Experiment: Any trial with multiple

possible outcomes.

Sample Space (S): Set of all possible

outcomes.

Event (E): Subset of the sample space

(favorable outcomes).

Outcome: Individual element of the

Answer: 5/10 or 1/2
sample space.
Q1: A bag contains 5 red, 3 green, and 2
Concept: Classical probability blue balls. What's the probability of
Probability (P): Likelihood of an event
drawing a red ball?
occurring, 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.
Trick: Count favorable outcomes (red
Fundamental Definitions:
balls) and total outcomes (all balls) Mutually Exclusive Events: Cannot occur
Classical Probability:
simultaneously.
Answer: 8/52 or 2/13
Non-Mutually Exclusive Events: Can occur
Q2: A card is drawn from a well-shuffled
Concept: Classical probability and mutually together.
deck. What's the probability of getting a
exclusive events
king or a queen?
Complementary Events: Opposite of each
Trick: Add probabilities of separate other.
events (kings and queens) since they can't
happen together Independent Events: Do not affect each
other's probability.
Answer: 1/4
Q3: A coin is tossed twice. What's the Dependent Events: Affect each other's
Concept: Mutually exclusive events probability of getting two heads or two probability.
tails?
Trick: Add probabilities of separate
events (two heads and two tails) since Classical Probability: P(E) = n(E) / n(S)
they can't occur together Mutually Exclusive Events: (favorable outcomes / total outcomes)

Answer: 2/3 Mutually Exclusive Events: P(A ∪ B) =

Q4: A student can choose one elective
P(A) + P(B)
from history, geography, or economics.
probability class 11
Concept: Mutually exclusive events
What's the probability of choosing history
Non-Mutually Exclusive Events: P(A ∪ B)
or geography?
Trick: Add probabilities of separate = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
events (history and geography)
Important Questions with
Subpoints, Answers, Concepts, Key Formulas: Complementary Event: P(A') = 1 - P(A)
Answer: 13/52 * 13/51 or 1/17 and Tricks:
Q5: Two cards are drawn from a deck Conditional Probability: P(B|A) = P(A ∩ B)
Concept: Conditional probability (second without replacement. What's the / P(A)
card depends on the first) probability of getting a heart followed by
a spade? Independent Events: P(A ∩ B) = P(A) *
Trick: Multiply probabilities of P(B)
events, considering the reduced sample
space for the second card Non-Mutually Exclusive Events: Bayes' Theorem: P(A|B) = P(B|A) * P(A) /
P(B)
Answer: 1 - 4/10 * 3/9 = 4/5
Q6: A box contains 4 red and 6 blue
balls. Two balls are drawn randomly.
Concept: Complementary events Use Venn diagrams to visualize
What's the probability of getting at least
relationships.
one blue ball?
Trick: Calculate the probability of the
opposite event (no blue balls) and subtract Remember P(S) = 1 and P(Ø) = 0.
from 1
Check for mutually exclusive or non-
Answer: 0.5 * 0.8 = 0.4 mutually exclusive events.
Q7: A student studies for 50% of exams Tricks & Tips:
and passes 80% of those studied for.
Concept: Conditional probability Use the complement rule P(A') = 1 - P(A).
What's the probability of passing a
randomly selected exam?
Trick: Use P(B|A) = P(A ∩ B) / P(A) Break down complex events into simpler
formula ones.
Conditional Probability:
Answer: 0.05 * 0.05 = 0.0025 Practice diverse problems.
Q8: A machine produces defective items
Concept: Independent events (assuming with a 5% probability. What's the
defects don't affect each other) probability of two consecutive items being
defective?
Trick: Multiply probabilities of
independent events