Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Faculty of Science
Department of Architecture

University Year : 2024/2025

 1-Definition

Euclidean geometry, often referred to as

"plane geometry," is the study of shapes
and the properties of natural bodies.

It is commonly represented as the

"geometry of the ruler and compass." The
objects of consideration are points,
segments, lines, and rays, along with their
respective properties.
 1-Definition

Euclid then sets out his famous postulates (or

assumptions), the fifth of which has become the
Euclidean postulate, often referred to as the
parallel postulate, and has been the subject of
extensive research.

Given two points A and B, there exists a line

passing through both A and B.
Euclid writes: To draw a straight line from any
point to any other point.
 1-Definition

2. Every segment [AB] can be extended into a line

passing through both A and B.
Euclid writes: To extend a finite straight line
continuously in a straight line.
3. For any point A and any point B, distinct from A, one
can describe a circle with center A passing through B.
4. All right angles are equal to one another.
5. Through a point external to a line, one and only one
parallel line can be drawn to the given line.
 2-Thales' Theorem
Thales' Theorem allows for the determination of
missing lengths when parallel lines are present in a
triangle.

In a triangle ABC, if M is a point

on side [AB], N is a point on side
[AC], and if lines ((BC) and
(MN) are parallel, then the
following proportionality holds:
Thales' Theorem:
• Either (d) and (d′) be two lines intersecting at point A,
• Either B and M be two points on line (d), distinct from A,
• Either C and N be two points on line (d′), distinct from
A.
• If lines (BC) and (MN) are parallel, then the following
proportionality holds:
 Exercice
In the figure, we have:
AB=12 cm,AN=4cm,
AC=6 cm,MN=3cm. The
lines (BC) and (MN) are
parallel. Calculate AM,
then BC.
 Exercice
In the figure, we are
given: AB = 12 cm, AN
= 4 cm, AC = 6 cm, MN
= 3 cm. The lines (BC)
and (MN) are parallel.
Calculate AM, then BC.
Solution:
The lines (BM) and (CN) intersect at A. The lines (BC) and (MN) are parallel.
Therefore, according to Thales' theorem, we have:
= =
That is to say: = =
•From AM / 12 = 4 / 6, we deduce that: AM = (4 * 12) / 6 = (4 * 6 * 2) / 6 = 8
Therefore: AM = 8 cm
•From 4 / 6 = 3 / BC, we deduce that: BC = (6 * 3) / 4 = (2 * 3 * 3) / (2 * 2) = 9 / 2 = 4.5
Therefore: BC = 4.5 cm
 Exercice

In the figure below: A

[GL], E [GK] and
(AE) // (LK). Determine,
justifying each answer,
the lengths GL and AE.
 Exercice
Correction:
The lines (LA) and (KE) intersect at G, and the lines (AE) and (LK) are
parallel, therefore, according to Thales' theorem, we have:
GA/GL = GE/GK = AE/LK, or 5.4/GL = 3/5 = AE/11.
For GL:
5.4/GL = 3/5, therefore 3 × GL = 5.4 × 5
Therefore GL = (5.4 × 5) / 3
Therefore GL = 3 × 1.8 × 5 / 3
GL = 9 cm
The segment [GL] therefore measures 9 cm.
For AE:
AE/11 = 3/5, therefore 5 × AE = 3 × 11
Therefore AE = (3 × 11) / 5
AE = 33 / 5
AE = 6.6 cm
The segment [AE] therefore measures 6.6 cm.
 3- The Reciprocal of Thales'
Theorem

- Either (d) and ( (d') be two lines intersecting at point A,

- - Either B and M be two points on (d) , distinct from A,
- - Either C and N be two points on (d'), distinct from A.
- - If AM/AB = AN/AC and the points A, M, B and the
points A, N, C are in the same order, then:
- The lines (BC) and (MN) are parallel.
 Exercice 1

Consider the adjacent figure.

We know that
DE=3 cmDE=3cm,
DI=9 cmDI=9cm,
DV=2 cmDV=2cm, and
DN=6 cmDN=6cm.
Prove that the lines (VE) and
(NI) are parallel.
 Exercice 1

According to the adjacent

figure, the lines (EI)(EI) and
(VN)(VN) intersect at a
point.
 On one hand, the points
DD, EE, and II are
collinear in this order.
 On the other hand, the
points DD, VV, and NN
are collinear in this order.
 Exercice 1
We have:
=

=
There is an equality: =
According to the converse of
Thales' theorem, the lines(IN)
et (EV) are parallel.
 Exercice 2

Consider the adjacent

figure:
ST = 8 cm, ET = 1 dm, SU =
6cm et SI = 135mm

Are the lines (UT) and (IE)

intersecting? .
 Exercice 2

Let us begin by expressing

each of the lengths in the
same unit (for example, in
centimeters):

 ST = 8 cm,
 ET = 10 dm,
 SU = 6 cm
 SI = 13,5mm.
 Exercice 2

According to the adjacent figure:

 The lines (SI) and (SE)
intersect at point S.
 On one hand, the points ,
and are collinear in this
order.
 On the other hand, les
points , et are collinear
in this order.
 Exercice 2

 We have:
=
=

 According to the converse of

Thales' theorem, the lines and
are parallel. In other words, the
lines and do not intersect.
4- Pythagoras' Theorem
The triangle ABC is a
right triangle with a
Hypotenuse right angle at B:
-The hypotenuse of
triangle ABC is the
side [AC].
-The hypotenuse is the
side opposite the right
angle and is the longest
side of the triangle.
4- Pythagoras' Theorem

In a right triangle,
the square of the
Hypotenuse length of the
hypotenuse is equal
to the sum of the
squares of the lengths
of the other two
sides.
AC 2 = BA 2 + BC 2
4- 3- The Reciprocal Pythagoras'
Theorem
If in triangle ABC ,
it can be verified
that:
AC 2 = BA 2 + BC 2
then triangle ABC
is a right triangle at
B.
 Exercice 3

Either :
 Let ABCD be a rectangle
such that AB = 225 and AD =
375.
 The point I € [ CD ] such
that DI = 81
 The point J € [BC] such tha
JC =240
All lengths are expressed in the
same unit.
- Are the lines (IJ) and (BD)
parallel?
 Exercice 3

1- Calculate the length of

segmen [IJ].
2- Specify the nature of triangle
AIJ.
 6- The triangles:
6-1 Definitions :

There are four types of triangles:

 Scalene triangle (three unequal sides).
 Rectangle triangle (having a rectengle
angle).
 Isosceles triangle (2 sides of equal
length).
 Equilateral triangle (3 sides of equal
length).
 6- The triangles:
6-2 Congruent triangles:

 Two congruent triangles

are triangles that have
the same dimensions.
They are said to be
superimposable.
 AC=GH ; AB=FG ;
BC=FH The two
triangles ABC and GFH
are congruent triangles.
 6- The triangles:
6-2 Congruent triangles :

 Two congruent triangles have their angles

equal in pairs.
 6- The triangles:
6-2 Congruent triangles :

 Two triangles are congruent if they have one

angle of equal measure between two sides of
equal length, respectively.
 6- The triangles:
6-2 Congruent triangles :
 Two triangles are congruent if they have one
side of equal length between two angles of
equal measure, respectively.
 6- The triangles:
6-3 The Midpoint Theorem

a) The direct theorem:

In a triangle, the line that
passes through the midpoint
of one side and is parallel to a
second side intersects the third
side at its midpoint. If: I =
m[AB] and if (IJ) // (BC) then:
J = m[AC] and IJ = BC
 6- The Lines in a Triangle
6-3 The Midpoint Theorem

b) The converse of the

midpoint theorem:
In a triangle, the line that
passes through the midpoints
of two sides is parallel to the
third side. If I = m[AB] and if i
J = m[AC] then (IJ)//(BC) and
IJ = BC
 6- The triangles:
6-4 The Lines in a Triangle:

The median : is a line that

passes through a vertex and the
midpoint of the opposite side.
Property : The three medians
are concurrent at a point G,
called the centroid.
AG = AA`
GA‘ = AA`
 6- The triangles:
6-4 The Lines in a Triangle:

The altitude: is a line

that passes through a
vertex and is
perpendicular to the
opposite side.
Property: The three
altitudes are concurrent
at a point Ω, called the
orthocenter.
 6- The triangles:
6-4 The Lines in a Triangle:

The mediator of a segment

is the line that passes
through the midpoint of that
segment and is
perpendicular to it.
Property: The three
mediators intersect at a
point that is the center of the
circumscribed circle of the
triangle.
 6- The triangles:
6-4 The Lines in a Triangle:
The angle bisector divides
the angle into two equal
parts.
Property: The three angle
bisectors of a triangle are
concurrent at a point O,
called the incenter.
 7- The angles
An angle is a sector of the
plane defined by two rays.
There are two types of
Reflex
angles: angle
 Acute angles (or
geometric angles),
denoted as AOB, are
between 0˚ and 180˚. Acute angle
 Reflex angles are between
180˚and 360˚
 7- The angles
7-1 Acute angles

Among acute angles, the following types are

distinguished :
 Acute angles: between 0˚and 90˚
 Right angles: exactly 90˚
 Obtuse angles: between 90˚and 180˚
 Straight angles: exactly 180 ˚.
 7- The angles
7-1 Acute angles

Two angles are said to be complementary if

their sum equals 90˚ and supplementary if
their sum equals 180˚.

 α + β = 90 α and β are complementary.

 α + β = 180 α and β are suplementary.
 7- The angles
7-2 Equality between two angles :
There are 4 configurations where two angles
are equal:
Alternate Interior Angles Alternate Exterior Angles
 7- The angles
7-2 Equality between two angles :
There are 4 configurations where two angles
are equal:
Alternate Interior Angles Alternate Exterior Angles
 8- The quadrilaterals
8-1 Arbitrary quadrilateral :
An arbitrary quadrilateral or
general quadrilateral is a four-sided
polygon that does not have any
special properties
 Has no equal sides (the sides can
all be of different lengths).
 Has no equal angles (the angles
can all be of different measures).
 Diagonals may or may not bisect
each other,
8- The quadrilaterals
8-1 Arbitrary quadrilateral :
 8- The quadrilaterals
8-2 Trapezium :

 A trapezium is a type of
quadrilateral with
exactly one pair of
opposite sides that are
parallel. The parallel
sides are called the
bases, while the non-
parallel sides are
referred to as the legs.
 8- The quadrilaterals
8-2 Types of Trapezium :
Isosceles Trapezium (Isosceles Trapezoid in US)
 The non-parallel sides (legs) are equal in length.
 The angles adjacent to each base are equal.
 The diagonals are of equal length, but they do not bisect each
other.
Right-Angled Trapezium
 One of the legs is perpendicular to the bases, forming a right
angle (90°).
 It has one right angle, but the other angles can vary
depending on the length of the sides.
Scalene Trapezium
 The non-parallel sides (legs) are of different lengths.
 None of the angles are necessarily equal.
 The diagonals are not equal in length.
8- The quadrilaterals
8-2 Types of Trapezium :
 8- The quadrilaterals
8-1 Parallelogram :

 A parallelogram is a
quadrilateral in which
the opposite sides are
equal in length and
parallel.
 A parallelogram is a
quadrilateral where the
diagonals bisect each
other.
 8- The quadrilaterals
8-1 Parallelogram :

 A parallelogram is a
quadrilateral in which the
opposite angles are equal
in pairs.
 A parallelogram is a
quadrilateral in which any
two consecutive angles are
supplementary.
 8- The quadrilaterals
8-2 The lozenge:
A rhombus is a quadrilateral in
which:
 All four sides are of equal
length.
 The diagonals bisect each
other perpendicularly.
 The diagonals are the angle
bisectors of the angles formed
by two consecutive sides.
 8- The quadrilaterals
8-3 The rectangle :
A rectangle is a quadrilateral
that has :
 Three right angles.
 Diagonals of equal length that
bisect each other.
 A rectangle is a parallelogram
that has one right angle.
 8- The quadrilaterals
8-4 The square:
 A square is both a rhombus and
a rectangle..
 A square is a quadrilateral that
has all 4 sides of equal length
and one right angle.
 A square is a quadrilateral
whose diagonals are of equal
length, bisect each other, and
intersect perpendicularly.
 8- The quadrilaterals
8-5 The kite :
A kite is a quadrilateral in
which one diagonal is
bisected by the other. There
are two types :
 Convex kites, where the
diagonals lie inside the
figure.
 Concave kites, where the
diagonals lie outside the
figure.
 8- The quadrilaterals
8-5 The kite :
 here are also isosceles
kites, which have an
axis of symmetry, and
right kites, which are
isosceles and have a
right angle along the
axis of symmetry. Non-convex
isosceles Convex
kite right kite
 Exercice 1:
To demonstrate that the sum of the angles in a
triangle is equal to 180˚.

B C