Math 140 sections 8.1−8.

Sec 8.1, 8.2:

1. Prove that T 2 is a linear transformation if T is a linear transformation.
Solution: Let V be the vector space on R. For a fixed u, v ∈ V and c ∈ R,

T 2 (u + v) = T (T (u + v)) = T (T (u) + T (v)) = T (T (u)) + T (T (v)) = T 2 (u) + T 2 (v).

and
T 2 (cu) = T (T (cu)) = T (cT (u)) = cT (T (u)) = cT 2 (u).
Therefore, T 2 is a linear transformation.

2. Which of the following transformations is not linear? Justify your answer. The input
vector is v = (v1 , v2 ).

(a) T (v) = (v2 , v1 ).

Solution: T is linear. For u = (u1 , u2 ), v = (v1 , v2 ) and c ∈ R,

T (u + v) = T (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 ) = (u2 + v2 , u1 + v1 ) = (u2 , u1 ) + (v2 , v1 ) = T (u) + T (v),

T (cu) = (cu2 , cu1 ) = c(u2 , u1 ) = cT (u).

(b) T (v) = (0, v1 ).

Solution: T is linear. For u = (u1 , u2 ), v = (v1 , v2 ) and c ∈ R,

T (u + v) = (0, u1 + v1 ) = (0, u1 ) + (0, v1 ) = T (u) + T (v),

T (cu) = (0, cu) = c(0, u) = cT (u).

(c) T (v) = (v1 , v1 ).

Solution: T is linear. For u = (u1 , u2 ) and v = (v1 , v2 ) and c ∈ R,

T (u + v) = T [(u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 )] = (u1 + v1 , u1 + v1 ) = (u1 , u1 ) + (v1 , v1 ) = T (u) + T (v)

T (cu) = (cu1 , cu1 ) = c(u1 , u1 ) = cT (u).

(d) T (v) = (0, 1).

Solution: T is NOT linear. Choose c = 2 and u = (1, 1).

T (2u) = (0, 1) ̸= (0, 2) = 2T (u).

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Math 140 sections 8.1−8.2

3. Prove whether the following transformations are linear or not.

v
(a) T (v) = .
||v||
Solution: T is NOT linear. Choose c = 2 and any v ̸= 0.
2v 2v v
T (2v) = = = = T (v) ̸= 2T (v).
||2v|| 2||v|| ||v||

(b) T (v1 , v2 , v3 ) = (v1 , 2v2 , 3v3 ).

Solution: T is linear. For u = (u1 , u2 ), v = (v1 , v2 ) and c ∈ R,

T (u + v) = (u1 + v1 , 2(u2 + v2 ), 3(u3 + v3 ))

= (u1 + v1 , 2u2 + 2v2 , 3u3 + 3v3 )
= (u1 , 2u2 , 3u3 ) + (v1 , 2v2 , 3v3 )
= T (u) + T (v)

and
T (cu) = (cv1 , 2cv2 , 3cv3 ) = c(v1 , 2v2 , 3v3 ) = cT (u).

(c) T (v1 , v2 , v3 ) = v1 + v2 + v3 .
Solution: T is linear. For u = (u1 , u2 ), v = (v1 , v2 ) and c ∈ R,

T (u + v) = u1 + v1 + u2 + v2 + u3 + v3
= (u1 + u2 + u3 ) + (v1 + v2 + v3 )
= T (u) + T (v).

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Math 140 sections 8.1−8.2

4. Suppose a linear T transforms (1, 1) to (2, 2) and (2, 0) to (0, 0). Find T (v) when

(a) v = (2, 2)
 
a b
Solution: The 2 × 2 matrix [T ] = is such that
c d
       
1 2 2 0
[T ] = and [T ] =
1 2 0 0

Thus, ( (
a+b=2 c+d=2
and .
2a = 0 2c = 0
 
0 2
We have [T ] = .
0 2
    
0 2 2 4
T (2, 2) = = .
0 2 2 4
Therefore T (2, 2) = (4, 4).

(b) v = (3, 1)
Solution: We have     
0 2 3 2
T (3, 1) = =
0 2 1 2
. Therefore T (3, 1) = (2, 2)

(c) v = (−1, 1)
Solution: We have     
0 2 −1 2
T (−1, 1) = = .
0 2 1 2
Therefore T (−1, 1) = (2, 2).

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Math 140 sections 8.1−8.2

5. Consider the following bases for R2 :

       
1 2 1 −1
βV = , , βW = ,
−1 3 2 3
 
1
(a) Write the vector x = (given in the standard basis) in terms of the input basis
4
βV . These coordinates are d1 and d2 .
Solution:
We want to find d1 , d2 such that
     
1 2 1
d1 + d2 =
−1 3 4
Let 
1 2
V = .
−1 3
Thus     
1 2 d1 1
Vd= = .
−1 3 d2 4
      
d1 −1 3/5 −2/5 1 −1
=V x= =
d2 1/5 1/5 4 1
Therefore d1 = −1 and d2 = 1.
(b) Find the change of basis matrix that will find the coordinates of x in the output
basis βW using the formula V d = W c. What are the new coordinates of x in the
output basis?
Solution:      
1 2 d1 1 −1 c1
Vd= = = Wc
−1 3 d2 2 3 c2
Therefore,
c = W −1 V d,
and thus, the change of basis matrix is
    
−1 3/5 1/5 1 2 2/5 9/5
W V = =
−2/5 1/5 −1 3 −3/5 −1/5
The new coordinates of x are
    
2/5 9/5 −1 7/5
= .
−3/5 −1/5 1 2/5
 
4
(c) Consider y = using coordinates in the basis βV . Use your matrix from Part
−1
(b) to write y in terms of the output basis βW .
Solution:     
2/5 9/5 4 −1/5
yW = =
−3/5 −1/5 −1 −11/5

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Math 140 sections 8.1−8.2

6. Change of basis.
       
1 2 0 1
(a) What matrix transforms to and transforms to ?
0 5 1 3
Solution:  
2 1
[T ] =
5 3

       
2 1 1 0
(b) What matrix transforms to and transforms to ?
5 0 3 1
Solution: It is the inverse ot [T ] in item (a).
 
3 −1
M=
−5 2

       
2 1 1 0
(c) Why does no matrix transform to and to ?
6 0 3 1
   
2 1
Solution: Because and are not linearly independent.
6 3