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Introduction to MIMO Systems

This example shows Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems,
This example uses:
which use multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver ends of a
Communications Toolbox
wireless communication system. MIMO systems are increasingly being
adopted in communication systems for the potential gains in capacity they Parallel Computing Toolbox
realize when using multiple antennas. Multiple antennas use the spatial
dimension in addition to the time and frequency ones, without changing
the bandwidth requirements of the system.

For a generic communications link, this example focuses on transmit diversity in lieu of traditional receive diversity.
Using the �at-fading Rayleigh channel, it illustrates the concept of Orthogonal Space-Time Block Coding, which is
employable when multiple transmitter antennas are used. It is assumed here that the channel undergoes independent
fading between the multiple transmit-receive antenna pairs.

For a chosen system, it also provides a measure of the performance degradation when the channel is imperfectly
estimated at the receiver, compared to the case of perfect channel knowledge at the receiver.

PART 1: Transmit Diversity vs. Receive Diversity

Using diversity reception is a well-known technique to mitigate the effects of fading over a communications link.
However, it has mostly been relegated to the receiver end. In [ 1 ], Alamouti proposes a transmit diversity scheme that
offers similar diversity gains, using multiple antennas at the transmitter. This was conceived to be more practical as, for
example, it would only require multiple antennas at the base station in comparison to multiple antennas for every mobile
in a cellular communications system.

This section highlights this comparison of transmit vs. receive diversity by simulating coherent binary phase-shift keying
(BPSK) modulation over �at-fading Rayleigh channels. For transmit diversity, we use two transmit antennas and one
receive antenna (2x1 notationally), while for receive diversity we employ one transmit antenna and two receive antennas
(1x2 notationally).

The simulation covers an end-to-end system showing the encoded and/or transmitted signal, channel model, and
reception and demodulation of the received signal. It also provides the no-diversity link (single transmit- receive antenna
case) and theoretical performance of second-order diversity link for comparison. It is assumed here that the channel is
known perfectly at the receiver for all systems. We run the simulation over a range of Eb/No points to generate BER
results that allow us to compare the different systems.

We start by de�ning some common simulation parameters

frmLen = 100; % frame length

numPackets = 1000; % number of packets
EbNo = 0:2:20; % Eb/No varying to 20 dB
N = 2; % maximum number of Tx antennas
M = 2; % maximum number of Rx antennas

and set up the simulation.

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% Create comm.BPSKModulator and comm.BPSKDemodulator System objects(TM)

P = 2; % modulation order
bpskMod = comm.BPSKModulator;
bpskDemod = comm.BPSKDemodulator('OutputDataType','double');

% Create comm.OSTBCEncoder and comm.OSTBCCombiner System objects

ostbcEnc = comm.OSTBCEncoder;
ostbcComb = comm.OSTBCCombiner;

% Create two comm.AWGNChannel System objects for one and two receive
% antennas respectively. Set the NoiseMethod property of the channel to
% 'Signal to noise ratio (Eb/No)' to specify the noise level using the
% energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/No). The output
% of the BPSK modulator generates unit power signals; set the SignalPower
% property to 1 Watt.
awgn1Rx = comm.AWGNChannel(...
'NoiseMethod', 'Signal to noise ratio (Eb/No)', ...
'SignalPower', 1);
awgn2Rx = clone(awgn1Rx);

% Create comm.ErrorRate calculator System objects to evaluate BER.

errorCalc1 = comm.ErrorRate;
errorCalc2 = comm.ErrorRate;
errorCalc3 = comm.ErrorRate;

% Since the comm.AWGNChannel System objects as well as the RANDI function

% use the default random stream, the following commands are executed so
% that the results will be repeatable, i.e., same results will be obtained
% for every run of the example. The default stream will be restored at the
% end of the example.
s = rng(55408);

% Pre-allocate variables for speed

H = zeros(frmLen, N, M);
ber_noDiver = zeros(3,length(EbNo));
ber_Alamouti = zeros(3,length(EbNo));
ber_MaxRatio = zeros(3,length(EbNo));
ber_thy2 = zeros(1,length(EbNo));

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% Set up a figure for visualizing BER results

fig = figure;
grid on;
ax = fig.CurrentAxes;
hold(ax,'on');

ax.YScale = 'log';
xlim(ax,[EbNo(1), EbNo(end)]);
ylim(ax,[1e-4 1]);
xlabel(ax,'Eb/No (dB)');
ylabel(ax,'BER');
fig.NumberTitle = 'off';
fig.Renderer = 'zbuffer';
fig.Name = 'Transmit vs. Receive Diversity';
title(ax,'Transmit vs. Receive Diversity');
set(fig, 'DefaultLegendAutoUpdate', 'off');
fig.Position = figposition([15 50 25 30]);

% Loop over several EbNo points

for idx = 1:length(EbNo)
reset(errorCalc1);
reset(errorCalc2);
reset(errorCalc3);
% Set the EbNo property of the AWGNChannel System objects
awgn1Rx.EbNo = EbNo(idx);
awgn2Rx.EbNo = EbNo(idx);
% Loop over the number of packets
for packetIdx = 1:numPackets
% Generate data vector per frame
data = randi([0 P-1], frmLen, 1);

% Modulate data
modData = bpskMod(data);

% Alamouti Space-Time Block Encoder

encData = ostbcEnc(modData);

% Create the Rayleigh distributed channel response matrix

% for two transmit and two receive antennas
H(1:N:end, :, :) = (randn(frmLen/2, N, M) + ...
1i*randn(frmLen/2, N, M))/sqrt(2);
% assume held constant for 2 symbol periods
H(2:N:end, :, :) = H(1:N:end, :, :);

% Extract part of H to represent the 1x1, 2x1 and 1x2 channels

H11 = H(:,1,1);
H21 = H(:,:,1)/sqrt(2);
H12 = squeeze(H(:,1,:));

% Pass through the channels

chanOut11 = H11 .* modData;

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chanOut21 = sum(H21.* encData, 2);

chanOut12 = H12 .* repmat(modData, 1, 2);

% Add AWGN
rxSig11 = awgn1Rx(chanOut11);
rxSig21 = awgn1Rx(chanOut21);
rxSig12 = awgn2Rx(chanOut12);

% Alamouti Space-Time Block Combiner

decData = ostbcComb(rxSig21, H21);

% ML Detector (minimum Euclidean distance)

demod11 = bpskDemod(rxSig11.*conj(H11));
demod21 = bpskDemod(decData);
demod12 = bpskDemod(sum(rxSig12.*conj(H12), 2));

% Calculate and update BER for current EbNo value

% for uncoded 1x1 system
ber_noDiver(:,idx) = errorCalc1(data, demod11);
% for Alamouti coded 2x1 system
ber_Alamouti(:,idx) = errorCalc2(data, demod21);
% for Maximal-ratio combined 1x2 system
ber_MaxRatio(:,idx) = errorCalc3(data, demod12);

end % end of FOR loop for numPackets

% Calculate theoretical second-order diversity BER for current EbNo

ber_thy2(idx) = berfading(EbNo(idx), 'psk', 2, 2);

% Plot results
semilogy(ax,EbNo(1:idx), ber_noDiver(1,1:idx), 'r*', ...
EbNo(1:idx), ber_Alamouti(1,1:idx), 'go', ...
EbNo(1:idx), ber_MaxRatio(1,1:idx), 'bs', ...
EbNo(1:idx), ber_thy2(1:idx), 'm');
legend(ax,'No Diversity (1Tx, 1Rx)', 'Alamouti (2Tx, 1Rx)',...
'Maximal-Ratio Combining (1Tx, 2Rx)', ...
'Theoretical 2nd-Order Diversity');

drawnow;
end % end of for loop for EbNo

% Perform curve fitting and replot the results

fitBER11 = berfit(EbNo, ber_noDiver(1,:));
fitBER21 = berfit(EbNo, ber_Alamouti(1,:));
fitBER12 = berfit(EbNo, ber_MaxRatio(1,:));
semilogy(ax,EbNo, fitBER11, 'r', EbNo, fitBER21, 'g', EbNo, fitBER12, 'b');
hold(ax,'off');

% Restore default stream

rng(s);

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The transmit diversity system has a computation complexity very similar to that of the receive diversity system.

The resulting simulation results show that using two transmit antennas and one receive antenna provides the same
diversity order as the maximal-ratio combined (MRC) system of one transmit antenna and two receive antennas.

Also observe that transmit diversity has a 3 dB disadvantage when compared to MRC receive diversity. This is because
we modeled the total transmitted power to be the same in both cases. If we calibrate the transmitted power such that
the received power for these two cases is the same, then the performance would be identical. The theoretical
performance of second-order diversity link matches the transmit diversity system as it normalizes the total power
across all the diversity branches.

The accompanying functional scripts, mrc1m.m and ostbc2m.m aid further exploration for the interested users.

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