Industrial Biomedical

Systems

Chapter 1
Introduction to Control Systems

Dr. Fatma M. Talaat

 Course Objectives

The course includes the following topics:

• Studying various control systems.
• The student will be able to find out various bio-control systems.
• The technologies involved to design Mathematical models of physical systems, Transfer
functions;
• Block diagram algebra, Signal flow graphs, Feedback characteristics of control systems;
Control systems and components; DC and AC servomotors and Principles of stepper
motors.
• Creating models of biological systems and determine response in for a control system.

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 Contents

1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Control Systems

2. Chapter 2: Types of Control Systems

3. Chapter 3: The relationship between control systems and bio-artificial intelligence (bio-
AI)

4. Chapter 4: Control of Biological Systems

5. Chapter 5: Transfer Functions

6. Chapter 6: Block Diagrams and Signal Flow Graphs

7. Chapter 7: Feedback Control Systems

Chapter 1: Introduction to Control
Systems

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 Contents

1. What Are Control Systems?

2. The Importance of Control Systems

3. How are control systems used?

4. Control Systems Applications in Diverse Fields

 1. What Are Control Systems?

• A Control System is a system in which the output is controlled by varying the input.

• Control systems are systems or devices designed to regulate, manage, or manipulate the behavior of
other systems or processes to achieve desired outcomes or performance objectives.

• These systems are used in various fields and applications to ensure that a system's output or behavior
conforms to specific requirements, maintains stability, and responds to changes or disturbances as
needed.
 1. What Are Control Systems?

Components and concepts of control systems include:

1. Input: This is the reference or desired value that the control system aims to achieve or maintain. It
represents the target state or output of the system.

2. Controller: The controller is a central component of the control system responsible for processing
information and making decisions based on the difference (error) between the desired output and the actual
output of the system. It determines the control actions needed to minimize this error.

3. Process: The process is the system or plant being controlled. It can be a physical system, a machine, a
chemical process, or any other entity whose behavior needs to be regulated.
 1. What Are Control Systems?

Components and concepts of control systems include:

4. Output: The output is the actual response or behavior of the controlled process. The goal of the control
system is to make the output as close as possible to the desired input or setpoint.

5. Feedback: Feedback is essential in control systems. It involves continuously monitoring the output of the
system and comparing it to the desired input. Any discrepancies (errors) are used as feedback to adjust the
control actions, helping the system maintain the desired state.
 1. What Are Control Systems?

• There are two types of control system:

1) Open loop control system.
2) Closed loop control system.

• An
1. d robust compared to closed-loop systems
 Open-Loop Control Systems

1) Open-Loop Control Systems: In open-loop control systems, the control actions are determined solely
based on the input or setpoint. These systems do not incorporate feedback, meaning they are unable to
correct errors or respond to changes in the system's behavior. Open-loop systems are simple but less
accurate and robust compared to closed-loop systems.
 Open-Loop Control Systems

1) Open-Loop Control Systems: These control systems operate with human input. The control action is
independent of the output.

• In household use, a washing machine is an example of an open-loop system because someone needs
to make selections among the settings for it runs.

• A time-based traffic light system is an industrial example of an open-loop control system, where traffic
engineers must decide the timing for the stop, go and caution lights.
 Closed-Loop (Feedback) Control Systems

2) Closed-Loop (Feedback) Control Systems: Closed-loop control systems, also known as feedback
control systems, use feedback from the system's output to continuously adjust the control actions. This
feedback allows the system to maintain stability, accuracy, and robustness, making it suitable for
applications where precise control is required.
 Closed-Loop (Feedback) Control Systems

• These systems can be actively managed or set to operate autonomously. They use feedback signals
from the system to provide automatic control and maintain specific settings or a desired state without
human intervention. Some control loops can be switched between closed and open modes. When open,
a switchable loop is manually controlled; when closed, it can be fully automated.

• A thermostat is an example of a closed-loop system. It turns a heating system on and off based on
signals it receives from sensors that monitor air temperature. Temperature control is a particularly
important part of maintaining a proper data center environment.
 2. The Importance of Control Systems

• The importance of control systems in various fields and industries cannot be overstated. Control
systems play a crucial role in ensuring the efficiency, safety, and reliability of processes and systems.
Here are some key reasons highlighting the importance of control systems:

1) Stability and Precision: Control systems are essential for maintaining stability and precision in
processes. They ensure that systems operate within specified tolerances and produce consistent results.
This is critical in fields like manufacturing, where even small deviations can lead to defects or product
variations.

2) Error Reduction: Control systems are designed to minimize errors and discrepancies between desired
outcomes (setpoints) and actual performance. By continuously monitoring and adjusting, they help reduce
errors and improve accuracy.
 2. The Importance of Control Systems

3) Response to Changes: Control systems can adapt to changing conditions and disturbances in real-time.
Whether it's a sudden increase in load, variations in environmental factors, or system malfunctions, control
systems can respond promptly to maintain desired performance levels.

4) Automation: In industrial and manufacturing settings, control systems enable automation, reducing the
need for human intervention in routine tasks. This not only increases efficiency but also enhances safety by
minimizing exposure to hazardous environments.

5) Energy Efficiency: Control systems can optimize energy usage in various applications. They help
regulate processes to minimize energy consumption, resulting in cost savings and reduced environmental
impact.
 2. The Importance of Control Systems

6) Safety and Reliability: In critical systems like nuclear power plants, aircraft, and medical devices, control
systems are integral to ensuring safety and reliability. They can prevent catastrophic failures and mitigate
risks.

7) Consistency in Healthcare: In the healthcare sector, control systems are used in medical devices and
drug delivery systems to ensure that treatments and interventions are administered consistently and
accurately. This is vital for patient safety and effective care.
 2. The Importance of Control Systems

8) Enhanced Product Quality: Control systems are used in quality control and assurance processes to
monitor and maintain product quality. This is crucial in industries like food production, pharmaceuticals, and
electronics manufacturing.
 2. The Importance of Control Systems

9) Improved Productivity: By automating processes and optimizing resource utilization, control systems
contribute to increased productivity and reduced operational costs.

10) Space Exploration and Aviation: In aerospace and space exploration, control systems are responsible
for guiding spacecraft, aircraft, and rockets. They ensure precision in navigation and flight control, enabling
safe and successful missions.

11) Environmental Control: Control systems are used to regulate and maintain environmental conditions in
buildings, data centers, and greenhouses. This contributes to energy efficiency and occupant comfort.
 2. The Importance of Control Systems

12) Biomedical Applications: Control systems are vital in medical equipment such as ventilators, infusion
pumps, and dialysis machines. They help ensure that these devices operate safely and effectively, directly
impacting patient outcomes.

13) Process Optimization: Control systems enable process optimization in chemical, petrochemical, and
manufacturing industries. This leads to increased production efficiency and reduced waste.
 3. How are control systems used?

Control systems are used to enhance production, efficiency and safety in many industries:
○ 1. Agriculture.
○ 2. Chemical plants.
○ 3. Pulp and paper mills.
○ 4. Industrial and manufacturing quality control.
○ 5. Boiler controls and power plant operations.
○ 6. Environmental control.
○ 7. Water and sewage treatment plants.
○ 8. Food processing.
○ 9. Metal and mines.
○ 10. Pharmaceutical manufacturing.
○ 11. Sugar refining.
 3. How are control systems used?

The following are specific examples of where control systems are used in industrial processes:
○
○ - Boiler controls in heating and power plant systems.
○ - Pipeline monitoring.
○ - Water distribution systems.
○ - Wastewater treatment systems.
○ - Electricity distribution systems.
 4. Control Systems Applications in Diverse Fields

Control systems have diverse applications across numerous fields, contributing to enhanced
performance, efficiency, and safety. Here's a brief overview of their applications:

1. Industrial Automation: Control systems optimize manufacturing processes, ensuring precise and
consistent production in industries ranging from automotive to food processing.

2. Automotive: They manage engine performance, stability, and safety in vehicles, enhancing driving
experience and fuel efficiency.

3. Aerospace: Control systems are critical for flight control, navigation, and stability in aircraft, spacecraft,
and drones.
 4. Control Systems Applications in Diverse Fields

4. Environmental Control: They regulate heating, cooling, and air quality in buildings, as well as
environmental processes like wastewater treatment and pollution control.

5. Energy Sector: Control systems optimize power generation, distribution, and renewable energy
integration for efficient and reliable energy production.

6. Robotics and Automation: They drive industrial robots, medical robots, and automated machinery,
revolutionizing manufacturing and healthcare.

7. Biomedical Engineering: Control systems are integral in medical devices, prosthetics, and
biomechanical research, improving healthcare and quality of life.
 4. Control Systems Applications in Diverse Fields

8. Telecommunications: They manage data networks, ensuring efficient data transmission in wired and
wireless communication systems.

9. Space Exploration: Control systems enable precise maneuvers, data collection, and navigation in
spacecraft, rovers, and telescopes.

10. Agriculture: Control systems optimize agricultural processes, promoting precision farming and resource
conservation.

11. Entertainment Electronics: They control audio, video, and lighting systems in home theaters, gaming
consoles, and entertainment venues.
 4. Control Systems Applications in Diverse Fields

12. Environmental Conservation: Control systems play a role in water treatment, renewable energy
integration, and reducing environmental impact.
Thanks!
Any questions?

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