Power Systems (Stability)

1. The transient stability limit is ____________ the steady state stability limit.

(a) more than (b) equal to

(c) less than (d) none

2. The limiting value of 2 is given

P 
(a) Sin1  ml 
 Pmax 
 P 
(b)  Sin1  ml 
2  Pmax 
P 
(c)   Sin1  ml 
 Pmax 
P 
(d) Cos1  ml 
 Pmax 

3. In a system, there are two generators of rating 250 MVA operating in parallel. The inertia
constant of two generators are 6MJ/MVA and 4MJ/MVA respectively. The inertia constant
for the combined system on 200 MVA common base will be ___________ MJ/MVA.

4. A 3-, 50Hz, 33 kV generator feeds through a transfer impedance of j0.9075 /ph, an

infinite bus also at 33 kV. The maximum stead state power transfer for the base of 1500MW
is _________ pu.

5. Equal area criterion gives information

(a) Stability region

(b) Absolute stability
(c) Relative stability
(d) Swing curves

6. Synchronous generator is connected to an infinite bus by a loss less network by a circuit

breaker. It is delivering 1.0 pu power to the infinite bus. The time of operation of CB is 0.1
sec. If the mechanical input to synchronous generator is suddenly increased to double, the
time of operation CB is

(a) 0.1 sec

(b) More than 0.1 sec but less than 0.2 sec
(c) Less than 0.1 sec
(d) Does not depends on mechanical

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 Power Systems (Stability)

7. A 2-pole, 50Hz, 11kV turbo alternator has a rating of 100MW, 0.85 pf lag has a moment of
inertia of a 10,000kg-m2. The angular momentum in MJ-sec/Elect Rad is

(a) 0.054 (b) 1.57

(c) 3.14 (d) 0.027

8. A 2 pole 50Hz synchronous generator is delivering 1.0 p.u power to an infinite bus by a
loss – less double circuit at angle of 30o. The maximum power transfer during 3 – phase
short circuit fault at the middle of one of the double circuit line is 0.694 p.u. the angular
acceleration in electrical degree/sec2 with an inertia constant of 6 MJ/MVA is _________ elect
deg/sec2.

9. A hydraulic turbine having rated speed of 500 rpm is connected to a synchronous

generator. In order to produce power at 50 Hz, the numbers of poles required in the
generator are ________.

10. Synchronous generator is connected to an infinite bus by a lossless double circuit

transmission line as shown below. A 3-phase short fault is taking place in one of the double
circuit line at the middle of the line. The faulty line is isolated by circuit breaker. The
maximum power that can be transmitted when the circuit breaker is reclosed is
________________.

11. Power angle characteristics of a machine is given as P = 3.0 sin. What is synchronizing
power coefficient for an operating angle =60o

(a) 3.0 p.u (b) 2.5 p.u

(c) 1.5 p.u (d) 1.0 p.u

12. If a generator of 100 MVA rating has an inertia constant of 5 MJ/MVA, the inertia
constant on 200 MVA base is

(a) 10 MJ/MVA (b) 5 MJ/MVA

(c) 2.5 MJ/MVA (d) 1.25 MJ/MVA

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 Power Systems (Stability)

13. A 4 pole 50 Hz, 100 MVA, 11 kVA synchronous generator having the inertia constant of
8 MJ/MVA. The equivalent of angular momentum in MJ-sec/Mech rad is _________

14. The synchronous generator is delivering initially 1.0 p.u power to the infinite bus at an
angle of 30o as shown. One of the double circuit line is removed suddenly by opening the
CB. The value of the reactance of the line to maintain the stability is ________ p.u.

15. 100 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase, 50Hz, 0.8 power factor lag is delivering rated output to the
load by a double circuit line. The inertia constant is 6MJ/MVA. When a short circuit fault
occurs the electrical output is reduced 50%. The angular acceleration in electrical
degree/sec2 is _____________.

16. The synchronous Generator is delivering 1.0 p.u. power to the infinite bus by a double
circuit line A 3-Phase short circuit fault is taking place as shown in the figure. The fault is
cleared by the CB and the fault clearing angle is 58.2o. The accelerating power after fault
cleared is?

(a) 0.558
(b) 1.07
(c) 1.07
(d) 0.558

17. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

(a) The inertia constant of an alternator is the ratio of the stored energy in MJ to its machine
rating MVA.
GH
(b) The angular momentum M of a machine is MJs per electrical degree
180f
d2
(c) For moment of inertia J in kg m2, the swing equation is J  PS  PE
dt2
(d) For the transient stability of the power system the necessary condition is
d dp
 0 and 0
dt dt

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 Power Systems (Stability)

18. A 100 MVA synchronous generator operates on full load at a frequency of 50 Hz. The
load is suddenly reduced to 50 MW. Due to time lag in governor system, the steam valve
begins to close after 0.4 second. The change in frequency that occurs in this time will be [H =
5 kW-s/kVA of generator capacity]

(a) 1 Hz (b) 2 Hz
(c) 4 Hz (d) 5 Hz

19. A 3-φ fault occurs at middle point F on the transmission line as shown below. The
transfer reactance between generator and infinite bus is
(a) j 0.7 pu
(b) j0.8 pu
(c) j0.9 pu
(d) j1.0 pu

20. With a number of generators of MVA capacities S1, S2, ..., Sn and inertia constants H1, H2,
…., Hn respectively connected to the same bus bar in a station, the inertia constant of the
equivalent machine on a base of Sb is given by

n n
Sb
(a)  HSi i
i1
(b)  S .H
i 1
i
i

n
Si n
Si 1
(c) S
i 1
. Hi (d) S
i 1
.
Hi
b b

21. The synchronization coefficient between two area of 2-area power system is (symbols
have usual meanings)

P P
(a) (b)
v 
P P
(c) (d)
f Q

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 Power Systems (Stability)

22. A generator operating at 50Hz delivers 1 pu power to an infinite bus through a

transmission circuit in which resistance is ignored. A fault takes place reducing the maximum
power transferable to 0.5 pu. Where as before the fault, this power was 2.0 pu and after the
clearance of the fault, it is 1.5 pu. The critical clearing angle is ___________.

(a) 55.5o (b) 70.3o

(c) 60.6o (d) 80.2o

Hz.

23. A two-pole 50 Hz, 60 MVA turbo-generator has a moment of inertia of 9  103 kg-m2.
The inertia constant (M) on 50 MVA base is

(a) 9.10  10-4 pu (b) 9.86  10-4 pu

(c) 9.61  10-4 pu (d) 9.01  10-4 pu

24. A loss-free generator supplied 50 MW to an infinite bus, the steady-state limit of the
system being 100 MW. If the prime mover input is abruptly increased by 30 MW.

1. The generator will not remain in synchronism.

2. The generator will remain in synchronism.
3. The system is unstable
4. Cannot be obtained with the information given above.
Which of the statements are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 only

(c) 4 only (d) None of the above

25. A 3- transmission line has a reactance of 12  per phase. The voltage at each end is
maintained at 132 kV (line to line). The limits of angular oscillations for transient stability,
2
when the above line develops a sudden jerk at th of the steady state limit.
5

(a) 12.34o – 167.66o (electrical) (b) 23.6o – 156.4o (electrical)

(c) 46.1o – 133.9o (electrical) (d) 51.4o – 128.6o (electrical)

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 Power Systems (Stability)

26. Figure given below is the “equal-area” criterion diagram for the determination of
transient stability limit of the power system shown in Figure-1 for a fault on the transmission
line. The type of fault and the time of clearing from Figure-2 are.

(a) Three-phase fault with instantaneous clearing

(b) Three-phase fault with subsequent clearing
(c) Single-line to ground fault with instantaneous clearing
(d) Single-line to ground fault with subsequent clearing

27. A 50 Hz, 20-pole generator rated 200 MVA, 11 KV has an inertia constant of 3 MJ/MVA.
If the acceleration of the rotor is 746 elec. degree/sec for 5 cycles, then the change in rotor
speed in rpm at the end of the 5-cyle transient period is ________ (rpm)

28. The system shown in figure is subjected to a three phase fault at point ‘p’ on the short
transmission line. The initial rotor angle is 0 = 28.44o and mechanical input power pm is 1.0
p.u. (50 Hz frequency) H is 5 MJ/MVA. The critical clearing time for the system is ________
(sec).

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 Power Systems (Stability)

Solutions
1. Ans: (c)
Solution: The TSL is the maximum power transferrable during the fault so it is less than
maximum power transferrable in steady state.

2. Ans: (c)

3. Ans: 12.5

Solution: Hsystem 
G H
1 1
 G2H2 

 4  6   250  12.5 MJ/MVA
GSystem 200

4. Ans: 0.8
EV
Solution: Pe  X sin ;
s

Pe will be maximum at   90o

EV 33  33
 Pemax    1200MW;
XS 0.9075
1200
Pemax (p.u)   0.8 p.u
1500

5. Ans: (b)

6. Ans: (c)
2M  c  0  1
Solution: tc  => tc 
Ps Ps
If mechanical input is doubled then operation time of CB becomes 0.707*0.1=0.0707 which is
less than 1

7. Ans: (c)
120f
Solution: Ns   3000rpm
P
2Ns
104  M
M  I  60 =3.14 MJ-sec/ Electrical Rad
106

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 Power Systems (Stability)

8. Ans: 97 to 98
Solution: Pa  Ps  Pe2  Ps  Pm2 sin 0  1.0  0.694  sin30o  0.653 p.u
M  Pa
Pa P 0.653
  a   97.95
M GH 10  6
180f 180  50

9. Ans: 12
120f
Solution Ns 
P
120  50
P  12
500

10. Ans: 1.6

EV 1.2  1.0
Solution Pm    1.6
X aq 0.5  0.1  0.3 / 2

11. Ans: (c)

dp
Solution: Synchronizing power coefficient  3cos ,
d
dp
For =600 ;  3  cos 60o  1.5p.u
d 60o

12. Ans: (c)

Solution: G1H1  G2H2
G1H1 100  5
H2    2.5 MJ / MVA
G2 200

13. Ans: 2.4 to 2.6

GH 100  8
Solution: M    5.092 MJ  sec/ electrical rad
f   50
P 
Electrical rad=   Mechanical rad
2
5.092
M =2.546 MJ  sec/ mechanical rad
2

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 Power Systems (Stability)

14. Ans: 0.3

Solution: Ps  Pe2
EV
1.0  sin 0
X 2eq
X2eq  1.2  1.0  sin30o  0.6
0.6  0.2  0.1  X
X=0.3 p.u.

15. Ans: 600

Solution: Ps  Pa1  100  0.8  80MW
Pe2  0.5  80  40 MW
Accelerating power Pa  Ps  Pe2  80  40  40MW
Pa P 40 40  18  5
  a    600 Electrical degree/sec2
M GH 100  6 6
180f 180  50

16. Ans: (b)

EV 1.1  1.0
Solution: Pa  Ps  Pe3  Ps  sin   1.0  sin58.2  1.07
x3eq  0.25  0.15  0.05 
17. Ans: (c)
d2
Solution: The swing equation is M  Ps  P E
dt2
18. Ans: (a)
Solution: The rating of the machine, G = 100 MVA
Inertia constant, H = 5 kW – second/KVA = 5 MJ/MVA
Kinetic energy stored in the rotating parts of the generator and turbine at synchronous
speed (f = 50 Hz)= HG = 5  100 = 500 MJ
Excess power input to the generator shaft before the steam valve begins to close
= 100 – 50 = 50 MW
Excess energy transferred to rotating parts in 0.4 second= 50  0.4 = 20 MJ
Since kinetic energy
KE  (speed)2  (frequency)2
So, frequency at the end of 0.4 sec
 total energy stored in 0.4 second  500  20
f2  f1     50   51 Hz
 energy stored at synchronous speed  500
Change in frequeny = f2  f1  51  50  1 Hz

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 Power Systems (Stability)

19. Ans: (c)

Solution: The per unit reactance diagram that appears between generator and infinite bus is,
Converting the delta into star
j0.3  j0.15
X  j0.075
j0.6
j0.3  j0.15
Y  j0.075
j0.6
j0.15  j0.15
Z  j0.0375
j0.6
The reactance diagram can be redrawn as
By again converting star to delta
 j0.275  j0.075 
Z'  j0.275  j0.075     j0.9 pu
 j0.0375 
Neglecting the shunt reactances,
 The per unit transfer reactance is  j0.9 pu

20. Ans: (c)

21. Ans: (b)

22. Ans: (b)

Solution: Pmax I  2.0 pu, Pmax II  0.5 pu, Pmax III  1.5 pu
Initial loading Pm  1.0 pu
 P  1
0  sin1  m   sin1  0.523 rad
 PmaxI  2
P   1 
max    sin1  max     sin1    2.41 rad
 PmaxIII   1.5 
Pm  max  0   PmaxII cos 0  PmaxIII cos max
coscr 
PmaxIII  PmaxII
1.0  2.41  0.523   0.5cos 0.523  1.5cos 2.41
coscr 
1.5  0.5
cr  70.3 o

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 Power Systems (Stability)

23. Ans: (b)

120f 120  50
Solution: N    3000 rpm
P 2
2 2
1 1  2N  1 3  2  3000 
Kinetic energy stored =GH= J2  J     9  10    444.132 MJ
2 2  60  2  60 
GH 444.132
M   0.0493 MJs/elec. degree
180f 180  50
M 0.0493
Per unit inertia constant =   9.86  10 4 pu
base MVA 50

24. Ans: (b)

Solution: The power-angle curve is shown below. The equation of the power-angle curve is
Pe  Pmax sin
The initial operating point is at ‘a’ where Pe = 50 MW. The prime mover input is abruptly
increased by 30 MW. The desired operating is at ‘b’ so that ag = 30 MW. The maximum
swing of the rotor can be upto point c. The system will be stable if the area agb is less than
area bmc. Because the decelerating area can equal accelerating are before swinging to point
‘C’
The load angles corresponding to points a and b can be found equation.
For point a, Pe = 50,  = 1
Substituting these values in equation (1) we get
50  100 sin1
50
sin1 
100
1  30  0.523 rad
o

for point b, Pe  80 MW,  = 2

80
sin 2  ,   53.13o  0.927 rad
100 2
A1  area agb = area of rectangle gbfe  area abfe under the power angle sine curve
2 2

  eg  ef    Ped  80  2  1    100 sin d

1 1

 80 0.927  0.523  100 cos 2  cos 1   32.32  100 0.600  0.866 =5.72
A2  area bmc = area bmchf under the sine curve  area of the rectangle bchf
2 2

 Ped  80    2  2    100 sin d  80    22 

2 2

 100 cos    2   cos 2   80    2  0.927 

 200 cos2  103  200  0.6  103  17 MWrad

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 Power Systems (Stability)

since area agb  A1  is less than area bmc  A2  the system is stable
 hence the generator will remain in synchronism.

25. Ans: (b)

Solution: Line voltage at each end, VSL = VRL = VL =132 kV
Line reactance per phase, X = 12 
Maximum steady state power that can be transmitted by the line (for all three phase).
V V
Pmax  SL RL
X
2
P  Pmax sin    Pmax
5
2
sin  
5
  23.60

The power angle diagram is drawn, as illustrated in figure and the operating point A, i.e.,
2
P is marked on the graph and the corresponding load angle is calculated which 23.6o
5 max
(electrical), As soon as the jerk occurs on the system the rotor of the alternator at the
sending end will tend to advance. If it advances up to point B transient stability will be
maintained. B corresponds to 180o – 23.6o i.e. 156.4o. This means that the limit of angular
oscillations for transient stability is 23.6o  156.4o (electrical)

26. Ans: (b)

Solution: As shown in curve after fault power transferred is zero which implies a three phase
fault and angle , cr are different which implies subsequent clearance which means fault is
cleared after certain time.

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 Power Systems (Stability)

27. Ans: 1.2 to 1.3

1
Solution: Time for 5 cycles = 5   0.1 sec
50
Since it is a 20-pole machine,
P
 1 revolution corresponds to  360=10  360=3600 elec.degrees
2
60  60 
 in rpm / sec =  in elec.degree/sec2   746     12.43 rpm/sec
3600  3600 
120  50
synchronous speed NS   300 rpm
20
speed at the end of 5 cycles is:
v  u  at  300  12.43  0.1  301.243 rpm
change in speed = 1.243 rpm

28. Ans: 0.2 to 0.3

 
Solution: cr  cos1    2  0.496 sin28.44o  cos28.44o   28.44o  0.496 elec. rad
0  28.44o  0.496 elec. rad
cr  81.697o  1.425 electrical radians
for critical clearing time,
2H  cr  0  2  5 1.425  0.496 
tcr  
f  Pm   50  1
tcr  0.2431 (sec)

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 Power Systems (Stability)

We recommend you to take the Chapter Test first and then

check the Solutions.

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 Power Systems (Stability)

Chapter Test Solutions

1. Ans: 1.2 to 1.4

Solution: K.E.  GH; M=32.5  103 ; p.f. = 0.8, P=4; f=50Hz;

240
G-MVA rating=  300MVA
0.8
2 2 2
1 1  2N  1  2  120f  1 3  4   50 
K.E.  M2  M    M    32.5  10    400.952 MJ
2 2  60  2  60P  2  4 
400.952
 H  1.33 MJ/MVA
300

2. Ans: 0.85 to 0.86

Solution: P  500  0.9  450 MW
Accelerating power, Pa  0.6  450  270 MW

120  f
Ns   60  50 rpm
P

Pa Pa 270
Accelerating torque =    0.8594MN  m
s 2  Ns 2  60  50
60 60

3. Ans: 79 to 80

 Ps  max  0   P m3 cos max 

Solution: c  cos1  
 Pm3 

Pe  2.0 sin 
Pm3  Pm1  2.0
Since, generator is delivering rated power

P   1.0 
0  sin1  s   sin1    30
o

 Pm1   2.0 

max  1800  300  1500

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 Power Systems (Stability)

  
 1.0 150  30    2cos150 
c  cos1  180 
 2 
 
c  79.5

4. Ans: (a)

Solution: N  Ns  DN

d
 0  single conductor   s 
dt

k0

d
 t
dt
  t
1 sec = 60 cycles
1
1 cycle =  0.016 sec
60
5 cycles  0.016  5  0.0833 sec

  t
t   t
  t

2N
 t
60
t  60
N 
2

Pa Ps  Pe Ps 1.0 1.0 1800

      1800 ele/sec2   900 Mec. deg/sec2
M M M SH 1.0  6 2
180f 180  60

900   0.0833  60
N   12.5 rpm
2  180

N  Ns  N  1800  12.5  1812.5 rpm

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 Power Systems (Stability)

5. Ans: (c)
dPe
Solution: Sp   2.1cos 
d

1 f  Sp 1   60  2.1cos  28.5
fn  = =1.3275Hz
2 H 2 5
1
T  0.7532sec
fn

6. Ans: (c)
Solution: The equivalent circuit during fault looks like as shown below,

Converting Delta to Star

j0.2  j0.2
X1   j0.05
j0.8
j0.2  j0.4
X2   j0.1
j0.8
j0.2  j0.4
X3   j0.1
j0.8
Again converting to delta we can obtain transfer reactance

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 Power Systems (Stability)

j0.4  j0.1  j0.4  j0.05  j0.1 j0.05

XII   j1.3
j0.05

EV 1.2  1.0
Pe2  sin 0  sin36.18  0.545
XII 1.3
Pa  Ps  Pa2  1.0  0.545  0.455

7. Ans: (c)

1.2  1.0
Solution: 1.0  sin   1  24.62
0.5

1.2  1.0
1.5  sin   2  38.68
0.5

Rotor angle = 2  1  14.06

o

8. Ans: (c)

 P   1
Solution: 0  sin1  s   sin1    11.54o
 Pmax1  5

1  Pa  2
(t)  0   t
2 M

Pa  1 p.u (after fault),

H 5
M= 
180f 180  50

1 1
  0.1   20.54o
2
(0.1)  11.54  
2  5 
 
 180  50 

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 Power Systems (Stability)

9. Ans: (b)

 0.4 
Solution: System reactance X=j  0.2  0.1    j0.5 pu
 2 

VS VR 1.05  1.0
PS  sin   sin   2.1sin 
X 0.5

Let PS  1 pu
 1 
  sin1    28.44  0.4963 radian (elec)
o

 2.1 

Critical clearing angle,

 
C  cos1    20  sin 0  cos 0   cos1    2  0.4923 sin 0.4923   cos 0.4963  
 

C  1.4263 radians (elec) or 81.72o (electrical)

10. Ans: 1.2 to 1.5

Solution: Taking voltage of infinite bus as reference we have E1 = 1.0
Eg  Et 1.0  1.0
Now, I= 
jX j0.6
 1.0  1.0 
E0  Eg  jX a  1.0  j    1.0
 j0.6 
E0  2.6667  1.667  2.6667 cos   j2.6667 sin   1.6667
  2.6667 cos   1.6667   j2.6667 sin 
Steady State limit occurs when Phase shift of emf wrt infinite bus is 900.

When E0 has an angle of =90o i.e. its real part is zero

so, 2.6667 cos   1.6667  0
1.6667
  cos1  51.32o (electrical)
2.6667
E0  2.6667  sin51.32  2.080690o
Steady state power limit is given by
E E 2.0806  1
Pmax  0 t   1.3 pu
Xd  X 1.6

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 Power Systems (Stability)

11. Ans: 0.7 to 0.8

P
Solution: sin 0  o  0.5 => 0  30o
Pmax
 P  1.2  1
Sp   o   cos30o  0.577 MW (pu)/elect.rad
  30o 1.8

1 S p n 1 .577  100
fn    .75 Hz
2 2H 2 2 4

12. Ans: (d)

Solution: All the three power angle curves are shown in the figure

Here Pmax,1  2.0 pu, Pmax,2  0.5 pu and

Pmax,3  1.5 pu
Initial loading

Pm  1.0 pu

 P  1
0  sin1  m   sin1  0.523 rad
P  2
 max,1 

 P  1
max    sin1  m     sin1  2.41 rad
P  1.5
 max,3 


Pm  max  0   Pmax,2 cos 0  Pmax,3 cos max
cos cr  180
Pmax,3  Pmax,2
 is in degrees

If we put δ in radians then,

1.0  2.41  0.523   0.5cos 0.523  1.5cos 2.41

cos cr   0.337
1.5  0.5
cr  70.3o (electrical)

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 Power Systems (Stability)

13. Ans: 26 to 27

Solution: V  10o pu and I0  1  31.78o  0.85  j0.526 p.u.

E0  V  jX dI0  10o  ( j0.6)(0.85  j0.526)  (1.3156  j0.51) p.u.  1.4121.2o pu

Initial Power Angle, 0  21.2o

E0 V
Power transferred, Pe0  sin 0
Xd

1.41  1
Pe0  sin21.2o  0.85 p.u.
0.6

Given, Pe1  Pm1  1.25  Pm0  1.25  Pe0  1.0625 p.u

also, E1  E0 (no change in excitation)

E1V
Pe1  sin 1
Xd

 1.41  1 
1.0625    sin 1
 0.6 
1  26.87o

14. Ans: (c)

Solution: For a two machine system having one generator and one motor connected by
pure reactances, swing equation

H12 d2 12 64 1 d 12

2
 Pm  Pe =>   1.0  0.6
f dt 6  4 180f dt2
d2 12
 1800 elec degrees/s2
dt2

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 Power Systems (Stability)

15. Ans: (c)

Pe
Solution: sin 0   0.6 or 0  sin1 0.6  36.87o
Pmax

EV
Pe  sin 0
X

Synchronizing power coefficient

dP EV
Ps  e  cos 0
d X

1.1
then cos36.87o  0.6518 p.u./radian
1.35
H 4
M=  p.u. sec2 / radian
f   60

Ps 0.6518    60
Frequency of oscillation =   5.5 radian/sec
M 4
 5.5
f   0.882 Hz
2 2

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