Problem solving on Transformers

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December 20, 2017

Introduction

In this lesson some typical problems on transformer are solved with emphasis on logical
steps involved. For a practical two winding transformer, the knowledge of approximate
equivalent circuit is of utmost importance in order to predict its performance. Equivalent
circuit parameters are either supplied directly or indirectly in terms of O.C and S.C test data.
The first problem enumerates in detail how to get the equivalent circuit parameters from
test data. The importance of the side (LV or HV) in which calculations are carried out is
highlighted. The second problem, in fact, is an extension of the first problem. Calculation of
regulation, efficiency and maximum efficiency are dealt with in these problems.

Next few problems highlight the basic calculation steps involved in ideal 3-phase
transformer and ideal auto transformer since the equivalent circuit of these transformers
are outside the scope of first year electrical technology course.

Problems on 2 winding single phase transformers

1. The O.C and S.C test data are given below for a single phase, 5 kVA, 200V/400V, 50Hz
transformer.

O.C test from LV side : 200V 1.25A 150W

S.C test from HV side : 20VV 12.5A 175W

Draw the equivalent circuit of the transformer (i) referred to LV side and (ii) referred to HV
side inserting all the parameter values.

Solution

Let us represent LV side parameters with suffix 1 and HV side parameters with suffix 2.

Computation with O.C test data

Let us show the test data in the approximate equivalent circuit (Figure 28.1) of the
transformer as given below. Due to the fact that the HV side is open circuited, there will be
no current in the branch re1 +jx e1 . So entire power of 150W is practically dissipated in Rc l1.
The no load current I01 = 1.25 A is divided into: magnetizing component I m1 and core loss
component Icl1 as depicted in the phasor diagram figure 28.1.

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Figure 28.1: O.C equivalent circuit and phasor
diagram.

After knowing the value of cos θ o and sin θ o and

referring to the no load phasor diagram, Im1 and I cl1
can be easily calculated as follows.

Magnetizing component I m1 = I 01 sin θ o

= 1.25 × 0.8

∴I m1 = 1A

core loss component, I cl1 = I01 cos θ o

= 1.25 × 0.6

∴I cl1 =
0.75A

Thus the parallel branch

parameters X m1 and R cl1 can be
calculated.

It may be noted that from the O.C test data we

can get the parallel branch impedances namely
the magnetizing reactance and the resistance
representing the core loss referred to the side
where measurements have been taken.

Computation with S.C test data

Since the test has been carried out

from the HV side with LV side
shorted, we draw the equivalent
circuit referred to the HV side as
shown in figure 28.2. Parameter
values are denoted by using suffix
2. Important point to note here is the absence of the parallel branch. The reason being, the
voltage applied during S.C test is quite low causing a low flux level. Hence magnetizing and
core loss component of currents will be pretty small compared to the rated current flowing
through re2 + jx e2 . In this case, power drawn from the supply gets practically dissipated in
winding resistances i.e., re2.

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Calculation of series parameters is
rather simple and as follows.

Although calculation of parameters

from the test results are over, it is
very important to note that parallel
branch parameters have been
obtained referred to LV side and series branch
parameters have been obtained referred to HV side.
However to draw a meaningful equivalent circuit referred
to a particular side, all the parameters are to be
represented/calculated referred to that side.

Equivalent circuit referred LV side

The parallel branch parameters R cl1 = 266.67Ω and X m1 =

200Ω have already been calculated wrt
LV side. Naturally no further
transformations are necessary.
However, series parameters re2 and xe2
have been calculated above from test
data. So we need to calculate re1 and xe1
in order to correctly represent the
equivalent circuit referred to primary
side.

Turns ratio, a = 200/400 = 0.5

but we know, r e1 = a2 re2

and x e1 = a2 xe2

Thus r e1 = 0.52 × 1.12 = 0.28Ω

and x e1 = 0.52 × 1.14 = 0.285Ω

So the equivalent circuit referred to LV side can now be drawn showing all the parameter
values as shown below in figure 28.3.

Equivalent circuit referred HV side

Here we note that series parameters referred

to HV side are already known to be re2 = 1.12Ω
and xe2 = 1.14Ω. However, the parallel branch
parameters are to be transformed as follows.

Turns ratio, a = 0.5

but we know, Rc l2 = Rcl1 /a2

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 and Xm2 = Xm1/a 2

Thus, R cl2 = 266.67/0.52 = 1066.68Ω

and X m2 = 200/0.5 2 = 800Ω

We are now in a position to draw the equivalent circuit of the same transformer referred to
the HV side as shown in figure 28.4.

After getting the equivalent circuit, regulation, efficiency of the transformer can be
predicted under various loading conditions. Solution of the next problem shows how
equivalent circuit can be used to predict the performance,

2. For the same transformer (single phase, 5 kVA, 200V/400V, 50 Hz) of problem 1, the
equivalent circuit of which is known, calculate the following:

i. the efficiency of the transformer at 75% loading with load power factor = 0.7

ii. At what load or kVA the transformer is to be

operated for maximum efficiency? Also
calculate the value of maximum efficiency.

iii. The regulation of the transformer at full load

0.8 power factor lag. iv. What should be the
applied voltage to the LV side when the
transformer delivers rated current at 0.7 power
factor lagging, at a terminal voltage of 400 V?

Solution

i. From the test data of the previous problem, we have:

Full load kVA rating, S = 5kVA

Core loss at rated voltage & frequency, P core = 150W

Full load copper loss, P cu = 175W

75% loading means, x = 0.75

load power factor, cos θ = 0.7

∴ % efficiency, η = 91.35%

ii. We know maximum efficiency occurs

when x2Pcu = Pcore , where Pcu is the full
load copper loss and Pcore is the iron loss.
Now Pcu = 175 W and Pcore = 120 W.

Per unit value of loading for η max is x =

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 ∴ x = 0.83

Thus the load for η max =xS

= 0.83 × 5kVA

∴ the required load for η max = 4.15kVA

iii. To calculate the regulation of the transformer at load current I 2 and load power factor
cos θ, we use the following formula in terms of HV side parameters.

iv. It is interesting to note that the difference between the reflected primary supply voltage
magnitude V1' and the secondary load terminal voltage magnitude V 2 is the numerator of
the regulation formula used above.

Remember V 1' represents the

applied voltage to LV calculated in
terms of HV side. So the magnitude
of the actual voltage to be applied
across the primary is:

V1 = a V 1'

= 0.5 × 419.92
∴ V1 = 210 V

Problems on 3-phase ideal transformer

It may be recalled that one can make a 3-phase transformer by using a bank of three
numbers of identical single phase transformers or a single unit of a 3-phase transformers.

1. Three single phase ideal transformers, each of rating 5kVA, 200V/400V, 50 Hz are
available.

a) The LV sides are connected in star and HV sides are connected in delta. What line to line
3-phase voltage should be applied and what will be the corresponding HV side line to line
voltage will be? Also calculate and show the line and phase current magnitudes in both LV
& HV sides corresponding to rated condition.

b) The LV sides are connected in delta and HV sides are connected in delta. What line to
line 3-phase voltage should be applied and what will be the corresponding HV side line to
line voltage will be? Also calculate and show the line and phase current magnitudes in both
LV & HV sides corresponding to rated condition.
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Solution

Here the idea is not to exceed the voltage and current rating of HV and LV coils of each
single phase transformer. Now for each transformer having rating 5 kVA, 200V/100V, 50
Hz we have:

Rated voltage of each HV coil is = 200V

Rated voltage of each LV coil is = 100V

Phase turns ratio is a ph = 200/100 = 2

Rated current of each HV coil is = 5000/200 = 25A

Rated current of each LV coil is = 5000/100 = 50A

Solution of (a)

In this case HV sides are connected in star and LV sides are connected in delta as shown
in figure 28.5. Thus line to line voltage to be applied to HV side must not exceed 200 √3 =
346.4V . This will ensure that rated voltage is applied across each of the HV coil and rated
voltage of 100 V is induced in each of the LV coil. Obviously the available line to line
voltage on the LV side will be 100 V since the coils on this side are connected in delta.

Figure 28.5: Connection of transformers for part (a).

Now the question is how much line current should be allowed

to be supplied by the LV side when balanced 3-phase load is
connected across it? The constrain is that we should not allow
overloading of any of the coils in terms of current as well. Since
rated current of each LV side coil is 50 A and the coils are
connected in delta, so the corresponding allowed line current in
the LV side will be is 50√ 3 = 86.6 A (Note: line current =√ 3 phase
current in delta connection).

But we know for any individual ideal transformer if LV coil carries

a 50 A current, the corresponding HV coil must carry a current of
50/aph = 25 A as shown in fig 28.5. Thus HV side line current drawn from the supply must
be also 25 A as these coils are connected in star (Note: line current = phase current in star
connection).

Now we are in a position to calculate the total kVA handled by the bank of 3-phase
transformer. Referring to the LV side the transformers supplies 86.6 A line current at a line
to line voltage of 100 V. Therefore, total kVA supplied is equal to Similarly total kVA drawn
from the supply is calculated as Thus we see
the total kVA becomes 3 times the individual
kVA rating of the transformers. Since the
transformers are assumed to be ideal Total kVA input = Total kVA output.
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Solution of (b)

In this case HV sides are connected in delta and LV

sides are connected in star as shown in figure 28.6. Thus line to line voltage to be applied
to HV side must not exceed 200V. This will ensure that rated voltage is applied across each
of the HV coil and rated voltage of 100 V is induced in each of the LV coils. The available
line to line voltage on the LV side will be 100√ 3 = 173.2 V since coils on this side are
connected in star.

Since LV coils are connected in star allowed line current to be delivered is 50 A. So total
kVA output is √3 ×173.2 × 50 VA = 15 kVA . In each HV coil current has to be 25 A and the
corresponding supply line current is √3 ×25= 43.3 A . Total input kVA is √3 × 200 × 43.3 VA
= 15 kVA . Distribution of phase and line currents in LV and HV sides are shown in figure
28.6.

2. Three identical single phase transformers each of rating 5 kVA, 200V/100V, 50Hz are
connected in delta-delta. Calculate what line to line voltage to be applied to the HV side?
Also find out corresponding LV side line to line voltage. Find out the kVA rating of the bank
such that none of the transformers get over loaded.

Solution

Figure 28.6: Connection of transformers

for part (b).

The connection diagram of the delta-

delta arrangement is shown in figure
28.7

Figure 28.7: Connection of transformers

for delta-delta.

As explained in the first two problems,

line to line voltage to be applied to the HV
side is 200 V because of delta
connection. Induced voltage in each coil
has to be 100 V in the LV side. Since the
LV coils are also connected in delta the
line to line voltage on the LV side is 100 V. Since coil current has to be rated values, line
currents on HV and LV sides are obtained as 43.3 A and 86.6 A. Total kVA that can be
handled by the bank is √3 × 200 × 43.3 VA = √3 ×100 × 86.6 VA = 15 kVA .

3. Two identical transformers each of rating 5 kVA, 200V/100V, 50 Hz transformers are

connected in open delta. Calculate the kVA rating of the open delta bank when HV side is
used as primary.

Solution: The relevant connection for open delta is shown in figure 28.8

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Figure 28.8: Connection of transformers
for open delta.

In open delta connection each coil is

connected across the lines; therefore, the
line to line voltage to be applied to the HV
side is 200 V. Induced voltage in the LV
coils will be 100 V. Hence line to line
voltage in the LV side is 100 V.

A careful look at the circuit in fig 28.8 shows that both HV and LV coils are in series with
the lines. Thus if we want the transformers not to be over loaded, line currents on the LV
side must be 50 A which automatically fixes the HV side line current to be 25 A.

Let us use to calculate the kVA handled by the bank of two single phase
transformers i.e;

It is interesting to note that in other types of 3-phase connection of transformers such as

star-star, star-delta, delta-delta, total kVA handled without overloading any of the
transformers is 3 times the individual rating of the transformers. This we learned while
solving previous problems where we got the total kVA as 15 kVA ( = 3× 5 kVA ) . But in
open delta connection where two single phase identical transformers each of rating 5 kVA
has been employed we note the total kVA handled is not 10 kVA ( = 2 × 5) kVA but 8.66
kVA only. Thus total kVA available as open delta is only 8.66/10×100 = 86.6% of the
installed capacity.

4. A 3-phase, 500 kVA, 6000V/400V, 50Hz, delta-star connected transformer is delivering

300 kW, at 0.8 pf lagging to a balanced 3-phase load connected to the LV side with HV side
supplied from 6000 V, 3- phase supply. Calculate the line and winding currents in both the
sides. Assume the transformer to be ideal.

Solution

First note that it is not a bank of single phase transformers. In fact it is a single unit of 3-
phase transformer with the name plate rating as 500 kVA, 6000 V/400 V, 50Hz, delta-star
connected 3-phase transformer. 500 kVA represents the total kVA and voltages specified
are always line to line. Similarly unless otherwise specified, kW rating of a 3-phase load is
the total kW absorbed by the load. The connection diagram is shown in figure 28.9.

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Figure 28.9: Connection diagram
with 3-phase load.

Noting the relation kVA, S = P / cos

θ and I = S / √3 VLL let us start out
calculation.

Load kVA =
300/0.8 = 375 kVA = input kVA

Line current drawn by the load, I 2L = 375000/ √3 × 400

I 2L = 541.3 A

Because of star connection, LV coil current = 541.3

Asince input kVA = 375 kVA

HV side line current, I1L =

∴I 1L = 36.1 A

Actual phase winding currents can also be calculated as:

LV side phase coil current = LV side line current

or, I 2ph = I2L

∴I 2ph = 541.3 A due to star connection.

HV side phase coil current = LV side line current / √3

or, I 1ph = I1L/ 3

∴I 1ph = 36.1/√ 3 = 20.8 A due to delta connection.

Problems on ideal auto transformers

Recall that an auto transformer essentially is essentially a single winding transformer with
a portion of the winding common to both supply and the load side. In contrast to a two
winding transformer it can not provide isolation between HV and LV side. Here VA is
transferred from one side to the other not only by magnetic coupling but also by electrical
conduction. Autotransformer becomes cheaper than a similarly rated two winding
transformer when the voltage transformation ratio is close to unity. A single phase two
winding transformer can be suitably connected to perform like an auto transformer.

1. A 5kVA, 200 V/ 100 V, 50 Hz, single phase ideal two winding transformer is to used to
step up a voltage of 200 V to 300 V by connecting it like an auto transformer. Show
the connection diagram to achieve this. Calculate the maximum kVA that can be
handled by the autotransformer (without over loading any of the HV and LV coil).
How much of this kVA is transferred magnetically and how much is transferred by

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 electrical conduction.

Solution

Two connect a two winding transformer as an auto transformer, it is essential to know the
dot markings on the two coils. The coils are to be now series connected appropriately so
as to identify clearly between which two terminals to give supply and between which two to
connect the load. Since the input voltage here is 200 V, supply must be connected across
the HV terminals. The induced voltage in the LV side in turn gets fixed to 100 V. But we
require 300 V as output, so LV coil is to be connected in additive series with the HV coil.
This is what has been shown in figure 28.10.

Figure 28.10: Two winding transformer as an

autotransformer.

Here the idea is not to exceed the voltage and

current rating of HV and LV coils of the two winding
transformer. Now for the transformer having rating
5 kVA, 200 V/ 100 V, 50 Hz we have:

Rated voltage of HV coil is = 200 V

Rated voltage of LV coil is = 100 V

Phase turns ratio is a = 200/100 = 2

Rated current of each HV coil is = 5000/200 = 25 A

Rated current of each LV coil is = 5000/100 = 50 A

Since the load is in series with LV coil, so load current is same as the current flowing
through the LV coil. Thus a maximum of 50 A can be drawn by the load otherwise
overloading of the coils take place.

Output kVA = 300 × 50 VA = 15 kV A

input kVA = Output kVA = 15 kVA

∵ transformer is ideal

Current drawn form the supply = 15000/200 = 75 A

Now the question is now much current is flowing in the HV coil and in which direction?
However, this is quite easy since supply and load currents are already known along with
their directions as shown in figure 28.10. Applying KCl at the junction P, we get:

Current through HV coil IHV = 75 – 50 = 25 A

The direction of I HV is obviously from top to bottom. No matter whether a two winding
transformer is used as a two winding transformer or as an autotransformer, mmf must be
balanced in the coils. If current comes out through the dot terminal in the LV coil, current
must flow in through the dot of the HV coil.

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It is important to note that as a two winding transformer, kVA handling capacity is 5 kVA,
the rating of the transformer. However, the same transformer when connected as auto
transformer, kVA handling capacity becomes 15 kVA without overloading any of the coils.

kVA transferred magnetically = kVA of either HV or LV coil

= 200 × 25 VA = 100 × 50 VA = 5 kVA

∴ kVA transferred magnetically = 5kVA

kVA transferred electrically = total kVA transferred – kVA transferred magnetically

= 15 – 5 = 10 kVA

2. An autotransformer has a coil with total number of turns NCD = 200 between terminals C
and D. It has got one tapping at A such that NAC = 100 and another tapping at B such that
NBA = 50.
Calculate currents in various parts of the circuit and show their directions when 400 V
supply is connected across AC and two resistive loads of 60Ω & 40Ω are connected across
BC and DC respectively.

Solution

Let us first draw the circuit diagram (shown in figure 28.11) as per data given in the
problem. First let us calculate the voltages applied across the loads remembering the fact
that voltage per turn in a transformer remains constant.

Supply voltage across AC, V AC = 400V

Number of turns between A & C N AC = 100

Voltage per turn = 400/100 = 4V

Voltage across the 40Ω load = NDC × Voltage per turn

= 200 × 4 = 800V
So, current through 40Ω = 800/40 = 20A

Voltage across the 60Ω load = N BC × Voltage per turn

= 150 × 4 = 600 V

So, current through 60Ω = 600/60 = 10A

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Figure 28.11: Circuit arrangement.

Total output kVA will be the simple

addition of the kVAs supplied to the loads
i,e.,

(600 × 10 + 800 × 20) VA = 22000 VA = 22

kVA

Assuming the autotransformer to be ideal,

input kVA must also be 22 kVA. We are
therefore in a position to calculate the current drawn from the supply.

Current drawn from the supply = 22000/400 = 55 A

Now we know all the load currents and the current drawn from the supply. Current
calculations in different parts of the transformer winding becomes pretty simple-one has to
apply KCL at the tap points B and A.

Current in DB part of the winding IBD = 20 A

Applying KCL at B, current in AB part IAB = 20 + 10 = 30 A

Applying KCL at A, current in AC part IAC = 55 – 30 = 25 A

It is suggested to repeat the problem if 40Ω resistor is replaced by an impedance (30 + j40)
Ω other things remaining unchanged.

Related Document: PPT - Ideal transformer

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