Computer Network

Introduction
• It is a set of computers connected together for the
purpose of sharing resources. The most common
resource shared today is connection to
the Internet.

• It enables computers to communicate with each

other and to share commands, data, etc., including
the hardware and software resources.
Client Server Model
Advantage of Computer Network
Use of Computer Network
➢ It allows you to share
resources such as
printers, scanners,
etc.
➢ You can share
expensive software
and database among
network users.
➢ It facilitates
communications
from one computer to
another computer
Types of Network
There are following different types based on
1) Size of the network
2) Connection
3)Network topology
Local area network
1) LAN: The local area network is a
computer network that operates in a
small area, i.e., it connects
computers in a small geographical
area.

Smallest network compare to other

network, also this network interconnect
less than 500 devices across several
building.
• Star ,bus, ring are some of the LAN common
topologies.
• LAN run at a speed of 10mpbs to 100 mbps.
• LAN based on Wi-Fi wireless network technology
is call wireless local area network(WLAN)
Metropolitan area network
2) MAN:A metropolitan area network is a network that
covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a
different LAN to form a larger network.

Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens

and private industries. In MAN, various LANs are
connected to each other through a telephone exchange line.

• MAN is used in communication between the banks in a

city.
• It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
• It can be used in a college within a city
 Personal Area Network
• Personal Area Network is a
network arranged within an
individual person, typically
within a range of 10 meters.

• Thomas Zimmerman was the

first research scientist to bring
the idea of the Personal Area
Network.

• Personal Area Network covers

an area of 30 feet.
Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal Area Network is
developed by simply using wireless technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth.
It is a low range network.

Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area Network is created

by using the USB
Wide Area Network
• A Wide Area Network is a
network that extends over a large
geographical area such as states or
countries.

• A Wide Area Network is quite

bigger network than the LAN.

• A Wide Area Network is not

limited to a single location, but it
spans over a large geographical
area through a telephone line,
fibre optic cable or satellite links.
Advantage of WAN
• Geographical area

• Centralized data: In case of WAN network, data is

centralized. Therefore, we do not need to buy the emails,
files or back up servers.

• Get updated files

• Exchange messages

• Sharing of software and resources

Disadvantages
• Security issue

• Needs Firewall & antivirus software: The data is

transferred on the internet which can be changed or
hacked by the hackers, so the firewall needs to be used.

• High Setup cost: An installation cost of the WAN

network is high as it involves the purchasing of routers,
switches.

• Troubleshooting problems: It covers a large area so

fixing the problem is difficult.
Topology
Topology defines the structure of the network of
how all the components are interconnected to each
other.
BUS Topology
• The bus topology is designed
in such a way that all the
stations are connected through
a single cable known as a
backbone cable.

Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop

cable or directly connected to the backbone cable.

When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a

message over the network. All the stations available in the
network will receive the message whether it has been addressed
or not.
Ring Topology
• Ring topology is like a bus topology, but
with connected ends.

• The node that receives the message from

the previous computer will retransmit to
the next node.

• The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is

unidirectional.

• The data flows in a single loop

continuously known as an endless loop.

• It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is connected to other node and having no
termination point.
Star Topology
• Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every
node is connected to the central hub, switch or a central
computer.
• The central computer is known as a server, and the peripheral
devices attached to the server are known as clients.
• Star topology is the most popular topology in network
implementation.
Tree Topology

• A tree topology is a type of structure in which all the computers are

connected with each other in hierarchical fashion.

• The top-most node in tree topology is known as a root node, and all
other nodes are the descendants of the root node.

• There is only one path exists between two nodes for the data
transmission. Thus, it forms a parent-child hierarchy.
MESH Topology
Mesh technology is an arrangement
of the network in which computers
are interconnected with each other
through various redundant
connections.

There are multiple paths from one

computer to another computer.

It does not contain the switch, hub

or any central computer which acts
as a central point of
communication.
• Mesh topology is divided into two categories:

1) Fully connected mesh topology

2) Partially connected mesh topology

• Full Mesh Topology: In a full mesh topology, each computer

is connected to all the computers available in the network.

• Partial Mesh Topology: In a partial mesh topology, not all but

certain computers are connected to those computers with
which they communicate frequently.
Hybrid Topology
The combination of various different topologies is known
as Hybrid topology.

A Hybrid topology is a connection between different links and

nodes to transfer the data.
Transmission media
• The way in which data is transmitted from one device to
another device is known as transmission media form.

• The transmission mode is also known as the communication

mode.
• Guided − In guided media, transmitted data travels through
cabling system that has a fixed path. For example, copper
wires, fibre optic wires, etc.
Unguided − In unguided media, transmitted data travels through
free space in form of electromagnetic signal. For example, radio
waves, lasers, etc.
Wired And Wireless
Technologies
In computing terminology, the term "wired" is
used to differentiate between wireless connections
and those that involve cables.

While wireless devices communicate over the

air, a wired setup uses physical cables to
transfer data between different devices and
computer systems.
 Wired Technology
Wired technology is more associated with wired communication Wired
communication refers to the transmission of data over a wire- based
communication technology.

Examples include telephone networks, cable television or internet

access, and fiber-optic communication.
Anything and everything you see around yourself having wires and uses
electricity to operate belongs to wired technology
 Wireless
Technology
The term wireless refers to the communication of information over a distance,
without requiring wires, cables or electrical conductors.

Information is transmitted through air , without requiring any cables by using

electro magnetic waves like radio frequencies, infrared, satellite etc.
Types of wired & wireless
technology
Types Wired Technology

Twisted-Pair Cable

Coaxial Cable

Fiber-Optic Cable
 Figure 7.3 Twisted-pair cable

▪ A twisted pair consists of: two insulated copper wires

in a regular spiral pattern
▪A wire pair acts as a single communication link
▪Twisted to reduce electrical interference from similar
pairs close by (more twists means better quality)
▪Used in:
▪Telephone network Between house and local exchange
(subscriber loop)

▪LAN
Twist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm

Twist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cm

Figure 7.4 UTP and STP

UTP: Unshielded Twisted Pair

STP: Shielded Twisted Pair
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Shielded Twisted Pair
▪Used for telephone wire (STP)
▪Cheapest type of cable ▪Metal braid or
▪Easiest type to be installed covering that reduces
▪Suffers from external interference
Electromagnetic (EM) ▪More expensive
interference ▪Harder to handle
(thick, heavy)
Table : Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables
 Figure 7.5 UTP connector

RJ=Registered Jack
Twisted pairs
Coaxial Cable
• used in bus technology Copper wires (braid or foil)
conductor

External coat insulating

◼ Connectors

BNC BNC-T Terminator

 Table 2 Categories of coaxial cables

Category Use
Radio
Government
RG-59 Cable TV
Thin Ethernet
RG-58
10base2
Thick Ethernet
RG-11
10base5
 Optical Fiber
◼ consists of three concentric sections
plastic jacket glass or plastic
cover
Fiber core and
clading

▪ Core: consists of one or more very thin strands or fibers made of glass or
plastic
▪ Each fiber is surrounded by its own cladding, a glass or plastic coating that has
optical properties different from the core
▪ Jacket: a plastic or other material acts as a layer to protect against moisture,
crushing, and other environmental dangers.
Fiber Optic Cable
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber - Advantages
• Greater capacity
• Data rates of hundreds of Gbps
• Smaller size & weight
• Lower attenuation (signal loss)
• Greater repeater spacing
• 10s of km at least
• No crosstalk (no light leaking)
• Electromagnetic isolation
• highly secure (no light leaking)
Optical Fiber - Disadvantages
• Not easy to install and maintain
• Unidirectional, two fibers are needed for bidirectional
• Cost: more expensive interfaces than electrical interfaces
used with other types (twisted, coaxial)
Optical Fiber - Applications
• Long-distance trunks (1500 km)
• Subscriber loops (to replace twisted pair)
• LANs (100 Mbps – 10 Gbps)
 Types of Wireless Communication

The different types of wireless communication mainly include, IR

wireless communication, satellite communication, broadcast radio,
Microwave radio, Bluetooth, etc.

1. Satellite Communication
2. Infrared Communication
3. Broadcast Radio
4. Microwave Communication
5. Wi-Fi
6. Mobile Communication Systems
7. Medical
8. Wireless Power Transfer
 1. Satellite Communication

A communications satellite is an artificial satellite

that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications
signals via a transponder;
it creates a communication channel between a
source transmitter and a receiver(s) at different
locations on Earth.
 2. Infrared Communication
Communication with the help of infrared rays

1. Security lights : Sensing

2. Burglar alarms: Sensing
3. Remote controls
4. Data links over short distances between computers or
mobile phones
 3. Broadcast Radio
Broadcast Radio is the distribution of audio content to a dispersed
audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically
one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many
model.

1. AM
2. FM
3. Pirate Radio
4. Sports , Police
 4. Microwave Communication

Microwave transmission is the transmission of information or energy by

electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths are measured in small numbers of
centimeter; these are called microwaves. ( low frequency ).

1. Used in small frequency radios.

2. Microwave oven
 Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is a low power wireless communication , that is used by various
electronic devices like smart phones, laptops, etc. In this setup, a
router works as a communication hub wirelessly.

Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity : Full form

Uses Of WI-FI

1.Share your internet

2.Share resources between PCs

3.Print & scan

4.Remote control of your entertainment system

5.Listen to music
6. Stream video
7. Play online games
8. Turn Your Smartphone into a Remote Control
9. Tether Your Smartphone to Your Computer for
Internet Anywhere : Hotspot
 Mobile Communication Systems

The advancement of mobile networks is enumerated by generations.

Many users communicate across a single frequency band through mobile
phones. Cellular and cordless phones are two examples of devices
which make use of wireless signals.

Telephony was introduced in India in 1882.

The total number of telephones in the country stands at 1002.05 million

1.2G
2.3G
3.4G
4.6G : Japan

Bluetooth NFC
 Wireless Technology In Medical Field

1) Patient Health Monitoring

2) Tele-surgery

3) Mobile wireless biosensor systems

4) Wireless tracking of patients

Wireless power transfer (WPT) or wireless energy transmission is the
transmission of electrical power from a power source to a consuming
device without using discrete manmade conductors.

1. Wireless Charging
2. Long Range Conduction