Vision

To ensure that the Diploma level Technical Education constantly matches the latest requirements of
Technology and industry and includes the all-round personal development of students including social
concerns and to become globally competitive, technology led organization.

Mission
To provide high quality technical and managerial manpower, information and consultancy services to the
industry and community to enable the industry and community to face the challenging technological &
environmental challenges.

Quality Policy
We, at MSBTE are committed to offer the best in class academic services to the students and institutes to
enhance the delight of industry and society. This will be achieved through continual improvement in
management practices adopted in the process of curriculum design, development, implementation, evaluation
and monitoring system along with adequate faculty development programmes.

Core Values
MSBTE believes in the following:
 Skill development in line with industry requirements.
 Industry readiness and improved employability of Diploma holders.
 Synergistic relationship with industry. 
 Collective and Cooperative development of all stake holders. 
 Technological interventions in societal development.
 Access to uniform quality technical education.
 A Practical Manual
for

Microprocessor

Programming

(314321)

Semester-IV
Diploma in Engineering and Technology
(CO, CM, CW, AN, AI, DS, HA)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical

Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (ISO 9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)

‘K’ Scheme Curriculum

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (ISO 9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
4th Floor, Government Polytechnic Building
49, Kherwadi, Bandra (East), Mumbai – 400051
 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
Certificate

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ………………………………………. Roll No……… of the

Fourth Semester of Diploma in ................................................ Engineering/Technology

(Program Code - ........4K) of the Institute …………………………………………………

(Inst. Code…………) has completed the practical work satisfactorily for the course

Microprocessor Programming (Course Code: 314321) for the academic year 20…... – 20…

............................................................................................................................................ as prescribed

in the curriculum.

Place ………………. Enrollment No……………………

Date: …..................... Exam Seat No. ………………......

Course Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of
the
Institute
Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Preface
The primary objective of any engineering laboratory or fieldwork in the technical education system is to
develop essential industry-relevant competencies and skills. In line with this goal, MSBTE introduced the
innovative 'K' Scheme curricula for engineering diploma programs, emphasizing outcome-based education.
A significant amount of time is allocated for practical work, underscoring the importance of laboratory
activities. This ensures that every teacher, instructor, and student recognizes the need to effectively utilize
every minute in the lab to develop these outcomes, rather than engaging in mundane activities. Practical
skills, which are difficult to acquire through traditional classroom methods, are a key focus. Hence, the 'K'
scheme laboratory manual emphasizes outcomes rather than the traditional practice of conducting
practical’s merely to 'verify the theory,' which may become a secondary benefit.
This laboratory manual is crafted to assist all stakeholders—students, teachers, and instructors—in
achieving the predetermined outcomes. Students are expected to thoroughly read the relevant practical
procedure and understand the necessary theoretical background at least a day in advance. Each practical
exercise in this manual starts by identifying the competency, industry-relevant skills, course outcomes, and
practical outcomes, serving as key focal points. Students will become aware of the skills they will acquire
through the provided procedures and necessary precautions, which will help them solve real-world problems
in their professional lives.
The manual also offers guidelines for teachers and instructors to effectively facilitate student-centered lab
activities. This involves arranging and managing necessary resources so that students can systematically
follow procedures and precautions, ensuring the achievement of desired outcomes.
A microprocessor is a general-purpose system used in various specialized processing devices built using
digital logic. Many items that were not traditionally computer-related now include microprocessors, such
as household appliances, cars, car keys, tools, test instruments, and toys. A microprocessor control program
can be easily customized to meet different product line needs, allowing performance upgrades with minimal
product redesign. Students will learn to write assembly language code, optimize critical sections of high-
level programs, implement loops at the microprocessor level using jump instructions, and utilize
microprocessors to receive input from keyboards and mice through interrupts. They will also understand
how a machine interprets instructions at a low level and the rationale behind memory segmentation in a
process. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy in this laboratory manual, perfection cannot
be guaranteed, especially as this is the first edition. Any errors and suggestions for improvement are
welcome and can be brought to our attention.

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321
Program Outcomes (POs) to be achieved through Practical:
Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science and
PO1
engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the engineering problems.

Problem analysis: Identify and analyses well-defined engineering problems using codified
PO2
standard methods.

Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined technical problems and
PO3
assist with the design of systems components or processes to meet specified needs.

Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools and
PO4
appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.

Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate

PO5
technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.
Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team member
PO6 or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined engineering
activities.
Life-long learning: Ability to analyses individual needs and engage in updating in the context
PO7
of technological changes.

List of Relevant Skills

Following skills are crucial for students to develop a strong foundation in microprocessor technology,
enabling them to apply their knowledge in real-world scenarios and in various industrial applications.
1. Analyze the functional block diagram of 8086 or x86 based processor.
2. Develop an assembly language program using assembler for given problem.
3. Use procedures and macros in assembly language programs.

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical Course Outcome Matrix

Course Outcomes (COs)
CO1 Analyse the functional block diagram of 8086 microprocessor.
CO2 Use program development tools and assembler directives.
CO3 Use instructions in different addressing modes.
CO4 Develop an assembly language program for a given task using assembler.
CO5 Use procedures and micros to develop an assembly language program for a given problem.

Sr.
Title of the Experiment CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5
No.
* Identification of various blocks in 8086 microprocessor
1
architecture. ✓
* Use assembly language programming (ALP) tools and
2
directives. ✓
* ALP to perform addition and subtraction of two given
3
numbers. ✓

4 ALP for multiplication of two signed and unsigned numbers. ✓

5 ALP to perform division of two unsigned and signed numbers. ✓

6 ALP to add, subtract, multiply and divide two BCD numbers. ✓

7 *ALP to perform block transfer operation. ✓

8 ALP to find sum of series. ✓

*ALP to find smallest and largest number from array of
9
numbers. ✓
ALP to arrange numbers in an array in ascending or descending
10 ✓
order.
11 *ALP to find the length of string and concatenate two strings ✓

12 ALP for string operations such as string reverse and string copy. ✓

13 ALP to compare two strings. ✓

14 * ALP to check a given number is odd or even. ✓

15 ALP to check a given number is positive or negative. ✓

16 ALP to count number of' ‘0' and '1's in a given number. ✓

* ALP to perform arithmetic operations on given numbers using
17
procedure. ✓
ALP to perform arithmetic operations on given numbers using
18
macro. ✓

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321
Guidelines to Teachers
1. Teachers should align the explanation of the topic to teaching learning outcome (TLOs).
2. Refer to laboratory learning outcome (LLOs) for the execution of the practical to focus on the
defined objectives.
3. Promote life-long learning by training the students to equip themselves with essential knowledge,
skills and attitudes.
4. If required, provide demonstration for the practical emphasizing on the skills that the student
should achieve.
5. Teachers should give opportunity to the students for exhibiting their skills after the
demonstration.
6. Provide feedback and/or suggestions and share insights to improve effectiveness.
7. Assess students’ skill achievement related to COs of each unit.

Instructions for Students

1. 100% attendance is compulsory for all practical sessions.
2. Students must adhere to ethical practices.
3. Plagiarism is strictly prohibited.
4. Students should accomplish the requisites of Teamwork, Collaboration and Group Dynamics
during the practical sessions.
5. Conscious practice to develop professional communication on your own in and out of class is
essential to achieve the course objectives.
6. All the students must follow the schedule of practical sessions, complete the assigned
work/activity and submit the assignment in stipulated time as instructed by the course teacher.
7. Follow formal attire and maintain personal appearance.

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321
Content Page
List of Practical and Formative Assessment Sheet

Sr. Date of Date of Assessment Teacher’s

Practical Title Remark
No Performance Submission Marks (25) Sign
* Identification of various
1 blocks in 8086
microprocessor architecture.
* Use assembly language
2 programming (ALP) tools and
directives.
* ALP to perform addition
3 and subtraction of two given
numbers.
ALP for multiplication of two
4
signed and unsigned numbers.
ALP to perform division of
5 two unsigned and signed
numbers.
ALP to add, subtract,
6 multiply and divide two BCD
numbers.
*ALP to perform block
7
transfer operation.
8 ALP to find sum of series.
*ALP to find smallest and
9 largest number from array of
numbers.
ALP to arrange numbers in an
10 array in ascending or
descending order.
*ALP to find the length of
11 string and concatenate two
strings
ALP for string operations
12 such as string reverse and
string copy.
13 ALP to compare two strings.
*ALP to check a given
14
number is odd or even.
ALP to check a given number
15
is positive or negative.
ALP to count number of' ‘0'
16
and '1's in a given number.

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321
* ALP to perform arithmetic
17 operations on given numbers
using procedure.
ALP to perform arithmetic
18 operations on given numbers
using macro.
Total

*Total marks to be transferred to proforma published by MSBTE

Note:
 '*' Marked Practicals (LLOs) are mandatory.
 Minimum 80% of above list of lab experiment are to be performed.
 Judicial mix of LLOs are to be performed to achieve desired outcomes.

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 1: Identification of various blocks in 8086 microprocessor

I Practical Significance
By identifying the various blocks within the 8086 microprocessor, students gain a clear
understanding of how different components of the microprocessor function and interact. Knowing
the functions of various blocks helps in optimizing the performance of the microprocessor in
different applications. Students can learn to enhance system efficiency by leveraging specific blocks
for certain tasks.
II Industry / Employer Expected Outcome(s)
1. Develop assembly language programs using 8086.
III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO1 - Analyze the functional block diagram of 8086 microprocessors.
IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
LLO 1.1 Identify the functions of various blocks in 8086 architectures.
LLO 1.2 Identify the use of registers of 8086.
V Relevant Affective Domain related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
The Bus Interface Unit (BIU):
It provides the interface of 8086 to external memory and I/O devices via the System Bus. It performs
various machine cycles such as memory read, I/O read, etc. to transfer data between memory and
I/O devices.
BIU performs the following functions are as follows:
 It generates the 20-bit physical address for memory access.
 It fetches instructions from the memory.
 It transfers data to and from the memory and I/O.
 Maintains the 6-byte pre-fetch instruction queue (supports pipelining).
The Execution Unit (EU):
The main components of the EU are General purpose registers, the ALU, Special purpose registers,
the Instruction Register and Instruction Decoder, and the Flag/Status Register.
 Fetches instructions from the Queue in BIU, decodes, and executes arithmetic and logic
operations using the ALU.
 Sends control signals for internal data transfer operations within the microprocessor.
(Control Unit)
 Sends request signals to the BIU to access the external module.
 It operates with respect to T-states (clock cycles) and not machine cycles.

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

VII Required Resources:

Sr. Name of the Resources Specifications Qty

No.
1. Chart 8086 Microprocessor Block 1 No.
diagram.

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Follow safety and operational guidelines while using Laboratory.
2. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.
3. Do not insert pen drives into the laboratory computers.

IX Conclusion:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

X Practical related questions

1. State the functions of ALU.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Draw flag register format of 8086.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

3. Draw the functional block diagram of 8086 microprocessor

XI References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/

XII Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Identify the different components of block diagram of 8086. 30%
2. Identify the use of registers of 8086. 30%
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
3. Practical related questions 30%
4. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (10) Total (25)

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 2: Use assembly language programming (ALP) tools and directives

I Practical Significance
Assembly language is used to write program in the form of mnemonics that is the short form of
operations i.e. for addition add and operands, which may be registers or memory location. In
operating system, system program is normally written in assembly language using tools like
assembler, linker and for debugging debugger. Hence, students will be able to use various such tools
required for assembly language programming.
II Industry/Employer Expected outcome(s)
Develop assembly language programs using 8086
III Course Level Learning outcome(s)
CO 2- Use program development tools and assembler directives.
IV Laboratory Learning outcome(s)
LLO.2.1. Identify the function of given assembly language tool.
LLO.2.2. Use assembler directives in a given situation.
V Relevant Affective Domain Related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices.
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
1. Editor: An editor is a program, which is used to construct assembly language program in
appropriate format so that the assembler will translate it correctly to machine language.
Therefore, you can type your program called as source program using editor. The DOS based
editor such as EDIT can be used to type your program.

2. Assembler: An assembler is a program that translate assembly language program to the

appropriate binary code for each instruction in program i.e. machine code and generate the file

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

called as object file with extension .obj. Assembler may be TASM Borland’s Turbo Assembler
and MASM Microsoft Macro Assembler etc.
3. Linker: A linker is a program that combines, if requested, more than one separately assembled
program module into one executable program and generate .exe module, and initializes it with
special instructions to enable its subsequent loading the execution. Linker may be TLINK
Borland’s Turbo Linker and LINK Microsoft’s Linker
4. Debugger: Debugger is a program is used to execute program in single step mode under the
control of the user. The process of locating and correcting errors using a debugger is known as
debugging. Some examples of debugger are DOS Debug command, Borland’s turbo Debugger
TD, Microsoft Debugger known as Code View CV etc.
View of TD (Turbo Debugger)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 5

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

View of DOS Debug

VII Required resources

S. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No. Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor /Group
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.
2. Follow safety practices.
IX Procedure
1. Install DOSBOX TASM 1.4 or above.
2. Double clip on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type edit filename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key
4. Type the program and save on disk.
5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasm filename.asm on the command
prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to create
filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debug filename.exe or td filename.exe on the command prompt and press Enter
Key to debug your program step by step.

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.

X Observations
1. Observe and write the contents of Register using debugger TD or Debug
Table 2.1: Contents of Registers
Types Registers Flag Register
General Purpose registers AX Carry Flag CF
BX Zero Flag ZF
CX Sign Flag SF
DX Overflow Flag OF
Index Register SI Parity Flag PF
DI Auxiliary Carry Flag AF
Base Pointer BP Interrupt Flag IF
Stack Pointer SP Direction Flag DF
Segment Register DS
ES
SS
CS
Instruction register IP

2. Observe and write the contents of memory location in Code Segment using debugger TD or
Debug
Table 2.2: Contents of memory location in Code Segment
Address Contents Address Contents
CS:0000 CS:0008
CS:0001 CS:0009
CS:0002 CS:000A
CS:0003 CS:000B
CS:0004 CS:000C
CS:0005 CS:000D
CS:0006 CS:000E
CS:0007 CS:000F

3. Observe and write the contents of memory location in Data Segment using debugger TD or
Debug
Table 2.3: Contents of memory location in Data Segment

Address Contents Address Contents

DS:0000 DS:0008
DS:0001 DS:0009
DS:0002 DS:000A

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

DS:0003 DS:000B
DS:0004 DS:000C
DS:0005 DS:000D
DS:0006 DS:000E
DS:0007 DS:000F

XI Conclusion:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………………………

XII Practical related Questions

1. Write the assembly language tools used in your lab in Table 2.4.
Table 2.4: Tools Used
Sr. No. Tools Used Name of Tool Version
1 Editor
2 Assembler
3 Linker
4 Debugger

2. List the files extensions that are created by the Assembler and Linker used.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. List the program development step for assembly language programming.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

4. List the assembler directives of 8086.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 8

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

…………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Describe how an assembly language program is developed and debugged using system tools.
…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

XIII References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
2. http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/
XIV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)
Performance Indicators Weightage
Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained

Process Related (15) Product Related (10) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 9

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 3: ALP to perform addition and subtraction of two given numbers.
I Practical Significance
In assembly language, ADD/ADC and SUB/SBB instructions are used for performing addition and
subtraction operations. In operating systems, where efficiency and direct hardware access are
paramount, system programs like device drivers and memory management modules are often written
in assembly. Here, the ability to utilize these instructions becomes essential for implementing
arithmetic operations efficiently. Therefore, familiarizing students with these instructions in
assembly language programming equips them with foundational skills necessary for system-level
development and optimization.
II Industry / Employer Expected Outcome(s)
1. Develop assembly language programs using 8086.
III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO3 - Use instructions in different addressing modes.
IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
LLO 3.1 Use different addressing mode instructions in program.
LLO 3.2 Write an assembly language program for addition and subtraction using different
addressing mode instruction.
V Relevant Affective Domain related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
ADD I ADC destination, source
The ADD instruction adds a number from source to a number from destination. The ADC
instruction adds the carry flag into the result of addition. The source may be an immediate
number, a register, or a memory location as specified by any 24 addressing modes. The
destination may be a register or a memory. The source and destination must be of the same
type and cannot both be memory locations. Destination should not be an immediate number.
Flag affected: OF, CF, PF, AF, SF, ZF.
Syntax & Operation:
ADD <DEST>, <SRC>
Destination = destination + source
ADC <DEST>, <SRC>
Destination = destination + source + CF
SUB / SBB destination, source
The SUB instruction is used to subtract the data in source from the data in destination and the
stores result in destination. The SBB instruction is used to subtract the source operand and the

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 10

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

barrow [CF], which may reflect from the result of the previous operations, from the destination
operand, and the result, is stored in destination operand. Source must be a register or memory
location or immediate data and the destination must be a register or a memory location. The
destination operands should not be an immediate data and the source and destination both
should not be memory operands.
Flag affected: OF, CF, PF, AF, SF, and ZF.
Syntax & Operation:
SUB <DEST>, <SRC>
Destination = destination - source
SBB <DEST>, <SRC>
Destination = destination - source - CF
VII Required Resources:

S. Instrument Specification Quantity Remarks

No. /Object
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No./Group Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No./Group Whichever is available
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No./Group Whichever is available
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No./Group Whichever is available
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No./Group Whichever is available

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Follow safety and operational guidelines while using Laboratory.
2. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.
IX Procedure
1. Write algorithm and draw flow-chart for given program (Use blank space provided
or attach more pages if needed).
2. Double click on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type editfilename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key.
4. Type the program and save on disk.
5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasmfilename.asm on the
command prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file.
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to
create filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debugfilename.exe or tdfilename.exe on the command prompt and press
Enter Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

X Observations:
Observe and write the contents of Register using debugger TD or Debug after the
execution of program 16 bit addition of two numbers.
Table 3.1: Contents of Registers
Registers Flag Register
Before After
AX Carry Flag CF
BX Zero Flag ZF
CX Sign Flag SF
DX Overflow Flag OF
SI Parity Flag PF
DI Auxiliary Carry Flag AF
BP Interrupt Flag IF
SP Direction Flag DF
DS
ES
SS
CS
IP

Table 3.2: Contents of memory location in Code Segment

Address Contents Address Contents
CS:0000 CS:0008
CS:0001 CS:0009
CS:0002 CS:000A
CS:0003 CS:000B
CS:0004 CS:000C
CS:0005 CS:000D
CS:0006 CS:000E
CS:0007 CS:000F

Table 3.3: Contents of memory location in Data Segment

Address Contents Address Contents
DS:0000 DS:0008
DS:0001 DS:0009
DS:0002 DS:000A
DS:0003 DS:000B
DS:0004 DS:000C
DS:0005 DS:000D
DS:0006 DS:000E
DS:0007 DS:000F

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

XI Results (Program code with output)

XII Conclusion:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

XIII Practical related questions

(Use blank space provided for answers or attach more pages if needed)
1. Write an ALP for subtraction of two 16-bit numbers.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
....….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
....….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
....….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Write the content of AL register and status of flags after execution of following code.
MOY AL, 99
ADD AL, 01
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Write the difference between ADD and ADC.

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
...………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Write ALP to perform addition of two 8 bit numbers.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
...………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
XIV References/Suggestions for further reading
1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/

XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (10) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 14

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 4: ALP for multiplication of two signed and unsigned numbers
I Practical Significance
In high-level language programming, the mathematical sign for multiplication (×) is used to perform
arithmetic operation. However, in assembly language the mnemonics are used to perform arithmetic
operation such MUL for unsigned multiplication and IMUL for signed multiplication. In operating
system, system program such as device drivers, memory management modules are normally written
in assembly language where addition and subtraction is required. Hence, students will be able to use
MUL instruction for unsigned and IMUL instruction for signed numbers in assembly language
program.
II Industry/Employer Expected outcome(s)
Develop assembly language programs using 8086
III Course Level Learning outcome(s)
CO 3- Use instructions in different addressing modes.
IV Laboratory Learning outcome(s)
LLO.4.1. Write an assembly language program for multiplication of two 16 bit unsigned
numbers.
LLO.4.2. Write an assembly language program for multiplication of two 16 bit signed numbers.
V Relevant Affective Domain Related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices.
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
MUL source
MUL is used to multiply an unsigned byte/word from source with an unsigned byte/word in the
AL/AX register. The source must be any register or a memory location. When a byte is multiplied
with the byte in AL, then the result is stored in AX because the result of multiplication is maximum
16 bits. When a word is multiplied with the word in AX, then the MSW of result is stored in DX and
LSW of result in AX register because the result of multiplication is maximum 32-bits. If the MSB
or MSW of the result is zero, then CF and OF both will be set.
Flag affected by an instruction: OF, CF and PF, AF, SF, ZF are undefined.
Operation
(a) If source is byte then AX  AL × unsigned 8 bit source.
(b) If source is word then DX: AX  AX × unsigned 16 bit source.

Examples
MUL DL Multiply AL by DL, result in AX.
MUL BX Multiply AX by BX, result in DX: AX.

IMUL source

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 15

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

IMUL instruction is used to multiply a signed byte/word from source with a signed byte/word in the
AL/AX register. The source must be a register or a memory location. When a byte is multiplied with
the byte in AL, then the result is stored in AX because the result of multiplication is maximum 16
bits. When a word is multiplied with the word in AX, then the MSB result is stored in DX and LSB
in AX register because the result of multiplication is maximum 32-bits. If the magnitude of the
product does not requires all the bits of the destination, the unused bits are filled with the copy of
the sign bit.
Flag affected by instruction: OF, CF and PF, AF, SF, ZF are undefined.
Operation
(a) If source is byte then AX  AL × signed 8 bit source.
(b) If source is word then DX: AX  AX × signed 16 bit source.

Examples
IMUL DL Multiply AL by DL, result in AX.
IMUL BX Multiply AX by BX, result in DX: AX.

Example of multiplication of signed byte with signed word.

MOV BX, multiplier Load signed word multiplier in BX.
MOV AL, multiplicand Load signed byte multiplicand in AL.
CBW Convert Byte to Word i.e. extends sign of AL into AH.
IMUL BX Word multiplies, result in DX: AX

VII Required resources

S. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No. Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor /Group
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.
2. Follow safety practices.
IX Procedure
1. Write algorithm and draw flow-chart for given program (Use blank space provided or attach
more pages if needed).
2. Double clip on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type edit filename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key
4. Type the program and save on disk.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 16

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasm filename.asm on the command
prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to create
filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debug filename.exe or td filename.exe on the command prompt and press Enter
Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.
X Observations
1. Observe and write the contents of Register using debugger TD or Debug
Table 4.1: Contents of Registers
Registers Flag Register
Before After
AX Carry Flag CF
BX Zero Flag ZF
CX Sign Flag SF
DX Overflow Flag OF
SI Parity Flag PF
DI Auxiliary Carry Flag AF
BP Interrupt Flag IF
SP Direction Flag DF
DS
ES
SS
CS
IP

2. Observe and write the contents of memory location in Data Segment using debugger TD or Debug
Table 4.2: Contents of memory location in Data Segment
Address Contents Address Contents
DS:0000 DS:0008
DS:0001 DS:0009
DS:0002 DS:000A
DS:0003 DS:000B
DS:0004 DS:000C
DS:0005 DS:000D
DS:0006 DS:000E
DS:0007 DS:000F

XI Results (Program code with output)

(Note: Write a program and output assigned by teacher)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 17

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

XII Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………….…………………………………………………………………………

XIII Practical related Questions

(Use blank space provide for answers or attached more pages if needed)
1. Write the names of result registers of multiplication of 8/16-bits unsigned and signed numbers
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
2 Which instruction you have used to extend the sign of 8-bit negative number for 8bit x 16-bit
multiplication.
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
3 State the flag affected by IMUL instruction
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
4 State the difference between MUL and IMUL
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 18

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

XIV References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
2. http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/

XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (10) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 19

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 5: ALP to perform division of two unsigned and signed numbers.

I Practical Significance
In assembly language, the DIV and IDIV instructions are used to perform unsigned and signed
division operations, respectively. These operations provide precise control over hardware resources,
which is essential for system-level programming. By directly manipulating CPU registers and
handling low-level operations, these instructions are crucial for developing efficient device drivers,
memory management modules, and other key components of an operating system. Mastery of DIV
and IDIV ensures optimized performance and reliability in system software development, where
resource constraints and execution speed are critical.
II Industry / Employer Expected Outcome(s)
1. Develop assembly language programs using 8086.
III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO3 - Use instructions in different addressing modes.
IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
LLO 5.1 Write an assembly language program for division of two unsigned numbers.
LLO 5.2 Write an assembly language program for division of two signed numbers.
V Relevant Affective Domain related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
DIV source:

DIV/IDIV instruction divides an unsigned/signed word by an unsigned/signed byte during

16/8 division, and to divide unsigned/signed double word i.e. 32-bits by an unsigned/signed
word during 32/16 division. The word (dividend) must be in the AX register and a byte
(divisor) may in any 8-bit register or memory location during the division of a word by a byte.
After the division, 8 bit quotient will be stored in AL register and 8 bit remainder will stored
in AH register.

Flag affected: None and OF, CF, PF, AF, SF, ZF are undefined.

Operation

a) If source is byte then

AL+- AL I unsigned 8 bit source (Quotient)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 20

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

AH+- AL MOD unsigned 8 bit source. (Remainder)

b) If source is word then

AX+- DX: AX/ unsigned 16 bit source (Quotient)

DX+-DX: AX MOD unsigned 16 bit source. (Remainder)
Examples
DIV BL ; Divide word in AX by byte in BL, quotient in AL and remainder in AH. DIV
NUM [BX]; Divide word in AX by byte in memory location pointer by [BX].
IDIV source:
This instruction divides a signed word by a signed byte during 16/8 division, and to divide
signed double word i.e. 32-bits by a signed word during 32/16 division.
During the division of a word by a byte, the word (dividend) must be in the AX register and a
byte (divisor) may in any 8-bit register or memory location. After the division operation, 8-bit
quotient will be available in AL register and 8-bit remainder will available in AH register
During the division of double word by word, the dividend must be in DX: AX for double word
or AX for word, but source of the divisor should be a word or byte register or a memory
location.
When we want to divide a byte by a byte, we must first store dividend byte in AL and fill all
bits in AH with sign bit of AL using CBW instruction. When we want to divide a word by a
word, we must first store dividend word in AX and fill all bits in DX with sign bit of AX using
CWD instruction.
Flag affected: None and OF, CF, PF, AF, SF, ZF are undefined.
Operation
a) If source is byte then
AL+- AL I signed 8 bit source (Quotient)
AH +-AL MOD signed 8 bit source. (Remainder)
b) If source is word then
AX+- DX: AX/ signed 16 bit source (Quotient)
DX+- DX: AX MOD signed 16 bit source. (Remainder)
Examples
IDIV BL ; Divide a signed word in AX by a signed byte in BL, quotient in AL and
remainder in AH.
IDIV NUM [BX]; Divide a signed word in AX by a signed byte in memory location pointer
by [BX].
Example of division of signed byte with signed byte.
MOY BL, divisor Load signed byte divisor in BL. MOY
AL, dividend Load signed byte dividend in AL. CBW
Extend sign of AL into AH.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 21

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

IDIV BH Byte division, remainder in AH and quotient in AL.

VII Required Resources:

S. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity Remarks

No.
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No. Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor /Group
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Follow safety and operational guidelines while using Laboratory.
2. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.
IX Procedure
1. Write algorithm and draw flow-chart for given program (Use blank space provided
or attach more pages if needed)
2. Double clik on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type editfilename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key
4. Type the program and save on disk.
5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasmfilename.asm on the
command prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to
create filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debugfilename.exe or tdfilename.exe on the command prompt and press
Enter Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 22

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

X Observations:
Observe and write the contents of Register using debugger TD or Debug after the
execution of 16/8-bit unsigned division program.
Table 5.1: Contents of Registers
Registers Flag Register
Before After
AX Carry Flag CF
BX Zero Flag ZF
CX Sign Flag SF
DX Overflow Flag OF
SI Parity Flag PF
DI Auxiliary Carry Flag AF
BP Interrupt Flag IF
SP Direction Flag DF
DS
ES
SS
CS
IP

Table 5.2: Contents of memory location in Code Segment

Address Contents Address Contents
CS:0000 CS:0008
CS:0001 CS:0009
CS:0002 CS:000A
CS:0003 CS:000B
CS:0004 CS:000C
CS:0005 CS:000D
CS:0006 CS:000E
CS:0007 CS:000F

Table 5.3: Contents of memory location in Data Segment

Address Contents Address Contents
DS:0000 DS:0008
DS:0001 DS:0009
DS:0002 DS:000A
DS:0003 DS:000B
DS:0004 DS:000C
DS:0005 DS:000D
DS:0006 DS:000E
DS:0007 DS:000F

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 23

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

XI Results (Program code with output)

XII Conclusion:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

XIII Practical related questions

(Use blank space provided for answers or attach more pages if needed)
1. Write an ALP for signed division of two 16-bit numbers.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

....….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
....….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
....….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Write the result of division of signed numbers you have taken in program.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Write the difference between DIV and IDIV instructions.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
...………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 24

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Write an ALP to divide 16-bit signed number by 8-bit signed number

XIV References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/

XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (10) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 25

 Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 6: ALP to add, subtract, multiply and divide two BCD numbers

I. Practical Significance
In high-level language programming, decimal numbers system is used to perform arithmetic
operation. However, microprocessor performs all arithmetic operation on binary i.e. hexadecimal
numbers. In assembly language program, special instructions are required to convert arithmetic
operation result of decimal numbers to appropriate result in BCD format. Hence, students will be
able to used DAA and DAS instruction to perform arithmetic operation on decimal (BCD) numbers
in assembly language program.
II. Industry/Employer Expected outcome(s)
Develop assembly language programs using 8086
III. Course Level Learning outcome(s)
CO 3- Use instructions in different addressing modes.
IV. Laboratory Learning outcome(s)
LLO.6.1. Use DAA and DAS instructions to perform arithmetic operations on BCD numbers.
LLO.6.2. Write an ALP to perform arithmetic operations on BCD numbers.
V. Relevant Affective Domain Related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
DAA (Decimal adjust accumulator)
DAA instruction is used to convert the result of the addition of two packed BCD numbers into a
packed BCD number. DAA only works on AL register. So, DAA instruction should be used after
the ADD/ADC instruction. The ADD/ADC instruction adds the two BCD number in hexadecimal
format and DAA instruction convert this hexadecimal result to BCD result.
Flag affected: CF, PF, AF, SF, ZF and OF is undefined
Operation
1. If lower nibble of AL > 9 or AF = 1(Set), then AL = AL + 06.
2. If higher nibble of AL > 9 or CF = 1 (Set) , then AL = AL + 60.
3. If both above conditions are satisfied, then AL = AL + 66.
DAS (Decimal adjust after subtraction)
DAS instruction is used to convert the result of the subtraction of two packed BCD numbers to a
packed BCD number. DAS instruction only works on AL register. So, DAS instruction must be used
after the SUB/SBB instruction. The SUB/SBB instruction subtracts the two BCD number in
hexadecimal format and DAS instruction convert this hexadecimal result to BCD result. The
working of DAS instruction is given below.
Flag affected: CF, PF, AF, SF, ZF and OF is undefined.
Operation
1. If lower nibble of AL > 9 or AF = 1 then AL = AL – 06.
2. If higher nibble of AL > 9 or CF = 1 then AL = AL – 60
3. If both above conditions are satisfied then AL = AL – 66

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 26

 Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

VII. Required resources

S. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity Remarks

No.
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No. Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor /Group
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group

VIII. Precautions to be followed

1. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.
2. Follow safety practices.
IX. Procedure
1. Write algorithm and draw flow-chart for given program (Use blank space provided or attach
more pages if needed).
2. Double clip on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type edit filename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key.
4. Type the program and save on disk.
5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasm filename.asm on the command
prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to create
filename .exe file.
7..Finally, type debug filename.exe or td filename.exe on the command prompt and press Enter
Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.
X. Observations
1. Observe and write the contents of Register using debugger TD or Debug
Table 6.1: Contents of Registers
Registers Flag Register
Before After
AX Carry Flag CF
BX Zero Flag ZF
CX Sign Flag SF
DX Overflow Flag OF
SI Parity Flag PF
DI Auxiliary Carry Flag AF
BP Interrupt Flag IF

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 27

 Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

SP Direction Flag DF
DS
ES
SS
CS
IP

2. Observe and write the contents of memory location in Data Segment using debugger TD or Debug
Table 6.2: Contents of memory location in Data Segment
Address Contents Address Contents
DS:0000 DS:0008
DS:0001 DS:0009
DS:0002 DS:000A
DS:0003 DS:000B
DS:0004 DS:000C
DS:0005 DS:000D
DS:0006 DS:000E
DS:0007 DS:000F

XI. Results (Program code with output)

(Note: Write a program and output assigned by teacher)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 28

 Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

XII. Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………….…………………………………………………………………………

XIII. Practical related Questions

(Use blank space provide for answers or attached more pages if needed)
1. Write the flags used for BCD arithmetic operation.
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
2. Write the instructions that converts the result of addition and subtraction in unpacked decimal
digits.
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

3. Write an ALP to multiply the two BCD numbers stored in BL and CL register
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

4. Write an output of DAA instruction in AL register of following code after the execution and also
the status of CF and AF.
MOV AL, 99 H
MOV BL, 01 H
ADD AL, BL
DAA
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

5. Write an output of DAS instruction in AL register of following code after the execution and
also the status of CF and AF.
MOV AL, 03 H
MOV BL, 07 H
SUB AL, BL
DAA

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 29

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
XIV References / Suggestions for further Reading
1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
2. http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/
XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)
Performance Indicators Weightage
Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Total
Process Related(15) Product Related(10)
(25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 30

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 7: ALP to perform block transfer operation.

I Practical Significance
In assembly language programming, block transfer operations are essential for moving data blocks
between memory locations. These operations are crucial in systems programming, particularly in
scenarios demanding high efficiency, such as embedded systems or operating system kernels.
Operating systems frequently utilize block transfers to manage memory effectively. Additionally,
block transfers facilitate communication with peripheral devices. In high-performance applications,
such as graphics processing or scientific computing, optimizing block transfers can enhance cache
utilization and memory bandwidth, thereby boosting overall system performance.
II Industry / Employer Expected Outcome(s)
1. Develop assembly language programs using 8086.
III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO4 - Develop an assembly language program for a given task using assembler.
IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
LLO 7.1 Implement loop in assembly language program.
LLO 7.2 Use string instruction to perform block transfer operation.
LLO 7.3 Write an ALP to perform block transfer data without using string instruction.
LLO 7.4 Write an ALP to perform block transfer data with using string instruction
V Relevant Affective Domain related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
Block transfer operation is nothing, but it is transferring of block of date from source memory
locations to destination memory locations. Counter is required to perform block transfer
operation which is equal to length of data block. On each transfer of data from source to
destination counter must be decremented by one and memory pointer must be incremented by
one or two depending on byte or word transfer. This process is repeated till the counter
becomes zero.
Before Block Transfer
Source Block Destination block
Memory Location Data Memory Location Data
DS:0000H 56H DS:0005H 15H
DS:000IH 7BH DS:0006H 49H
DS:0002H 62H DS:0007H F7H
DS:0003H 23H DS:000SH C9H
DS:0004H AAH DS:0009H 55H

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 31

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

After Block Transfer

Source Block Destination block
Memory Location Data Memory Location Data
DS:0000H 56H DS:0005H 56H
DS:000IH 7BH DS:0006H 7BH
DS:0002H 62H DS:0007H 62H
DS:0003H 23H DS:000SH 23H
DS:0004H AAH DS:0009H AAH

If the number of bytes or words in block is 5, then initialize this as byte counter or word counter
in CX register. Then two memory pointers are required to point source block and destination
block, hence use SI and DI registers respectively as source and destination memory pointers.
The block can be transfer from source to destination either using string instruction i.e.
MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW or without using string instruction such as simple MOY
instruction. For MOVSB/MOVSW instruction, the default memory pointer for source and
destination blocks are DS:SI and ES: DI respectively. Two arrays must be declared in the array
where in one array contains actual numbers and another array must be empty. To declare empty
array, we can use DUP directive. For example, 5 dup (0) statements allocates five memory
location and initialize them with 0.

VII Required Resources:

S. Instrument Specification Quantity Remarks

No. /Object
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No./Group Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No./Group Whichever is available
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No./Group Whichever is available
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No./Group Whichever is available
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No./Group Whichever is available

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Follow safety and operational guidelines while using Laboratory.
2. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.
IX Procedure
1. Write algorithm and draw flow-chart for given program (Use blank space provided
or attach more pages if needed)
2. Double click on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type editfilename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 32

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

4. Type the program and save on disk.

5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasmfilename.asm on the
command prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to
create filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debugfilename.exe or tdfilename.exe on the command prompt and press
Enter Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.

X Observations:
Observe and write the contents of Register using debugger TD or Debug after the
execution of program.
1) Table 7.1: Observe and write the contents of Source and destination block
memory location before transfer

Source Memory Block Destination Memory Block

Address Contents Address Contents
DS:0000 DS:0005
DS:0001 DS:0006
DS:0002 DS:0007
DS:0003 DS:0008
DS:0004 DS:0009
2) Table 7.2: Observe and write the contents of Source and destination block
memory location after transfer
Source Memory Block Destination Memory Block
Address Contents Address Contents
DS:0000 DS:0005
DS:0001 DS:0006
DS:0002 DS:0007
DS:0003 DS:0008
DS:0004 DS:0009

Table 7.3: Contents of memory location in Code Segment

Address Contents Address Contents
CS:0000 CS:0008
CS:0001 CS:0009
CS:0002 CS:000A
CS:0003 CS:000B
CS:0004 CS:000C
CS:0005 CS:000D
CS:0006 CS:000E
CS:0007 CS:000F

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 33

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Table 7.4: Contents of memory location in Data Segment

Address Contents Address Contents
DS:0000 DS:0008
DS:0001 DS:0009
DS:0002 DS:000A
DS:0003 DS:000B
DS:0004 DS:000C
DS:0005 DS:000D
DS:0006 DS:000E
DS:0007 DS:000F

XI Results (Program code with output)

XII Conclusion:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

XIII Practical related questions

(Use blank space provided for answers or attach more pages if needed)
1. Write an ALP for Transfer of block of 16-bit numbers.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. State the meaning of movsb/movsw instruction.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
....….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 34

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

....….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Write the instructions you have used to initialize memory pointer for source and destination
block of data.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
....….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
....….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Write an ALP to perform block transfer in reverse order.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
....….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
XIV References/Suggestions for further reading
1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/

XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (10) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 35

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 8: ALP to find sum of series

I Practical Significance
In some industrial applications of assembly language programming, it is required to repeat group of
instructions for specific number of times such as providing time delay while generating waves such
as square, triangular, saw tooth etc. Students will be able to implement loop by using variants of
Jump instructions.
II Industry/Employer Expected outcome(s)
Develop assembly language programs using 8086
III Course Level Learning outcome(s)
CO 4- Develop an assembly language program for a given task using assembler.
IV Laboratory Learning outcome(s)
LLO.8.1. Implement loop in assembly language program to find sum of series.
LLO.8.2 Write an assembly language program to find sum of series of n Hexadecimal numbers
LLO.8.3. Write an assembly language program to find sum of series of n BCD numbers.
V Relevant Affective Domain Related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices.
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
The addition of the numbers in the series or array of n numbers which are stored in the memory is
called as sum of series. So, byte or word counter which indicate length of series is required to read
numbers from the series one by one. The result of addition may be greater than either 8 bit or 16 bit
depending on numbers stored in the array.

Loop Instructions
Instruction Action
LOOP Label CX= CX-1 ; if (CX < > 0) jump to label
LOOPZ/LOOPE Label CX= CX-1 ;if (CX <> 0) AND (ZF=1) jump to target
LOOPNZ/LOOPNE Label CX= CX-1 ;if (CX <> 0) AND (ZF=0) jump to target
JCXZ label CX= CX-1; if CX=0 jump to target

VII Required resources

S. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No. Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor /Group
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 36

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No. Whichever is available

/Group
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.
2. Follow safety practices.
IX Procedure
1. Write algorithm and draw flow-chart for given program (Use blank space provided or attach
more pages if needed).
2. Double clip on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type edit filename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key
4. Type the program and save on disk.
5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasm filename.asm on the command
prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to create
filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debug filename.exe or td filename.exe on the command prompt and press Enter
Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.
X Observations
1. Observe and write the contents of Register using debugger TD or Debug
Table 8.1: Contents of Registers
Registers Flag Register
Before After
AX Carry Flag CF
BX Zero Flag ZF
CX Sign Flag SF
DX Overflow Flag OF
SI Parity Flag PF
DI Auxiliary Carry Flag AF
BP Interrupt Flag IF
SP Direction Flag DF
DS
ES
SS
CS
IP

2. Observe and write the contents of memory location in Data Segment after the execution of
program.

Table 8.2: Contents of memory location in Data Segment

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 37

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Address Contents Address Contents

DS:0000 DS:0008
DS:0001 DS:0009
DS:0002 DS:000A
DS:0003 DS:000B
DS:0004 DS:000C
DS:0005 DS:000D
DS:0006 DS:000E
DS:0007 DS:000F

XI Results (Program code with output)

(Note: Write a program and output assigned by teacher)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

XII Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………….…………………………………………………………………………

XIII Practical related Questions?

(Use blank space provide for answers or attached more pages if needed)
1. Note down the registers used as memory pointer and counter in a program
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 38

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

2. State the use of INC instruction in your program.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
3. What is the condition to terminate loop formed using LOOP instruction.
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

4. Write applications where loop instruction can be used?

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
5. Which register is used as a counter to store count for a LOOP instruction?
…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

XIV References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
2. http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/
XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Total
Process Related(15) Product Related(10)
(25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 39

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 9: ALP to find smallest and largest number from array of numbers.

I Practical Significance
In assembly language programming, flags are affected after compare instruction. These flags can
then be used to determine whether a number is smaller or greater. By using the CMP instruction
along with decision-making instructions, students can learn to find the smallest and largest numbers
in an array.
II Industry / Employer Expected Outcome(s)
1. Develop assembly language programs using 8086.
III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO4 - Develop an assembly language program for a given task using assembler.
IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
LLO 9.1 Implement loop in assembly language program to find smallest and largest number from
the array of n numbers.
LLO 9.2 Use decision making branching instruction to find smallest or largest number.
LLO 9.3 Write an assembly language program to find smallest number from the array of n numbers.
LLO 9.4 Write an assembly language program to find largest number from the array of n numbers.
V Relevant Affective Domain related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices
VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Array is the set of N numbers i.e. byte or word. Hence, memory pointer and counter is
required to read or write numbers from or to memory location in the array.
To find smallest/largest number from the array, the numbers in the array must be compared
with each other. Array may consist of 8 bit numbers i.e. byte or 16 bit numbers i.e. word, so
memory pointer is required to read numbers from the array. Also, one counter called as byte
or word counter which indicates how many numbers are there in the array, is required in the
program to read and compare only desired numbers from the array. In 8086, the CMP
instruction is used to compare two numeric data fields.
CMP destination, source
The CMP instruction compares a byte/word from the specified source and a byte/word from
the specified destination. The source and destination can be an immediate data, a register or
a memory location. However, the source and the destination should not both be memory
locations. The comparison is actually done by non-destructive subtraction of the source byte
or word from the destination byte or word i.e. the source and the destination will not change,
but the flags will affect to specify the results of the comparison.
Flag affected: OF, CF, PF, AF, SF, ZF.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 40

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Condition CF ZF SF Meaning of flag status

AX=BX 0 1 0 Source and destination operands are equal
AX>BX 0 0 0 Destination operand is greater than source operand
AX<BX 1 0 1 Destination operand is smaller than source

Conditional Jump instruction is used to jump to certain location/memory address, after

condition is satisfied

Symbol/ Description Flags

Instruction affected
JE/JZ Jump if Equal or Jump if Zero ZF
JNE/JNZ Jump if not Equal or Jump if Not Zero ZF
JA/JNBE Jump if Above or Jump if Not Below/Equal CF,ZF
JAE/JNB Jump if Above/Equal or Jump if Not Below CF
JB/JNAE Jump if Below or Jump if Not Above/Equal CF
JBE/JNA Jump if Below/ Equal or Jump if Not Above AF,CF
JG/JNLE Jump if Greater or Jump if not Less/Equal OF,SF,ZF
JGE/JNL Jump if Greater/Equal or Jump if not Less OF,SF
JL/JNGE Jump if Less or Jump if not Greater/Equal OF,SF
JLE/JNG Jump if Less/Equal or Jump if not Greater OF,SF,ZF
JC Jump if Carry CF
JNC Jump if not Carry CF

VII Required Resources:

S. Instrument Specification Quantity Remarks

No. /Object
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No./Group Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No./Group Whichever is available
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No./Group Whichever is available
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No./Group Whichever is available
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No./Group Whichever is available

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Follow safety and operational guidelines while using Laboratory.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 41

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

2. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.

IX Procedure
1. Write algorithm and draw flow-chart for given program (Use blank space provided
or attach more pages if needed)
2. Double clik on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type editfilename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key
4. Type the program and save on disk.
5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasmfilename.asm on the
command prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to
create filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debugfilename.exe or tdfilename.exe on the command prompt and press
Enter Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.

X Observations:
Observe and write the contents of Register using debugger TD or Debug after the
execution of program

Table 9.1: Contents of memory location and AL register while finding smallest
number
Original
Address Loop 1 Loop 2 Loop 3 Loop4 Loop 5
Contents
DS:0000 12
DS:0001 07
DS:0002 25 AL= AL= AL= AL= AL=
DS:0003 18
DS:0004 02

Table 9.2: Contents of memory location and AL register while finding largest number

Original
Address Loop 1 Loop 2 Loop3 Loop 4 Loop 5
Contents
DS:0000 12
DS:0001 07
DS:0002 25 AL= AL= AL= AL= AL=
DS:0003 18
DS:0004 02

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 42

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

XI Results (Program code with output)

XII Conclusion:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

XIII Practical related questions

(Use blank space provided for answers or attach more pages if needed)
1. Which instructions are used to make decision to find smallest/largest number in the program.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Show flag status after comparisons of following operands.

CMPN1,N2 CMPN2,Nl
Nl N2 Nl N2
CF ZF SF CF ZF SF

25 45 75 36
75 43 23 87
234 234 100 100

3. Provide examples of conditional jump instructions used to find the smallest and largest numbers
in an array and explain how they work.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Write ALP to find smallest number from array of 5 16 bit numbers using loop instruction.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 43

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

XIV References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/

XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (10) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 44

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 10: ALP to arrange numbers in an array in ascending or descending

order

I Practical Significance
Sorting is a process that organizes a collection of data into either ascending or descending order.
This operation requires comparison of data and exchange the position of data depending on result of
comparison. There are different algorithms for sorting data. Students will be able to use XCHG or
MOV instruction while implementing sorting algorithms.
II Industry/Employer Expected outcome(s)
Develop assembly language programs using 8086
III Course Level Learning outcome(s)
CO 4- Develop an assembly language program for a given task using assembler.
IV Laboratory Learning outcome(s)
LLO.10.1. Apply iterative method to arrange numbers in array in ascending or descending order.
LLO.10.2. Write an assembly language program to arrange numbers in array in ascending order.
LLO.10.3. Write an assembly language program to arrange numbers in array in descending order.
V Relevant Affective Domain Related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices.
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
If numbers in an array are arranged such that every nth number is greater than (n-1)th number, then
that array is in ascending order. If numbers in an array are arranged such that every nth number is
smaller than (n-1) th number, then that array is in descending order. There are many sorting
algorithms such as Selection sort, Insertion sort, Bubble sort, Merge sort, Quick sort. Arranging
numbers involves different operations such as comparing numbers, swapping numbers depending
on result of comparison, repeating comparison operation for all numbers in an array.
XCHG destination, source
This instruction exchanges the contents of a register with the contents of another register or memory
location. The instruction cannot directly exchange the contents of two memory locations. A memory
location can be specified as the source or as the destination. The source and destination should both
be word or they must both be byte. The segment register cannot be used in this instruction.
Operation performed by XCHG instruction: Destination ↔ Source

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 45

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

VII Required resources

S. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No. Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor /Group
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.
2. Follow safety practices.
IX Procedure
1. Install DOSBOX TASM 1.4 or above.
2. Double clip on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type edit filename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key
4. Type the program and save on disk.
5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasm filename.asm on the command
prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to create
filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debug filename.exe or td filename.exe on the command prompt and press Enter
Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.
X Observations
1. Observe and write the contents of memory location after the execution of program.
Table 10.1: Contents of memory location in ascending order operation
Address Original Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4 Pass 5
Contents
DS:0000 10
DS:0001 06
DS:0002 23
DS:0003 15
DS:0004 01

2. Observe and write the contents of memory location after the execution of program.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 46

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Table 10.2: Contents of memory location in descending order operation

Address Original Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4 Pass 5
Contents
DS:0000 10
DS:0001 06
DS:0002 23
DS:0003 15
DS:0004 01
XI Results (Program code with output)
(Note: Write a program and output assigned by teacher)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

XII Conclusion:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………………………

XIII Practical related Questions

(Use blank space provide for answers or attached more pages if needed)
1. Explain use of XCHG instruction
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
2. Which sorting algorithm is used in your program ?
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

3. If numbers in an array are 08H,03H,20H,16H,01H write the array contents in each pass while
arranging numbers in ascending order.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 47

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. If numbers in an array are 08H, 03H, 20H, 16H ,01H write the array contents in each pass while
arranging numbers in descending order. .
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

XIV References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
2. http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/
XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)
Performance Indicators Weightage
Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Total
Process Related(15) Product Related(10)
(25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 48

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 11: ALP to find the length of string and concatenate two strings

I Practical Significance
A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotes. In various applications, it is required to
display messages, obtain input from users, search for specific characters or words within a string,
arrange characters in a particular order, and combine different strings. By learning to perform these
operations, students will be able to manipulate strings efficiently and effectively in various
programming contexts.

II Industry / Employer Expected Outcome(s)

1. Develop assembly language programs using 8086.
III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO4 - Develop an assembly language program for a given task using assembler.
IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
LLO 11.1 Write an assembly language program to find length of string
LLO 11.2 Write an assembly language program to concatenate two strings.
V Relevant Affective Domain related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
The string consists of either numbers or characters. In assembly language programming, the
string must be declared in single quotes i.e. ' ' and must end with '$' sign. The data type
of the string is always byte because assembler store 8 bit ASCII value of every character of
string in memory.
For Example
Dept db 'Computer Engineering$'
Assembler stores string characters in memory at consecutive memory locations. Hence to
perform any string related operation such as comparison, length, reverse etc., the memory
pointer and byte counter is required.
Without byte counter, the string operations are possible. For that, you have to read
character from string array and compare it with '$'. If character is not '$ ', then character
is string character. If character is '$', then it is end of string.
Length of String:
To find the length of the string, we need one length counter and initialize memory pointer
to read character from the string. Read character from the array and compare it with '$' which
indicate end of the string. If the character is not '$' then increment length counter else stop
reading character from the string.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 49

 Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Concatenation of two Strings:

The concatenation of two strings means merging of second string in first string. For
example, suppose, 'Computer' and 'Department' are two separate strings, after concatenation
string will become 'Computer Department'.

VII Required Resources:

S. Instrument Specification Quantity Remarks

No. /Object
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No./Group Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No./Group Whichever is available
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No./Group Whichever is available
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No./Group Whichever is available
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No./Group Whichever is available

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Follow safety and operational guidelines while using Laboratory.
2. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.

IX Procedure
1. Write algorithm and draw flow-chart for given program (Use blank space
provided or attach more pages if needed)
2. Double clik on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type editfilename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key
4. Type the program and save on disk.
5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasmfilename.asm on the
command prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to
create filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debugfilename.exe or tdfilename.exe on the command prompt and press
Enter Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.

X Observations:
Table 11.1: Length of string
Example 1 Example 2
Input String Taken Microprocessor -----------------------------------
Length of string

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 50

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Table 11.2: String concatenation

Example 1 Example 2
Input string 1 taken Microprocessor
Input string 2 taken Programming
Output string

XI Results (Program code with output)

XII Conclusion:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XIII Practical related questions

(Use blank space provided for answers or attach more pages if needed)
1. State the name of register which is used as counter for length of string?
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. State the registers that are used as memory pointers in string concatenation program.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Write an ALP to perform string copy operation.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 51

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. State the meaning of ‘$’sign in string.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

XIV References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/

XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (10) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 52

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 12: ALP for string operations such as string reverse and string copy

I Practical Significance
String is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotes. In various applications it is required to display
messages to get input from user, search particular character/word in string, arrange characters in
string, combine different strings. Student will be able to perform different operations on string.
II Industry/Employer Expected outcome(s)
Develop assembly language programs using 8086
III Course Level Learning outcome(s)
CO 4- Develop an assembly language program for a given task using assembler.
IV Laboratory Learning outcome(s)
LLO.12.1. Write an assembly language program to copy string.
LLO.12.2. Write an assembly language program to copy string in reverse order.
V Relevant Affective Domain Related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices.
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
The string consists of either numbers or characters. In assembly language programming, the
string must be declared in single quotes i.e. ‘ ‘ and must end with ‘$’ sign. The data type of the
string is always byte because assembler store 8 bit ASCII value of every character of string in
memory.
For Example
dept db ‘MSBTE$’
Assembler stores string characters in memory at consecutive memory locations. Hence to
perform any string related operation such as comparison, length, reverse etc., the memory pointer
and byte counter is required
Without byte counter, the string operations are possible. For that, you have to read character from
string array and compare it with ‘$’. If character is not ‘$’, then character is string character. If
character is ‘$’, then it is end of string.
String in reverse order:
The memory pointer and length counter is required to read string and then copy string in another
blank string variable in reverse order. To reverse the string, first find out the length of the source
string, then add this value to memory pointer register to point last character of the source string.
Now copy last character from source string to first character position of destination blank string.
Perform this operation continuously till first character of the source string gets transfer to
destination string by decrementing memory pointer for source string and incrementing memory
pointer for destination string
String copy
Source string copies of each character to the destination string. The null character is used to
determine the end of string. Copy first character from source string to first character position of
destination blank string. Perform this operation continuously till last character of the source string

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 53

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

gets transfer to destination string by decrementing memory pointer for source string and
incrementing memory pointer for destination string.
VII Required resources

S. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity Remarks

No.
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No. Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor /Group
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.
2. Follow safety practices.
IX Procedure
1. Install DOSBOX TASM 1.4 or above.
2. Double clip on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type edit filename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key
4. Type the program and save on disk.
5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasm filename.asm on the command
prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to create
filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debug filename.exe or td filename.exe on the command prompt and press Enter
Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.

X Observations
Table 12.1: Reverse of a string
Example 1 Example 2
Input string taken COMPUTER
Reverse string

Table 12.2: Copy of string

Example 1 Example 2
Input string taken Microprocessor
Copy of string

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 54

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

XI Results (Program code with output)

(Note: Write a program and output assigned by teacher)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

XII Conclusion:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………………………

XIII Practical related Questions

(Use blank space provide for answers or attached more pages if needed)
1. How to reverse a string in Assembly language 8086?
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
2. State the registers that are used as memory pointers in string reverse program
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 55

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

3. State the role of direction flag while using string instructions?

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
4. What is advantage of using string instructions over normal instructions.
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………

5. Write an ALP to find the string is palindrome or not.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

XIV References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
2. http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 56

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (10) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 57

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 13: ALP to compare two strings.

I Practical Significance
Comparing two strings in assembly language typically involves checking each character in both
strings to determine if they are identical or if one is greater than the other. This process can be done
using various assembly instructions to iterate through the strings, compare each character, and
handle the results.
II Industry / Employer Expected Outcome(s)
1. Develop assembly language programs using 8086.
III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO4 - Develop an assembly language program for a given task using assembler.
IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
LLO 13.1 Write an assembly language program to compare two strings without string instruction.
LLO 13.2 Write an assembly language program to compare two strings using string instruction.
V Relevant Affective Domain related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
The string consists of numbers or characters. In assembly, the string must be declare in single
quotes i.e. ' ' and end with '$' sign. The data type of the string is always byte type because
assembler store ASCII value of each and every character of string in memory, as ASCII
codes are 8 bit.
For Example: name db 'MSBTE$'
Assembler stores string characters in memory at consecutive memory locations. Hence to
perform any string related operation such as comparison, length, reverse etc., the memory
pointer and byte counter is required as same as used in block transfer program. For
comparison, the string instruction is CMPSB as data type of string is byte. Simple CMP
instruction also can be used to compare two strings. First, we will have to find the length of
both strings, if lengths are equal, then strings may be equal or unequal. Then, we will have
to compare both strings character by character to find equality.
String stored at Consecutive Memory locations
Source Block
Memory Location Data
DS:0000H M
DS:000lH S
DS:0002H B
DS:0003H T
DS:0004H E
DS:0005H '$'

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

After the comparison of two string, we need DOS function 09H of interrupt 21H to display
string such as "Strings are same$" or "Strings are not same$".
Function: 09H of INT 21H (Display Strings on Console) Function Call with
Example: AH= 09H
DS: DX = Segment: Offset of string
MOV AH,09H
MOV DX, offset STR
INT 21H
VII Required Resources:

S. Instrument Specification Quantity Remarks

No. /Object
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No./Group Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No./Group Whichever is available
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No./Group Whichever is available
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No./Group Whichever is available
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No./Group Whichever is available

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Follow safety and operational guidelines while using Laboratory.
2. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.
IX Procedure
1. Write algorithm and draw flow-chart for given program (Use blank space
provided or attach more pages if needed)
2. Double clik on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type editfilename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key
4. Type the program and save on disk.
5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasmfilename.asm on the
command prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to
create filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debugfilename.exe or tdfilename.exe on the command prompt and press
Enter Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 59

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

X Observations:

Table 13.1: Contents of memory location in Data Segment

Address Contents Address Contents
DS:0000 DS:0008
DS:0001 DS:0009
DS:0002 DS:000A
DS:0003 DS:000B
DS:0004 DS:000C
DS:0005 DS:000D
DS:0006 DS:000E
DS:0007 DS:000F

XI Results (Program code with output)

XII Conclusion:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XIII Practical related questions

(Use blank space provided for answers or attach more pages if needed)
1. Write the instructions you have used to initialize memory pointer for source and destination
strings.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Write the string instruction used for string comparison in your program.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 60

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

3. State the use of REP prefix instruction

…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Write the flag which are used to know whether strings are equal or unequal
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Write an assembly language program to compare two strings using string instruction.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XIV References/Suggestions for further reading
1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/

XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (10) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 61

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 14: ALP to check a given number is odd or even

I Practical Significance
Decimal or hexadecimal numbers consists of Odd as well as Even numbers. Most of the times, it is
required to check number is odd or even such as odd or even parity used in serial communication.
Hence, students will be able to check and count odd and even numbers in array using assembly
language program.
II Industry/Employer Expected outcome(s)
Develop assembly language programs using 8086.
III Course Level Learning outcome(s)
CO 4- Develop an assembly language program for a given task using assembler.
IV Laboratory Learning outcome(s)
LLO.14.1. Use div and rotate instructions to check the given number is odd or even.
LLO.14.2. Write an assembly language program to count odd and even from the array of n
numbers.
V Relevant Affective Domain Related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices.
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
In 8 bit or 16-bit number, the D0 bit is used to decide the given number is odd or even because the
weightage of D0 bit in decimal is 1 i.e. odd value and the weightage of D 1, D2 …. D15 bits are 2, 4,
8… i.e. even value in 8 bit or 16-bit number. When two even or odd numbers are added, then result
is always even, but when odd number is added with even number, then result is always odd. Hence,
when D0 bit of any number is 1, then that number is odd and if 0 then number is even. To test any
number for odd or even, check D0 bit of that number. To check D0 bit of any number, rotate the bits
of that number toward left by 1 bit using rotate instruction i.e. ROR or RCR as shown as follows:

Then D0 bit goes to the carry flag, hereafter by checking carry flag, number can be tested for odd
or even.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 62

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

VII Required resources

S. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity Remarks

No.
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No. Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor /Group
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.
2. Follow safety practices.
IX Procedure
1. Write algorithm and draw flow-chart for given program (Use blank space provided or attach
more pages if needed).
2. Double clip on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type edit filename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key
4. Type the program and save on disk.
5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasm filename.asm on the command
prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to create
filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debug filename.exe or td filename.exe on the command prompt and press Enter
Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.
X Observations
1. Observe and write the contents of Register using debugger TD or Debug
Table 14.1: Contents of Registers
Registers Flag Register
Before After
AX Carry Flag CF
BX Zero Flag ZF
CX Sign Flag SF
DX Overflow Flag OF
SI Parity Flag PF
DI Auxiliary Carry Flag AF
BP Interrupt Flag IF
SP Direction Flag DF

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 63

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

DS
ES
SS
CS
IP

2. Observe and write the contents of memory location in Data Segment using debugger TD or Debug
Table 14.2: Contents of memory location in Data Segment
Address Contents Address Contents
DS:0000 DS:0008
DS:0001 DS:0009
DS:0002 DS:000A
DS:0003 DS:000B
DS:0004 DS:000C
DS:0005 DS:000D
DS:0006 DS:000E
DS:0007 DS:000F

XI Results (Program code with output)

(Note: Write a program and output assigned by teacher)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

XII Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………….…………………………………………………………………………

XIII Practical related Questions

(Use blank space provide for answers or attached more pages if needed)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 64

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

1. Write the flag used to check whether the number is ODD or EVEN.
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
2 Which bit of 8/16-bit number is used to decide if number is odd or even?
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
3 Write an ALP to count odd as well as even numbers in array of 10 numbers.
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

4 Write an ALP to add the all even numbers in array of 10 numbers.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 65

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

XIV References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
2. http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/
XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (10) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 66

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 15: ALP to check a given number is positive or negative.

I Practical Significance

In the second complement format, a signed hexadecimal number's most significant bit (MSB)
indicates its sign. If the MSB is 0, the number is positive; if the MSB is 1, the number is negative.
Consequently, students can easily determine or count the positive and negative numbers in an array
by using an assembly language program. This approach enables efficient processing and analysis of
numerical data within arrays, leveraging the inherent characteristics of the second complement
format for accurate sign determination.

II Industry / Employer Expected Outcome(s)

1. Develop assembly language programs using 8086.
III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO4 - Develop an assembly language program for a given task using assembler.
IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
LLO 15.1 Use rotate instructions to check the given number is positive or negative.
LLO 15.2 Write an assembly language program to count positive and negative numbers in given
array.
V Relevant Affective Domain related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
The most significant bit (MSB) i.e. D7 or D15 in 8 bit or 16-bit signed magnitude number
indicate sign of the number i.e. D7 or D15 as shown Fig. given below

Hence, by checking most significant bit, we can find out a byte or word is positive or
negative number. Most significant bit i.e. D7 or D15 for byte or word can be checked using
either ROL or RCL instruction as given in Fig. given below.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 67

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

The program for checking odd or even number can be used by replacing ROR or RCR
instruction with ROL or RCL instruction to check either number is positive of negative.
VII Required Resources:

S. Instrument Specification Quantity Remarks

No. /Object
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No./Group Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No./Group Whichever is available
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No./Group Whichever is available
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No./Group Whichever is available
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No./Group Whichever is available

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Follow safety and operational guidelines while using Laboratory.
2. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.
IX Procedure
1. Write algorithm and draw flow-chart for given program (Use blank space provided
or attach more pages if needed)
2. Double clik on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type editfilename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key
4. Type the program and save on disk.
5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasmfilename.asm on the
command prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to
create filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debugfilename.exe or tdfilename.exe on the command prompt and press
Enter Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 68

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

X Observations:
1. Observe and write the contents of Register using debugger TD or Debug after the
execution of program.
Table 15.1: Contents of Registers
Registers Flag Register
Before After
AX Carry Flag CF
BX Zero Flag ZF
EX Sign Flag SF
DX Overflow Flag OF
SI Parity Flag PF
DI Auxiliary Carry Flag AF
BP Interrupt Flag IF
SP Direction Flag DF
DS
ES
SS
CS
IP

2. Observe and write the contents of memory location in Data Segment after the
execution of program.

Table 15.2: Contents of memory location in Data Segment

Address Contents Address Contents
DS:0000 DS:0008
DS:0001 DS:0009
DS:0002 DS:000A
DS:0003 DS:000B
DS:0004 DS:000C
DS:0005 DS:000D
DS:0006 DS:000E
DS:0007 DS:000F

XI Results (Program code with output)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 69

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XII Conclusion:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XIII Practical related questions

(Use blank space provided for answers or attach more pages if needed)
1. Write the flag which is used to check whether the number is Positive or Negative.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Which bit of 8-bit and 16-bit number is used to decide if the number is Positive or Negative?
.…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Write an ALP to count Positive as well as Negative numbers in array of 10 numbers.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Write an ALP to add the all Positive numbers in array of 10 numbers.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Differentiate between shift and rotate instructions.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 70

 Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

XIV References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/

XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (10) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 71

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 16 : ALP to count number of' ‘0' and '1's in a given number

I Practical Significance
In microprocessor based automation, the sensors output is connected to ports of microprocessor
based system. Each sensor gives output on the corresponding pin of the input port. Microprocessor
reads the contents of port i.e. all pins and copy it into the internal register. So, each sensor output
can be checked by rotating the content of register toward left or right and find out the status of sensor
connected to port pin. Hence, students will be able to check or count ‘0’s and ‘1’s in given numbers
using assembly language program.
II Industry/Employer Expected outcome(s)
Develop assembly language programs using 8086
III Course Level Learning outcome(s)
CO 4- Develop an assembly language program for a given task using assembler.
IV Laboratory Learning outcome(s)
LLO.16.1. Use rotate instructions to count '0' and '1' in the given number.
LLO.16.2. Write an assembly language program to count number of' ‘0' and '1's in a given number
V Relevant Affective Domain Related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices.
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
The total numbers of 1’s or 0’s can be count in any number by rotating that number toward right or
left by either 8 times for 8-bit number or 16 times for 16-bit number.
ROR or RCR or RCL or ROL instruction can be used to rotate any number to check how many ones
or zeros are in the numbers.
When we rotate number once to left or right, corresponding bit i.e. D0 or D7 initially goes to carry
flag, then we can check carry flag by using JNC or JC to count numbers of ones or zeros.
VII Required resources
S. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No. Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor /Group
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group

VIII Precautions to be followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 72

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

1. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.

2. Follow safety practices.
IX Procedure
1. Write algorithm and draw flow-chart for given program (Use blank space provided or attach
more pages if needed).
2. Double clip on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type edit filename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key
4. Type the program and save on disk.
5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasm filename.asm on the command
prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to create
filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debug filename.exe or td filename.exe on the command prompt and press Enter
Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.
X Observations
1. Observe and write the contents of Register using debugger TD or Debug
Table 16.1: Contents of Registers
Registers Flag Register
Before After
AX Carry Flag CF
BX Zero Flag ZF
CX Sign Flag SF
DX Overflow Flag OF
SI Parity Flag PF
DI Auxiliary Carry Flag AF
BP Interrupt Flag IF
SP Direction Flag DF
DS
ES
SS
CS
IP

2. Observe and write the contents of memory location in Data Segment using debugger TD or Debug

Table 16.2: Contents of memory location in Data Segment

Number 8-bit/16-bit in Hexadecimal Nos. of ‘1’s Nos. of ‘0’s

AA
55
88
99

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 73

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

FFFF
AA55
F0F0
9898

XI Results (Program code with output)

(Note: Write a program and output assigned by teacher)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

XII Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………….…………………………………………………………………………

XIII Practical related Questions

(Use blank space provide for answers or attached more pages if needed)
1. Write the flag used to count ‘1’s and ‘0’s
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
2. Write the instructions used in your program to rotate and check numbers of ‘0’ or ‘1’.
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

3. Explain ROR and RCL in detail

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 74

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

4. Explain JNC and JC in detail

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
5 Write appropriate instruction for Rotate the content of DX to write 2 times without carry.
………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

XIV References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
2. http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/
XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (10) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 75

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 17: ALP to perform arithmetic operations on given numbers using
I Practical Significance
In assembly language programming, repetitive groups of instructions can be encapsulated into
subprograms, subroutines, or procedures. This technique not only promotes code reuse but also
enhances the program's structure and readability. Procedures enable programmers to write cleaner,
more efficient code, making it easier to maintain and update. Consequently, students will be able to
write and utilize procedures in their assembly language programs, fostering a deeper understanding
of modular programming principles and improving their overall coding proficiency. This modular
approach also facilitates collaboration among multiple developers, as each can work on separate
modules without interfering with others' code.
II Industry / Employer Expected Outcome(s)
1. Develop assembly language programs using 8086.
III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO5 - Use procedures and micros to develop an assembly language program for a given problem.
IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
LLO 17.1 Use CALL and RET instructions to call procedures using different parameter passing
methods.
LLO 17.2 Use assembler directives: PROC and ENDP to write the procedure.
LLO 17.3 Write an assembly language program using procedure to perform for addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
LLO 17.4 Write an assembly language program using procedure to solve equation such as Z =(A+B)
*(C+D).
V Relevant Affective Domain related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
A procedure is a set of the program statements that can be processed independently and
reuse again and again. Here are the four steps that need to be accomplished in order to call
and return from a procedure.
1. Save return address
2. Call the procedure
3. Execute procedure
4. Return to calling program

The assembler directives PROC and ENDP are required to define a procedure. The directive
PROC specifies the beginning of the procedure and the directive ENDP specifies the end of
the procedure to the assembler. The directive PROC and ENDP must enclose the procedure
code which defines the subroutine. The procedures must be defined within the code segment
only.

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Syntax:
procedure_ name PROC [ NEAR/FAR]

,:

RET
ENDP
The CALL instruction is used to transfer program control to a subprogram or a procedure
by storing the return address on the stack. The call can be of two types
1. Inter-Segment or near call
2. Intra-Segment or far call
A near call refers to a procedure call which is in the same code segment as the CALL
instruction and a far call refers to a procedure call which is in the different code segment
from that of the CALL instruction.
Example:

CALL fact
The instruction RET is used to transfer program control from the procedure back to the
calling program i.e. main program or procedure following the CALL. The RET instruction
are of two types:
1. Near RET or inter segment return.
2. Far RET or intra segment return.
If a procedure is declared as near, the execution of the RET replaces the IP with a word
from the top of the stack which contains the offset address of the instruction following the
CALL instruction. Hence such return is called as near return because transfer of the control
is within the segment. If a procedure is defined as far, the execution of RET instruction pops
two words from the stack and places them into the registers IP and CS to transfer control to
the calling program.
VII Required Resources:

S. Instrument Specification Quantity Remarks

No. /Object
1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No./Group Whichever is available
Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No./Group Whichever is available
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No./Group Whichever is available
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No./Group Whichever is available
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No./Group Whichever is available

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Follow safety and operational guidelines while using Laboratory.
2. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 77

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

IX Procedure
1. Write algorithm and draw flow-chart for given program (Use blank space provided
or attach more pages if needed)
2. Double clik on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type editfilename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key
4. Type the program and save on disk.
5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasmfilename.asm on the
command prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to
create filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debugfilename.exe or tdfilename.exe on the command prompt and press
Enter Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.
X Observations:
1. Observe and write the contents of Register using debugger TD or Debug after the
execution of program.
Table 17.1: Contents of Registers
Registers Flag Register
Before After
AX Carry Flag CF
BX Zero Flag ZF
ex Sign Flag SF
DX Overflow Flag OF
SI Parity Flag PF
DI Auxiliary Carry Flag AF
BP Interrupt Flag IF
SP Direction Flag DF
DS
ES
ss
cs
IP
2. Observe and write the contents of memory location in Data Segment after the
execution of program.

Table 17.2: Contents of memory location in Data Segment

Address Contents Address Contents
DS:0000 DS:0008
DS:0001 DS:0009
DS:0002 DS:000A
DS:0003 DS:000B
DS:0004 DS:000C
DS:0005 DS:000D

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

DS:0006 DS:000E
DS:0007 DS:000F

XI Results (Program code with output)

XII Conclusion:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

XIII Practical related questions

(Use blank space provided for answers or attach more pages if needed)
1. Which procedure have been used in your program (Near or Far)?
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Write the content of Instruction pointer IP before and after the execution of CALL
instruction.……………………………………………………………………………………………
.………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………
3. What are the advantages of using procedure?
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Write an ALP to find smallest number from the array of 10 numbers using procedure.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
5. Differentiate between near and far proceudre.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 79

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XIV References/Suggestions for further reading
1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/

XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (10) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 80

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Practical No. 18: ALP to perform arithmetic operations on given numbers using
macro
I Practical Significance
In assembly language programs, small program codes of the same pattern are frequently occurring
at different places of the program which perform the same operation on the different data of the same
data type. Such repeated code can be written separately as a macro. The process of defining macros
and using them to simplify the programming process is known as macros programming. Hence,
students will be able to use macro in assembly language program.
II Industry/Employer Expected outcome(s)
Develop assembly language programs using 8086
III Course Level Learning outcome(s)
CO 5- Use procedures and micros to develop an assembly language program for a given problem.
IV Laboratory Learning outcome(s)
LLO.18.1. Use assembler directives MACRO and ENDM to write the macros using parameters.
LLO.18.2. Write an assembly language program using macro to perform for addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
LLO.18.3. Write an assembly language program using macro to solve equation such as Z =
(A+B)* (C+D).
V Relevant Affective Domain Related Outcomes
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices.
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
When assembler encounters a macro name later in the source code, the block of code associated
with the macro name is substituted or expanded at the point of call, known as macro expansion.
Hence macro is called as open subroutine. Macros should be used when its body has a few
program statements; otherwise, the machine code of the program will be large on account of the
same code being repeated in the position where macros are used. The directive MACRO and
ENDM must enclose the definition, declarations, or a small part of the code which have to be
substituted at the invocation of the macro. The macro should be start with directive MACRO and
end with ENDM directive.
Syntax:
macro_name MACRO [macro variables separated by colon]
:
:
:
ENDM

VII Required resources

S. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity Remarks
No.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 81

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

1. Desktop PC Pentium IV or above with 1 No. Whichever is available

Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor /Group
2. Editor MS-DOS EDIT or Notepad 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
3. Assembler MASM or TASM 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
4. Linker LINK or TLINK 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group
5. Debugger Debug or TD 1 No. Whichever is available
/Group

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Handle computer system and peripherals with care.
2. Follow safety practices.
IX Procedure
1. Write algorithm and draw flow-chart for given program (Use blank space provided or attach
more pages if needed).
2. Double clip on DOSBOX TASM 1.4 icon.
3. Type edit filename.asm on DOS prompt and press Enter Key
4. Type the program and save on disk.
5. Once the assembly language program is created, then type tasm filename.asm on the command
prompt and press Enter Key to create filename.obj file
6. Type tlink filename.obj or tlink filename on command prompt and press Enter Key to create
filename .exe file.
7. Finally, type debug filename.exe or td filename.exe on the command prompt and press Enter
Key to debug your program step by step.
8. Observe the contents of registers, memory location used and status of flags.
X Observations
1. Observe and write the contents of Register using debugger TD or Debug
Table 18.1: Contents of Registers
Registers Flag Register
Before After
AX Carry Flag CF
BX Zero Flag ZF
CX Sign Flag SF
DX Overflow Flag OF
SI Parity Flag PF
DI Auxiliary Carry Flag AF
BP Interrupt Flag IF
SP Direction Flag DF
DS
ES
SS
CS
IP

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

2. Observe and write the contents of memory location in Data Segment using debugger TD or Debug
Table 18.2: Contents of memory location in Data Segment
Address Contents Address Contents
DS:0000 DS:0008
DS:0001 DS:0009
DS:0002 DS:000A
DS:0003 DS:000B
DS:0004 DS:000C
DS:0005 DS:000D
DS:0006 DS:000E
DS:0007 DS:000F

XI Results (Program code with output)

(Note: Write a program and output assigned by teacher)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

XII Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………….…………………………………………………………………………

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 83

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321
XIII Practical related Questions
(Use blank space provide for answers or attached more pages if needed)
1. State the advantages and disadvantages using macro.
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
2. State the function of directive MACRO and ENDM.
……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
3. Write an ALP to perform y=a2+b2+c2 using macro to compute square.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Write ALP using macro to perform multiplication of two 8 bit unsigned numbers.
………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

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Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

5. Compare Procedure and Macro.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………

XIV References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.elprocus.com/8086-assembly-language-programs-explanation/
2. http://mysc.altervista.org/beginners-guide-8086/
3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/assembly_programming/
XV Assessment Scheme (25 Marks)
Performance Indicators Weightage
Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1. Use editor to create assembly language program file. 20%
2. Use assembler and linker to create .exe file 20%
3. Use debugger in single step mode to locate/trace the errors and correcting 20%
the errors
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
4. Practical related questions 15%
5. Expected Output/Observation 15%
6. Completion and submission of practical in time 10%
Total (25 Marks) 100%

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Related (15) Product Related (10) Total (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 85

Microprocessor Programming Course Code: 314321

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ Scheme) 86