Problem Solving on D.

C Machines
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December 19, 2017

Introduction

In this lecture some typical problems on D.C machines are worked out not only to solve the
problems only but also to bring out important features of the motors involving its
performance. To begin with few problems on d.c motors have been solved and then
problems on generator are taken up. For a beginner, it is suggested to follow the following
guidelines for successful completion of the problem.

1. Read the problem and note down the informations provided about the motor.
2. In general, some initial steady operating conditions are given in terms of armature
current, field current, speed etc.
3. Draw a circuit diagram showing the initial variable values.
4. Write down the back emf equation and the torque equation for the initial operating
point, it is reiterated here that these two equations hold the key for the gateway of
correct solution.
5. In the statement of the problem, with respect to the initial operating point, some
variable (like, armature resistance, field resistance, load torque, armature applied
voltage etc.) will be changed and you will be asked perhaps to calculate new
armature current, speed etc.
6. Assume the variables to be calculated and write down once again the back emf
equation and the torque equation for the new operating point.
7. You have now four equations – 2 corresponding to initial operating point and the
other 2 corresponding to the new operating point.
8. Take the ratio of the torque equations and the ratio of back emf equations.
9. Solve from the above equations the unknown.

Let us now solve some problems on shunt, separately excited and series motors.

Shunt motor problems

1. A 220 V shunt motor has armature and field resistance of 0.2 Ω and 220 Ω respectively.
The motor is driving a constant load torque and running at 1000 rpm drawing 10 A current
from the supply. Calculate the new speed and armature current if an external armature
resistance of value 5 Ω is inserted in the armature circuit. Neglect armature reaction and
saturation.

The circuit diagram of the shunt motor is:

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For initial operating point: I L1 = 10 A, ra = 0.2 Ω and supply voltage V = 220 V.

Field cur rent I f1 = 220/220 A = 1A

Armature cur rent Ia1 = 10A – 1A = 9A

Now we write down the expressions for the torque and back emf.

Since field resistance remains unchanged I f2 = If1 = 1 A. Let the new steady armature
current be Ia2 and the new speed be n2. In this new condition the torque and back emf
equations are

Taking the ratios of T e2 and T e1 we get,

Now taking the ratio emfs we get,

It may be noted that, for constant load torque the

steady state armature current does not change with
change in the value of the armature resistance. Let us
consider the next problem whose data are similar to the
first problem except the fact that load torque is a function
of speed.

2. A 220 V shunt motor has armature and

field resistances of 0.2 Ω and 220 Ω
respectively. The motor is driving load
torque, TL ∝ n 2 and running at 1000 rpm drawing 10 A
current from the supply. Calculate the new speed and
armature current if an external armature resistance of
value 5 Ω is inserted in the armature circuit. Neglect
armature reaction and saturation.

Solution

The field current and armature currents corresponding

to the initial operating point are

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If1 = 1 A and I a1 = 9 A

Now torque and back emf equations are:

Let the new steady state armature current be I a2 and the new speed be n2. In this new
condition the torque and back emf equations are

Taking the ratios of T e2 and T e1 we get,

Taking the ratios of E b2 and E b1 we get,

simplification results into the following quadratic

equation:

3. Initially a d.c shunt motor having ra = 0.5 Ω and R f = 220 Ω is running at 1000 rpm
drawing 20 A from 220 V supply. If the field resistance is increased by 5%, calculate the
new steady state armature current and speed of the motor. Assume the load torque to be
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constant.

Solution

As usual let us begin the solution by drawing the shunt motor diagram.

For initial operating point: I L1 = 20 A, r a = 0.5 Ω and supply voltage V = 220 V.

Field cur rent I f1 = 220/220 A = 1 A

Armature cur rent Ia1 = 20 A – 1 A = 19 A

Now we write down the expressions for the torque and back emf corresponding to the
initial condition.

In this problem the field Resistance is changed and new value of field resistance is Rf2 =
1.05 × 220 = 231 Ω. So new field current is I f 2 = 222/301 = 0.95 A. Let the new steady
state armature current be Ia2 and the new speed be n2. Since load torque remains constant,
we have:

To calculate the new speed n2, we have to calculate the new

back emf:

Problems on Series Motor

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The steps to solve a series motor problem are δ similar to that of solving a shunt motor
problem. One has to write down the torque equations and back emf equations
corresponding to steady state operating points as before. However, the following points,
which distinguishes a series motor from a shunt motor should be carefully noted.

1. Field coil being in series with the armature, in general field current If and armature
current Ia are same.
2. The field coil resistance r se of a series motor is low and is of the order of armature
resistance ra.
3. The back emf can be calculated as E b = V – I a(rse + r a)
4. The back emf Eb is also given by: Eb = kφn = k gIfn if saturation is neglected. = k gIan
5. Torque developed by the motor is given by: T e = kφIa = k ′I f Ia if saturation is
neglected. KtIa2
6. One should be careful for situations when field current and armature current may not
be same. One such situation occurs when a diverter resistance is connected across
the field coil for controlling speed.

1. A 220 V d.c series motor has armature and field resistances of 0.15 Ω and 0.10 Ω
respectively. It takes a current of 30 A from the supply while running at 1000 rpm. If an
external resistance of 1 Ω is inserted in series with the motor, calculate the new steady
state armature current and the speed. Assume the load torque remains constant.

Solution

The problem has first been be pictured in the following figure 41.3.

Figure 41.3:

Since the load torque remains constant in both

the cases, we have:

Now equations involving back emfs:

In the second case:

Thus taking the ratio of Eb2 and Eb1 we get:

2. A 220 V d.c series motor has armature and

field resistances of 0.15 Ω and 0.10 Ω
respectively. It takes a current of 30 A from the
supply while running at 1000 rpm. If an external
resistance of 1 Ω is inserted in series with the
motor, calculate the new steady state armature
current and the speed. Assume the load torque
is proportional to the square of the speed i.e., TL ∝ n 2.

Solution

This problem is same as the first one except for the fact load torque is not constant but
proportional to the square of the speed. Thus:

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Ratio of back emfs give:

Next let us solve a problem when a diverter resistance is

connected across the field coil.

3. A 220 V d.c series motor has armature and field

resistances of 0.15 Ω and 0.10 Ω respectively. It takes a
current of 30 A from the supply while running at 1000rpm.
If a diverter resistance of 0.2 Ω is
connected across the field coil of
the motor, calculate the new steady
state armature current and the
speed. Assume the load torque
remains constant.

Solution

Following figure 41.4 shows the 2

cases in which the motor operate.

Figure 41.4:

In the second case it may be noted that

If2 ≠ Ia2. In fact, I f2 is a fraction of I a2.
Since the field coil and diverter are
connected in parallel we have:

Since load torque remains constant, we

have:

Now we calculate the back emfs:

In the second case:

Thus taking the ratio of Eb2 and Eb1 we get:

D.C g enerator problems

1. The following data refer to the O.C.C of a D.C separately

excited generator at 1000 rpm.

Field current i 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
n A: 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

Armature volt 5 40 75 100 124 145 162 178

age in V: 188 195 200 205

The machine is now connected as a shunt

generator with a total field resistance of 200 Ω and
driven at 1000 rpm. Estimate graphically: (i) the
voltage to which the generator will build up at no load. (ii) the armature, field and load
currents when the terminal voltage is found to be 150 V. Neglect the effect of armature
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reaction and brush drop and assume armature resistance ra to be 0.8 Ω. (iii) Finally
estimate the steady state armature
current when the machine terminals are
shorted.

Solution

First of all the OCC of the generator is

plotted in a graph paper as shown in
figure 41.5.

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(i) The total field circuit resistance is given to be R f = 200 Ω. The Rf line is now drawn on
the same graph paper passing through the origin. The point of intersection of the Rf line
and the OCC decides the final no load voltage and can be read from the graph as 192 V
and the corresponding field current is 0.96 A.

(ii) Since the terminal voltage V is 150 V(= BM), field current If is OM = 0.77 A. Generated
voltage E is given by AM. But we know E = Iara + V. Hence I ara = E – V = AM – BM = AB.
Now from the graph AB = 25 V. ∴Ia = 25/0.8 = 31.25 A. So load current IL = I a – I f = 31.25
– 0.77 = 30.48 A. Various currents are shown in the circuit diagram (figure 41.6).

Operation of d.c machine connected to d.c bus (fixed d.c voltage)

Generally a d.c machine connected to fixed voltage source is expected to operate as a

motor drawing current from the source as shown in figure 41.7 (a). However, the same
machine may operate as a generator as well feeding power to the d.c bus as shown in
figure 41.7 (b). That it will act as a motor or generator is decided by the fact whether the
generated emf E of the machine is less than or more than the supply voltage V. In figure
41.7 (a), E < V so armature will draw current given by Ia = (V – E)/ra and the machine acts
as motor.

However by some means if E could be made

greater than the supply voltage V, the direction of
armature current will be reversed and its value is
given by Ia = (E – V)/r a i.e., a current IL = Ia – I f will
be fed to the supply and the machine will act as a
generator. Of course to achieve this, one has to
remove the mechanical load from the shaft and
run it at higher speed with a prime mover to
ensure E > V. Remember E being equal to k g If n
and If held constant, one has to increase speed
so as to make E more than V. The following
problem explains the above operation,

2. A 200 V, d.c shunt machine has an armature

resistance of 0.5 Ω and field resistance of 200 Ω. The
machine is running at 1000 rpm as a motor drawing 31
A from the supply mains. Calculate the speed at which
the machine must be driven to achieve this as
generator.

Solution

First draw the circuit diagrams showing the motoring

and generating mode of operation indicating the
currents and their directions as in figure 41.8.

For motor mode:

Current drawn from supply, I L = 31 A

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Figure 41.8:

Field current, I f = 2 00/200 = 1A

Armature current, Ia1 = 31 – 1 = 30 A

Back emf, E b = 200 – 30 × 0.5

or, kIf n1 = 185 V

Since speed, n1 = 1 000 rpm

so, k × 1 × 1000 = 185 V

Similarly for generator mode:

Current fed to supply, I L = 31 A

Field current, I f = 2 00/200 = 1A

Armature, Ia2 = 31 + 1 = 3 2 A

Generated emf, Eg = 200 + 32 × 0.5

or, k I f n2 = 216V wher e n2 is the unknown speed

Now taking the ratio of E g and E b we get:

Related Document: PPT - DC Machines

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