
Remote Object: The remote object is the actual object residing on the
contents:
javaCopy code
application programs run directly on the JVM outside the browser
server's JVM. It implements the remote interface, which defines the import java.io.File; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import
environment.
methods that can be invoked remotely. java.util.Scanner; public class FileAnalyzer { public static void
• •
Access restrictions: Due to security concerns, applets have restricted
Registry: The registry is a service that allows clients to look up remote
main(String[] args) { try { File file = new File("filename.txt"); // Replace
access to the system resources, such as the file system or network, to "filename.txt" with the actual file path Scanner scanner = new
objects by their names. It maintains a registry of remote object
prevent malicious actions. Application programs, on the other hand, Scanner(file); int whitespaceCount = 0; int characterCount = 0; int
references and provides a central point for clients to locate remote
have more flexibility in accessing system resources. wordCount = 0; int semicolonCount = 0; while (scanner.hasNextLine())
objects.
• Deployment: Applets require embedding within an HTML page and are The communication between the stub and the skeleton, as well as the
{ String line = scanner.nextLine(); whitespaceCount +=
line.split("\\s+").length - 1; characterCount += line.length();
downloaded and executed from a web server. Application programs transport of objects and method invocations, is handled by Java RMI's
wordCount += line.split("\\s+").length; semicolonCount +=
are typically distributed as standalone executable files that can be run underlying infrastructure.
line.split(";").length - 1; } System.out.println("Number of white spaces:
directly. Please let me know if you have any further questions or if there's
" + whitespaceCount); System.out.println("Number of characters: " +
• Usage: Applets were popular for web-based interactive content, but
anything else I can assist you with!
characterCount); System.out.println("Number of words: " +
their usage has declined due to security vulnerabilities and the rise of wordCount); System.out.println("Number of semicolons: " +
alternative technologies like JavaScript. Application programs are semicolonCount); scanner.close(); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
more commonly used for general-purpose software development. System.out.println("File not found."); } } }
keep continue
5. (e) Explain any five interfaces of the Java IO package. In this program, we first create a File object representing the text file
ChatGPT
Answer: The Java IO package provides a set of interfaces and classes to be analyzed. Replace "filename.txt" with the actual file path. Then,
Certainly! Here are the answers to the remaining questions:
for input and output operations. Here are five important interfaces we create a Scanner object to read the file. We initialize variables to
2. (a) What is multithreading? Explain the steps for creating a thread
from the Java IO package: keep track of the counts of white spaces, characters, words, and
in Java. Also, explain different predefined thread priorities in Java.
. InputStream: This interface is used for reading binary data from semicolons.
Answer: Multithreading is the concurrent execution of multiple
different sources. It provides methods like read(), available(), and We iterate over each line of the file using scanner.nextLine(). For each
threads within a single program. Threads are lightweight units of
close() for reading bytes and handling input streams. line, we split it using regular expressions to count the number of white
execution that allow a program to perform multiple tasks
. OutputStream: This interface is used for writing binary data to spaces (\\s+), characters, words, and semicolons (;). We increment the
concurrently.
different destinations. It provides methods like write(), flush(), and respective count variables accordingly.
Steps for creating a thread in Java:
close() for writing bytes and handling output streams. Finally, we print the counts on the standard output.
1. Extending the Thread class: Create a new class that extends the
. Reader: This interface is used for reading character-based data from 3. (b) Write a Java program to find the factorial of a number.
Thread class. This subclass will represent the thread and contain the
different sources. It provides methods like read(), readLine(), and Here's an example Java program that calculates the factorial of a given
code that will be executed concurrently.
close() for reading characters and handling character input streams. number:
2. Overriding the run() method: Override the run() method in the
. Writer: This interface is used for writing character-based data to javaCopy code
subclass. The run() method contains the code that will be executed
different destinations. It provides methods like write(), flush(), and import java.util.Scanner; public class Factorial { public static int
when the thread is started.
close() for writing characters and handling character output streams. factorial(int n) { if (n == 0 || n == 1) { return 1; } else { return n *
 factorial(n - 1); } } public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner Please note that you need to have the appropriate JDBC driver for your
4. Serializable: Java Beans often implement the Serializable interface to
scanner = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter a number: database installed and included in your project's dependencies for the support object serialization, allowing beans to be saved to streams or
"); int number = scanner.nextInt(); int result = factorial(number); program to work. transferred across a network.
System.out.println("Factorial of " + number + " is: " + result); I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any further questions or Advantages of Java Beans include:
scanner.close(); } }
In this program, we define a factorial() method that uses recursion to
need additional assistance.
• Reusability: Java Beans can be easily reused in different applications
and frameworks, promoting code modularity and reducing
calculate the factorial of a number. If the number is 0 or 1, the factorial
development effort.
is 1. Otherwise, the method recursively calls itself with n-1 and
multiplies it by n. The recursion continues until n becomes 0 or 1. keep continue • Customizability: Java Beans can be customized by providing setter
In the main() method, we take input from the user using the Scanner ChatGPT methods that allow external components to modify the bean's state.
class and call the factorial() method with the input number. The Certainly! Here are the answers to the remaining questions: This enables configuration and adaptation of the bean's behavior
factorial is stored in the result variable, which is then printed on the 4. (b) What is Polymorphism? Explain the advantage of based on specific requirements.
standard output.
Please let me know if you have any further questions or if there's
polymorphism with an example of managing different types of Bank
Accounts.
• Introspection: Java Beans support introspection, which is the ability to
examine the properties and methods of a bean dynamically. This
Answer: Polymorphism is a fundamental concept in object-oriented
feature is utilized by various development tools and frameworks to
programming that allows objects of different classes to be treated as
provide automated support for properties, event handling, and more.
anything else I can assist you wit objects of a common superclass. It refers to the ability of an object to
keep continue take on many forms. • Persistence: By implementing the Serializable interface, Java Beans
ChatGPT In Java, polymorphism is achieved through method overriding and can be serialized and stored persistently. This allows beans to retain
Sure! Here are the answers to the remaining questions: method overloading. Method overriding occurs when a subclass their state across different application sessions or be transferred
3. (c) What is inheritance? Explain with an example how multiple provides its own implementation of a method that is already defined between distributed systems.
inheritance is achieved in Java. in its superclass. Method overloading occurs when multiple methods
with the same name but different parameters are defined in a class.
• Integration: Java Beans are widely supported in development
Answer: Inheritance is a key feature of object-oriented programming frameworks, IDEs, and visual design tools. They can be easily
that allows a class to inherit the properties and behaviors of another One advantage of polymorphism is that it allows for code reusability,
integrated into graphical user interface (GUI) builders, enabling rapid
class. The class that inherits is called the subclass or derived class, and flexibility, and extensibility. By treating objects of different classes as application development.
the class being inherited from is called the superclass or base class. objects of a common superclass, you can write code that can work with
5. (b) What is the String class in Java? Write a program to insert a
Inheritance enables code reuse, promotes modularity, and supports objects of various types without needing to know their specific
substring in the middle of a string without using the methods of the
the concept of the "is-a" relationship between classes. implementations. This promotes modularity and simplifies code
String class.
In Java, multiple inheritance, where a class can inherit from multiple maintenance.
Answer: The String class in Java represents a sequence of characters.
classes, is not directly supported. However, Java supports achieving Let's consider an example of managing different types of bank
It is widely used for manipulating and working with textual data. The
similar functionality through interfaces. An interface in Java defines a accounts to illustrate polymorphism:
String class is immutable, meaning its value cannot be changed after it
contract of methods that a class implementing the interface must javaCopy code
is created. However, various methods provided by the String class
provide. A class can implement multiple interfaces, effectively class BankAccount { protected String accountNumber; protected allow performing operations such as concatenation, substring
achieving multiple inheritance of behaviors. double balance; public BankAccount(String accountNumber, double
extraction, searching, and more.
Here's an example to illustrate multiple inheritance using interfaces in balance) { this.accountNumber = accountNumber; this.balance =
Here's a program to insert a substring in the middle of a string without
Java: balance; } public void deposit(double amount) { balance += amount;
using the methods of the String class:
javaCopy code System.out.println("Amount deposited: " + amount); } public void
javaCopy code
interface Interface1 { void method1(); } interface Interface2 { void withdraw(double amount) { if (amount <= balance) { balance -=
public class StringInsertion { public static void main(String[] args) {
method2(); } class MyClass implements Interface1, Interface2 { public amount; System.out.println("Amount withdrawn: " + amount); } else {
String originalString = "Hello World"; String substring = "Java "; int
void method1() { System.out.println("Method 1"); } public void System.out.println("Insufficient balance."); } } public void
insertionIndex = originalString.length() / 2; StringBuilder stringBuilder
method2() { System.out.println("Method 2"); } } public class Main { displayBalance() { System.out.println("Account Balance: " + balance); }
= new StringBuilder(originalString);
public static void main(String[] args) { MyClass obj = new MyClass(); } class SavingsAccount extends BankAccount { private double stringBuilder.insert(insertionIndex, substring); String modifiedString =
obj.method1(); obj.method2(); } } interestRate; public SavingsAccount(String accountNumber, double stringBuilder.toString(); System.out.println("Modified String: " +
In this example, we define two interfaces: Interface1 and Interface2. balance, double interestRate) { super(accountNumber, balance);
modifiedString); } }
Each interface declares a single method. Then, we create a class called this.interestRate = interestRate; } public void applyInterest() { double
In this program, we have an original string (originalString) and a
MyClass that implements both Interface1 and Interface2. The class interestAmount = balance * interestRate; balance += interestAmount;
substring (substring) that we want to insert into the middle of the
provides implementations for both methods defined in the interfaces. System.out.println("Interest applied: " + interestAmount); } } class
original string. We calculate the insertion index as half the length of
In the main() method, we create an instance of MyClass and invoke CurrentAccount extends BankAccount { private double overdraftLimit;
the original string.
both method1() and method2() on that instance. The output will be: public CurrentAccount(String accountNumber, double balance, double
To perform the insertion, we use the StringBuilder class, which
mathematicaCopy code overdraftLimit) { super(accountNumber, balance); this.overdraftLimit provides mutable character sequences. We create a StringBuilder
Method 1 Method 2 = overdraftLimit; } public void overdraftProtection(double amount) { if
object initialized with the original string. Then, we call the insert()
Through implementing multiple interfaces, the class MyClass (amount <= balance + overdraftLimit) { balance -= amount; method of the StringBuilder class, passing the insertion index and the
effectively inherits and provides the behaviors defined in both System.out.println("Amount withdrawn (with overdraft protection): "
substring as arguments.
interfaces, achieving a form of multiple inheritance. + amount); } else { System.out.println("Insufficient funds for overdraft
After performing the insertion, we convert the StringBuilder back to a
4. (a) Write a Java program to set up JDBC and execute an SQL protection."); } } } public class BankManagement { public static void
String using the toString() method and store it in the modifiedString
statement on a database table 'BOOK', with the fields BOOK_ISBN, main(String[] args) { BankAccount account1 = new
variable.
BOOK_AUTH, BOOK_PRICE, BOOK_PUBL. The SQL statement should SavingsAccount("S1001", 5000.0, 0.05); BankAccount account2 = new
Finally, we print the modified string using System.out.println().
find the BOOK_AUTH and BOOK_PRICE of the Book having ISBN = CurrentAccount("C2001", 10000.0, 5000.0); Please note that using the StringBuilder class allows us to modify the
235001. account1.deposit(1000.0); account2.withdraw(7000.0);
string efficiently by avoiding unnecessary object creations and copying
Here's an example Java program that sets up JDBC and executes an account1.displayBalance(); account2.displayBalance(); // Applying of characters.
SQL statement to retrieve the BOOK_AUTH and BOOK_PRICE of a polymorphism BankAccount account3 = new SavingsAccount("S1002",
5. (c) What is a layout manager? Explain any two layouts in Java
book with a specific ISBN value from a database table called 'BOOK': 3000.0, 0.04); account3.deposit(500.0); account3.displayBalance();
briefly.
javaCopy code SavingsAccount account4 = new SavingsAccount("S1003", 2000.0,
Answer: In Java, a layout manager is responsible for determining the
import java.sql.*; public class JDBCTest { public static void 0.03); account4.applyInterest(); account4.displayBalance(); } } size and position of the components within a container, such as a
main(String[] args) { try { // Step 1: Load and register the JDBC driver In this example, we have a BankAccount superclass and two
JPanel or JFrame. Layout managers help in arranging components in a
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"); // Step 2: Establish a subclasses: SavingsAccount and CurrentAccount. Each account type
flexible and platform-independent manner, ensuring proper alignment
connection to the database String url = has its own specific behaviors and attributes.
and resizing based on the container's size and the preferred sizes of
"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/your_database_name"; // Replace with The BankAccount class provides common functionalities such as
the components.
your database URL String username = "your_username"; // Replace deposit, withdrawal, and displaying the balance. The SavingsAccount
Two commonly used layout managers in Java are:
class adds an applyInterest method to calculate and apply interest
with your database username String password = "your_password"; // 1. to BorderLayout: The BorderLayout divides the container into five
Replace with your database password Connection connection = the account balance. The CurrentAccount class includes an
regions: north, south, east, west, and center. It is the default layout
DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password); // Step 3: overdraftProtection method to allow withdrawals beyond the
manager for JFrame. Here's a brief overview of the regions:
Create a statement object to execute SQL queries Statement available balance up to a certain limit.
statement = connection.createStatement(); // Step 4: Execute the SQL In the BankManagement class, we demonstrate polymorphism•by North: Components added to this region are positioned at the top of
statement and retrieve the results String isbn = "235001"; String sql = creating objects of different account types (SavingsAccount and the container.
"SELECT BOOK_AUTH, BOOK_PRICE FROM BOOK WHERE BOOK_ISBN CurrentAccount) but storing them in variables of the BankAccount
type. This allows us to call common methods such as deposit,
• South: Components added to this region are positioned at the bottom
= '" + isbn + "'"; ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery(sql); // of the container.
Step 5: Process the results if (resultSet.next()) { String author = withdraw, and displayBalance on these objects without needing to
resultSet.getString("BOOK_AUTH"); double price = know their specific types. • East: Components added to this region are positioned at the right side
resultSet.getDouble("BOOK_PRICE"); System.out.println("Author: " + By leveraging polymorphism, we can write flexible and reusable code of the container.
author); System.out.println("Price: " + price); } else { that can handle different types of bank accounts seamlessly. • West: Components added to this region are positioned at the left side
System.out.println("Book not found."); } // Step 6: Close the I hope this clarifies the concept of polymorphism and its advantage in of the container.
managing different types of objects. Let me know if you have any
•
connections and resources resultSet.close(); statement.close();
connection.close(); } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { further questions or need additional explanations! Center: The center region occupies the remaining space in the
System.out.println("Failed to load the JDBC driver."); } catch container. Only one component can be added to this region, and it
(SQLException e) { System.out.println("Database connection error: " + expands to fill the available space.
e.getMessage()); } } } The BorderLayout can be set on a container using the setLayout()
In this program, we use JDBC to connect to a MySQL database. You keep continue method. Components can be added to the container using the add()
need to replace the placeholder values in the url, username, and ChatGPT method, specifying the component and the desired region as
password variables with your actual database connection details. Certainly! Here are the answers to the remaining questions: parameters.
The program follows these steps: 5. (a) What is a Java Bean? Explain its advantages. 2. GridLayout: The GridLayout divides the container into a grid of cells,
. Loads and registers the JDBC driver using Class.forName(). Answer: In Java, a Java Bean is a class that follows a set of conventions with each cell having the same size. It arranges components in rows
. Establishes a connection to the database using to provide a reusable and customizable component. Java Beans are and columns. The number of rows and columns can be specified when
DriverManager.getConnection(). used to encapsulate data and behavior into a self-contained module creating a GridLayout object.
. Creates a Statement object to execute SQL queries. that can be easily manipulated and integrated into different software Components are added to the container sequentially, filling the cells in
. Executes the SQL statement to retrieve the BOOK_AUTH and systems. The key characteristics of a Java Bean include: a left-to-right, top-to-bottom manner. If more components are added
BOOK_PRICE of the book with the given ISBN. 1. Private properties: The properties of a Java Bean are declared as than the number of cells in the grid, the grid automatically expands to
. Processes the results by retrieving the values from the ResultSet and private to ensure encapsulation and data hiding. accommodate the additional components.
printing them. 2. Public getter and setter methods: Java Beans provide public getter and Here's an example of using GridLayout:
. Closes the connections and resources using the close() method. setter methods for accessing and modifying the private properties. javaCopy code
Make sure to replace the database URL, username, and password with This allows controlled access to the bean's internal state. import javax.swing.JButton; import javax.swing.JFrame; import
your actual database credentials before running the program. 3. Default constructor: Java Beans typically provide a no-argument javax.swing.JPanel; import java.awt.GridLayout; public class
constructor to instantiate the bean. GridLayoutExample { public static void main(String[] args) { JFrame
 frame = new JFrame("GridLayout Example"); In the above example, we create a thread by extending the Thread AWT components are platform-dependent, while Swing components
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); JPanel class in MyThread or by implementing the Runnable interface in are platform-independent.
panel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(2, 3)); panel.add(new MyRunnable. We then create instances of these classes and start the AWT components are heavier than Swing components.
JButton("Button 1")); panel.add(new JButton("Button 2")); threads using the start() method. AWT components have a more limited set of features than Swing
panel.add(new JButton("Button 3")); panel.add(new JButton("Button
4")); panel.add(new JButton("Button 5"));
•
panel.add(new
Predefined thread priorities in Java: Threads in Java can be assigned
components.
(c) Explain the concept of Inheritance and Polymorphism with an
different priorities, which determine their importance and scheduling
JButton("Button 6")); frame.add(panel); frame.pack(); example of each.
preference by the thread scheduler. Java defines three predefined
frame.setVisible(true); } }
thread priorities as constants in the Thread class:
In this example, we create a JFrame and a JPanel with a GridLayout of Inheritance is a mechanism that allows us to reuse code. It allows us
2 rows and 3 columns. We add six JButton components to the panel.• Thread.MIN_PRIORITY (1): The minimum thread priority. to create new classes that inherit the properties and methods of
The buttons are arranged in two rows and three columns within the
panel.
• Thread.NORM_PRIORITY (5): The default thread priority.
existing classes.

When the program is executed, the buttons will be displayed in a •

grid Thread.MAX_PRIORITY (10): The maximum thread priority. Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on different forms. It
layout, with each button occupying a cell in the grid. The thread scheduler attempts to allocate CPU time to threads with allows us to treat objects of different types in a similar way.
5. (d) Differentiate between overloading and overriding with the help higher priority over threads with lower priority. However, thread
of a suitable example. priority alone does not guarantee precise execution order or fairness For example, let's consider the following class hierarchy:
Answer: Overloading and overriding are two important concepts in among threads.
Java related to methods in classes. 2. (b) Write a Java program that takes two 3x3 matrices as input and Java
• Overloading: Overloading refers to defining multiple methods in the
finds the sum of the two matrices. Define a constructor for initializing
matrix objects.
class Animal {
public void eat() {
same class with the same name but different parameters. The
Here's an example program that performs matrix addition: System.out.println("Animal is eating");
overloaded methods have different parameter lists, allowing the same
javaCopy code }
method name to be used for different variations of the method.
import java.util.Scanner; public class MatrixAddition { private int[][] }
Here's an example of method overloading:
matrix; private int rows; private int columns; public MatrixAddition(int
javaCopy code
rows, int columns) { this.rows = rows; this.columns = columns; class Dog extends Animal {
class Calculator { public int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } public
this.matrix = new int[rows][columns]; } public void public void bark() {
double add(double a, double b) { return a + b; } } public class
readMatrix(Scanner scanner) { System.out.println("Enter the matrix System.out.println("Dog is barking");
OverloadingExample { public static void main(String[] args) { Calculator
elements:"); for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < columns; j++) }
calculator = new Calculator(); int sum1 = calculator.add(5, 10); double
{ matrix[i][j] = scanner.nextInt(); } } } public MatrixAddition }
sum2 = calculator.add(3.5, 2.7); System.out.println("Sum 1: " + sum1);
add(MatrixAddition other) { if (this.rows != other.rows || this.columns
System.out.println("Sum 2: " + sum2); } }
!= other.columns) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Matrix class Cat extends Animal {
In this example, the Calculator class has two add methods: one that
dimensions must match for addition."); } MatrixAddition result = new public void meow() {
takes two integers as parameters and another that takes two doubles.
MatrixAddition(rows, columns); for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) { for (int j = System.out.println("Cat is meowing");
The method names are the same, but the parameter types differ.
0; j < columns; j++) { result.matrix[i][j] = this.matrix[i][j] + }
In the main method, we create an instance of the Calculator class and
other.matrix[i][j]; } } return result; } public void displayMatrix() { }
call the add method with different arguments. The appropriate
System.out.println("Matrix:"); for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) { for (int j = 0; Use code with caution. Learn more
overloaded method is invoked based on the argument types. The
j < columns; j++) { System.out.print(matrix[i][j] + " "); } The Animal class is the base class. The Dog class and the Cat class are
output will be:
System.out.println(); } } public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner derived classes. The Dog class inherits the eat() method from the
mathematicaCopy code
scanner = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter the Animal class. The Cat class also inherits the eat() method from the
Sum 1: 15 Sum 2: 6.2
dimensions of the matrices (rows columns):"); int rows = Animal class. However, the Dog class also has a bark() method, and the
• Overriding: Overriding occurs when a subclass provides its own scanner.nextInt(); int columns = scanner.nextInt(); MatrixAddition Cat class also has a meow() method.
implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass. matrix1 = new MatrixAddition(rows, columns); MatrixAddition matrix2
The subclass method must have the same name, return type, and = new MatrixAddition(rows, columns); System.out.println("Enter the This is an example of polymorphism. The eat() method can be used to
parameters as the superclass method. elements of the first matrix:"); matrix1.readMatrix(scanner); call the bark() method in an object of the Dog class, and it can also be
Here's an example of method overriding: System.out.println("Enter the elements of the second matrix:"); used to call the meow() method in an object of the Cat class.
javaCopy code matrix2.readMatrix(scanner); MatrixAddition sumMatrix =
class Animal { public void makeSound() { System.out.println("Animal matrix1.add(matrix2); System.out.println("Sum of the matrices:"); (d) What do you mean by serialization ? What is the common usage of
makes a sound."); } } class Cat extends Animal { @Override public void sumMatrix.displayMatrix(); scanner.close(); } } serialization ?
makeSound() { System.out.println("Meow!"); } } public class In this program, we define a MatrixAddition class that represents a
OverridingExample { public static void main(String[] args) { Animal matrix. We have a constructor to initialize the matrix object with the Serialization is the process of converting an object into a sequence of
animal = new Animal(); Cat cat = new Cat(); animal.makeSound(); // specified dimensions. The readMatrix() method is used to read the bytes. This sequence of bytes can then be stored or transmitted.
Output: Animal makes a sound. cat.makeSound(); // Output: Meow! } elements of the matrix from the user. The add() method performs
} matrix addition and returns a new matrix object representing the sum The common usage of serialization is to store the state of an object.
In this example, we have an Animal class with a makeSound method. of the two matrices. Finally, the displayMatrix() method is used to This can be useful for saving the state of an object between sessions,
The Cat class extends the Animal class and overrides the makeSound display the elements of the matrix. or for transmitting the state of an object over a network.
method with its own implementation. The main() method prompts the user to enter the dimensions of the
In the main method, we create an instance of both the Animal and Cat matrices, reads the matrix elements, performs matrix addition using (e) What are cookies and session variables and where do we use them
classes. When the makeSound method is called on each object, the the add() method, and displays the sum matrix. ?
appropriate implementation is invoked based on the actual object I hope these explanations and examples help! Let me know if you have
type. The output will be: any further questions. Cookies and session variables are both ways of storing information on
cssCopy code the client side. Cookies are stored on the client's computer, while
Animal makes a sound. Meow! 1. (a) What is Class ? How does it accomplish Data Hiding ? Explain with session variables are stored on the server.
I hope these explanations help you understand the concepts of an example.
overloading and overriding. Let me know if you have any further Cookies are typically used to store user preferences, while session
questions or need additional clarification! A class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the properties and variables are typically used to store information about the user's
methods of an object. Data hiding is a mechanism that allows us to current session.
restrict access to certain members of a class. This is done by declaring
the members as private. Only the methods of the class can access (f) Write a Java program to read text from keyboard and write it to a
keep continue private members. file called `MyText.txt'.
ChatGPT
Certainly! Here are the answers to the remaining questions: For example, let's consider the following class: Java
2. (a) What is multithreading? Explain the steps for creating a thread import java.io.*;
in Java. Also, explain different predefined thread priorities in Java. Java
Answer: class MyClass { public class ReadText {
• Multithreading: Multithreading is a concept in Java that allows
private int x;
private String y;
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new
multiple threads to execute concurrently within a single program. A
InputStreamReader(System.in));
thread is a lightweight unit of execution that represents an
public void setX(int x) { String text = br.readLine();
independent flow of control. Multithreading enables concurrent
this.x = x;
execution of tasks, which can lead to improved performance and
} FileWriter fw = new FileWriter("MyText.txt");
responsiveness in certain scenarios.
fw.write(text);
• Steps for creating a thread in Java: public int getX() { fw.close();
. Extending the Thread class: Create a subclass of the Thread class and return x; }
override the run() method, which represents the entry point of the } }
thread's execution. Use code with caution. Learn more
javaCopy code public void setY(String y) { This program will read a line of text from the keyboard and write it to
class MyThread extends Thread { @Override public void run() { // this.y = y; a file called `MyText.txt
Thread's logic and operations } } }
. Implementing the Runnable interface: Implement the Runnable Sources
interface and provide the implementation for the run() method. public String getY() { github.com/Sweety310897/Java-POC
javaCopy code return y; Search related topics
class MyRunnable implements Runnable { @Override public void run() } profile picture
{ // Thread's logic and operations } } } keep continue
. Creating and starting the thread: Instantiate the thread class or the Use code with caution. Learn more
Runnable implementation, and call the start() method to start the The x and y members of the MyClass class are declared as private. This
thread's execution. means that they can only be accessed by the methods of the MyClass 1
javaCopy code class. Other classes cannot access these members directly. Sure, here are the answers to the rest of your Java questions:
public class ThreadExample { public static void main(String[] args) { //
Creating and starting a thread using Thread class MyThread myThread (b) State any three differences between AWT and Swing components. ######>>>> 2. (a) Differentiate between the following terms with
= new MyThread(); myThread.start(); // Creating and starting a thread examples :
using Runnable interface MyRunnable myRunnable = new Here are three differences between AWT and Swing components:
MyRunnable(); Thread thread = new Thread(myRunnable); (i) Structured Programming and Object Oriented Programming
thread.start(); } } (ii) Data Abstraction and Encapsulation
(iii) length and length( ) RMI stands for Remote Method Invocation. It is a technology that
(iv) Class and Object######>>>> allows us to invoke methods on objects that are located on different (c) What is exception ? Explain the basic causes of exception. Write a
machines. Java program to explain how exceptions are handled.
(i) Structured Programming and Object Oriented Programming
To create a stub and skeleton, we need to create two classes: the stub An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program
Structured programming is a programming paradigm that uses control class and the skeleton class. The stub class is the client-side class. It is that disrupts the normal flow of the program.
structures to organize code. Object-oriented programming is a responsible for sending requests to the skeleton class. The skeleton
programming paradigm that uses objects to organize code. class is the server-side class. It is responsible for receiving requests The basic causes of exceptions are:
from the stub class and invoking the
In structured programming, code is organized into blocks, which are Runtime errors
controlled by control structures such as if-else statements, for loops, Sources Logical errors
and while loops. In object-oriented programming, code is organized webservices.ignou.ac.in/Pre- Unchecked exceptions
into objects, which are self-contained units of data and behavior. Question/Question%20Paper%20june%202015/SOCIS/PGDCA/MCS- Checked exceptions
024.PDF Runtime errors are errors that occur during the execution of a
(ii) Data Abstraction and Encapsulation Search related topics program. They are caused by incorrect code.
profile picture
Data abstraction is the process of hiding the implementation details of keep continue Logical errors are errors that occur in the logic of a program. They are
an object from the user. Encapsulation is the mechanism that allows caused by mistakes in the way that the program is designed.
us to achieve data abstraction. Sure, here are the rest of the answers to your Java questions:
Unchecked exceptions are exceptions that are not checked at compile
In data abstraction, the user only sees the interface of the object, not 3. (a) What is RMI ? How can you create stub and skeleton ? Write the time. They are typically caused by runtime errors.
the implementation details. This allows the user to use the object steps involved.
without having to know how it works. Checked exceptions are exceptions that are checked at compile time.
RMI stands for Remote Method Invocation. It is a technology that They are typically caused by logical errors.
Encapsulation is achieved by declaring the member variables of a class allows us to invoke methods on objects that are located on different
as private. Only the methods of the class can access private members. machines. Here is a Java program to explain how exceptions are handled:
This ensures that the implementation details of the object are hidden
from the user. To create a stub and skeleton, we need to create two classes: the stub Java
class and the skeleton class. The stub class is the client-side class. It is import java.io.*;
(iii) length and length( ) responsible for sending requests to the skeleton class. The skeleton
class is the server-side class. It is responsible for receiving requests public class ExceptionHandling {
The length variable is a property of a string object. It returns the from the stub class and invoking the corresponding methods on the public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
number of characters in the string. The length() method is a method of remote object. try {
a string object. It also returns the number of characters in the string. FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("MyDoc.doc");
The steps involved in creating a stub and skeleton are as follows: byte[] data = new byte[fis.available()];
The main difference between the length variable and the length() fis.read(data);
method is that the length variable is a read-only property, while the Create a remote interface. The remote interface defines the methods
length() method can be used to change the length of the string. that can be invoked remotely. String text = new String(data);
Implement the remote interface in a server-side class. This class will System.out.println(text);
(iv) Class and Object be the remote object that we will be invoking methods on. } catch (IOException e) {
Generate the stub and skeleton classes using the rmic tool. System.out.println("An exception occurred: " + e.getMessage());
A class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the properties and Use the stub class in the client-side code to invoke methods on the }
methods of an object. An object is an instance of a class. It has the remote object. }
properties and methods defined in the class. Here is an example of how to create a stub and skeleton: }
Use code with caution. Learn more
The main difference between a class and an object is that a class is a Java This program will try to read the content of the file MyDoc.doc. If the
template, while an object is a concrete instance of the template. // The remote interface. file does not exist, an IOException will be
interface RemoteObject {
(b) What are the two methods to create threads ? Explain them with a void hello(); profile picture
suitable example. } keep continue

There are two methods to create threads in Java: // The server-side class that implements the remote interface. Sure, here are the rest of the answers to your Java questions:
class RemoteObjectImpl implements RemoteObject {
The start() method public void hello() { 4. (a) Write a Java program to create a Shape class. Derive Circle and
The run() method System.out.println("Hello from the remote object!"); Square classes from it. Define constructor for these three classes.
The start() method is used to start a thread. It tells the Java Virtual }
Machine (JVM) to create a new thread and start executing the code in } Java
the thread's run method. public class Shape {
// The stub class. protected int x;
The run() method is the entry point for a thread. It is the method that class RemoteObjectStub extends RemoteObject { protected int y;
is executed when the thread starts running. private RemoteObjectImpl remoteObject;
public Shape() {
Here is an example of how to create a thread using the start() method: public RemoteObjectStub(RemoteObjectImpl remoteObject) { x = 0;
this.remoteObject = remoteObject; y = 0;
Java } }
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() { public void hello() { public Shape(int x, int y) {
System.out.println("Hello from the thread!"); remoteObject.hello(); this.x = x;
} } this.y = y;
} }
public static void main(String[] args) { }
MyThread thread = new MyThread(); // The client-side code.
thread.start(); class Client { public class Circle extends Shape {
} public static void main(String[] args) { protected double radius;
} RemoteObjectStub stub = new RemoteObjectStub(new
Use code with caution. Learn more RemoteObjectImpl()); public Circle() {
This code will create a new thread and start it running. The run() stub.hello(); super();
method in the MyThread class will be executed in the new thread. } radius = 1;
} }
Here is an example of how to create a thread using the run() method: Use code with caution. Learn more
This code will create a remote object on the server-side and a stub on public Circle(int x, int y, double radius) {
Java the client-side. The client-side code can then invoke the hello() method super(x, y);
class MyThread implements Runnable { on the remote object using the stub. this.radius = radius;
public void run() { }
System.out.println("Hello from the thread!"); (b) Write a program to read the content of the file `MyDoc.doc' and }
} display it on console.
public class Square extends Shape {
public static void main(String[] args) { Java protected int side;
MyThread thread = new MyThread(); import java.io.*;
new Thread(thread).start(); public Square() {
} public class ReadDoc { super();
} public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { side = 1;
Use code with caution. Learn more FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("MyDoc.doc"); }
This code will also create a new thread and start it running. However, byte[] data = new byte[fis.available()];
in this example, the run() method is implemented in the MyThread fis.read(data); public Square(int x, int y, int side) {
class. The run() method is then passed to the Thread constructor, super(x, y);
which creates a new thread and starts it running. String text = new String(data); this.side = side;
System.out.println(text); }
3. (a) What is RMI ? How can you create stub and skeleton ? Write the } }
steps involved. } Use code with caution. Learn more
Use code with caution. Learn more This code will create a Shape class and two derived classes: Circle and
This program will read the content of the file MyDoc.doc and display it Square. The Shape class is the base class. The Circle class and the
on the console. Square class are derived classes. The Circle class inherits the x and y
properties from the Shape class. The Circle class also has a radius To write a Java program to show how a class implements two
property. The Square class inherits the x and y properties from the interfaces, we can create a class that implements two interfaces. The
Shape class. The Square class also has a side property. class must implement all of the methods defined in the interfaces.

(b) Explain the different steps in the life cycle of an applet. Here is an example of a Java program to show how a class implements
two interfaces:
The life cycle of an applet is as follows:
Java
The applet is loaded by the web browser. interface Shape {
The applet is initialized. void draw();
The applet starts running. }
The applet paints itself.
The applet receives events. interface Colorable {
The applet is stopped. void setColor(String color);
The applet is destroyed. }
(c) What is a package ? Develop a Java package with simple queue and
stack class. class Square implements Shape, Colorable {
private String color = "red";
A package is a collection of related classes and interfaces. Packages are
used to organize code and to prevent name conflicts. public void draw() {
System.out.println("Drawing a square");
To develop a Java package with simple queue and stack class, we can }
create a package called mypackage and then create two classes:
Queue and Stack. The Queue class will implement a queue data public void setColor(String color) {
structure, and the Stack class will implement a stack data structure. this.color = color;
}
Here is the code for the Queue class: }

Java public class Main {

package mypackage; public static void main(String[] args) {
Square square = new Square();
public class Queue { square.draw();
private List<Object> list = new ArrayList<>(); square.setColor("blue");
}
public void enqueue(Object object) { }
list.add(object); Use code with caution. Learn more
} This code will create a Square class that implements the Shape
interface and the Colorable interface. The Square class will draw a
public Object dequeue() { square and set its color.
return list.remove(0);
} (c) What is String class ? How is it different from StringBuffer class ?
Write a Java program to find the length of a given string.
public boolean isEmpty() {
return list.isEmpty(); The String class is a class in the Java programming language that
} represents a sequence of characters. The StringBuffer class is a
} mutable sequence of characters.
Use code with caution. Learn more
Here is the code for the Stack class: The main difference between the String class and the StringBuffer class
is that the String class is immutable, while the StringBuffer class is
Java mutable. This means that the String class cannot be changed once it is
package mypackage; created, while the StringBuffer class can be changed.

public class Stack { To write a Java program to find the length of a given string, we can use
private List<Object> list = new ArrayList<>(); the length() method of the String class. The length() method returns
the number of characters in the string.
public void push(Object object) {
list.add(object); Here is an example of a Java program to find the length of a given
} string:

public Object pop() { Java

return list.remove(list.size() - 1); public class Main {
} public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Hello, world!";
public boolean isEmpty() { int length = str.length();
return list.isEmpty(); System.out.println("The length of the string is: " + length);
} }
} }
Use code with caution. Learn more Use code with caution. Learn more
This code will create a mypackage package with two classes: Queue This code will print the length of the string "Hello, world!".
and Stack. The Queue class implements a queue data structure, and
the Stack class implements a stack data structure.

profile picture
keep continue

1
Sure, here are the answers to the rest of your Java questions:

5. (a) What is Servlet ? Explain how session handling is performed in

Servlet programming.

A servlet is a Java program that runs on a web server. Servlets are used
to extend the functionality of a web server.

Session handling is a mechanism that allows us to track the state of a

user's interaction with a web application. Session handling is typically
implemented using cookies or session variables.

Here is how session handling is performed in Servlet programming:

The web server creates a session for the user.

The servlet stores the user's state in the session.
The user interacts with the web application.
The servlet retrieves the user's state from the session.
The web server destroys the session when the user is no longer active.
(b) What is an Interface ? Write a Java program to show how a class
implements two interfaces.

An interface is a contract that defines the methods that a class must

implement. Interfaces are used to achieve polymorphism.