R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur

Programs List:

1) Write a R-Program for to compute mean, median, minimum, maximum, variance, standard
deviation, skewness and quantities (Q1, Q2, Q3)
2) Write an R Program that includes variables, constants, and data types.
3) Write an R Program that include different operators, control structures, default values for
arguments, returning complex objects.
4) Write a R Program for calculating cumulative sums and products, minima, maxima
and calculus.
5) Write a R-Program for finding stationary distribution of markov chains.
6) Write a R Program that include linear algebra operations on vectors and matrices.
7) Write a R Program for any visual representation of an object with creating graphs using
graphic functions: Hist(), Linechart(), Pie()
8) Write a R Program for any visual representation of an object with creating graphs using
graphic functions: Plot(), Box plot(), Scatter plots()
9) Write R Program for any dataset containing data frame objects, indexing and subs
setting data frames and employ manipulating and analyzing data.
10) Write a Program to create any application of linear regression in multivariate context for
predictive purpose.

Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 1

R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur

Lab-1:

Write a R-Program for to compute mean, median, minimum, maximum, variance,

standard deviation, skewness and quantities (Q1, Q2, Q3)
data<c(12,25,36,45,21,67,43,18,50,30) #sample data
mvalue<mean(data) #Computemean
mevalue<-median(data) #Compute median
minvalue<-min(data) #Compute minimum
maxvalue<-max(data) #Compute maximum
#Compute variance and standard deviation
varvalue<-var(data)
sdvalue<-sd(data)
#Compute skewness and kurtosis
skvalue<-skewness(data) #install moments package for this
kurtvalue<-kurtosis(data)
#Compute quantiles (Q1,Q2,Q3)
q1<-quantile(data,0.25)
q2<-quantile(data,0.50) #Same as median
q3<-quantile(data,0.75)
#Print the results
cat("Mean:",mvalue,"\n")
cat("Median:",mevalue,"\n")
cat("Minimum:",minvalue,"\n")
cat("Maximum:", maxvalue, "\n")
cat("Variance:",varvalue,"\n")
cat("StandardDeviation:",sdvalue,"\n")
cat("Skewness:",skvalue,"\n")
cat("Kurtosis:",kurtvalue,"\n")
cat("Q1:",q1,"\n")
cat("Q2(Median):",q2,"\n")
cat("Q3:",q3,"\n")

Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 2

R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur

Lab-2:
Write an R Program that includes variables, constants, and data types.
# Constants
PI <- 3.14159
GREETING <- "Hello World!"
# Variables
age <- 30
name <- "Alice"
height <- 165.5
is_student<- TRUE
# Printing constants and variables
cat("Constants:\n")
cat("PI:", PI, "\n")
cat("GREETING:", GREETING, "\n\n")
cat("Variables:\n")
cat("Name:", name, "\n")
cat("Age:", age, "\n")
cat("Height:", height,"cm\n")
cat("Is Student:", is_student, "\n")
#Checking datatypes
cat("\n Data Types:\ n")
cat("Name is of type:", class(name), "\n")
cat("Age is of type:", class(age), "\n")
cat("Height is of type:", class(height), "\n")
cat("Is Student is of type:", class(is_student),"\n")

Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 3

R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur

Lab-3:

Write an R Program that include different operators, control structures, default values for
arguments, returning complex objects

#Function with default argument values

calculate_area<-function(length=1,width=1)
{
area<-length*width
return(area)
}
calculate_area()

#Function that returns a complex object

create_person<-function(name,age,city)
{
person<-list(Name=name,Age=age,City=city)
return(person)
}

#Using different operators and control structures

length_value<-5
width_value<-3
area_result<-calculate_area(length_value,width_value)
cat("Area:",area_result,"\n")
#Controlstructure-if-else
if(area_result>10)
{
cat("This is a large area.\n")
}else
{

Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 4

R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur
cat("This is a small area.\n")
}
#Using the function to create a person object
person1 <- create_person("Virat", 30, "India")
person2 <- create_person("Max Well",36,"Australia")
cat("Person1:\n")
cat("Name:",person1$Name, "\n")
cat("Age:",person1$Age,"\n")
cat("City:",person1$City,"\n")
cat("\nPerson2:\n")
cat("Name:",person2$Name, "\n")
cat("Age:",person2$Age,"\n")
cat("City:",person2$City,"\n")

Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 5

R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur

Lab-4:

Write a R Program for calculating cumulative sums and products, minima, maxima and
calculus.

#Sample data set

data<-c(3,1,4,1,5,9,2,6,5,3)

#Cumulative sum cumulative_sum <-

cumsum(data) cat("CumulativeSum:\n")
cat(cumulative_sum,"\n\n")

#Cumulative product
cumulative_product <- cumprod(data)
cat("CumulativeProduct:\n")
cat(cumulative_product,"\n\n")

#Minimum and Maximum

min_value<- min(data)
max_value<- max(data)
cat("MinimumValue:",min_value,"\n")
cat("MaximumValue:",max_value,"\n\n")
#Calculus
# Calculate the derivative of the data
derivative<-diff(data)
cat("Derivative of the Data:\n")
cat(derivative,"\n\n")
#Integrate the data
integral<-cumsum(derivative)
cat("Integral of the Data(Cumulative Sum of Derivative):\ n")
cat(integral,"\n")
Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 6
R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur

Lab-5:
Write a R-Program for finding stationary distribution of markov chains
library (Matrix)

# Transition probability matrix of the Markov chain

P <- matrix(c(0.4, 0.6, 0.2, 0.8), nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE)
print("probability matrix P is")
print(P)

# Check if the matrix P is stochastic (i.e., rows sum to 1)

if (all(rowSums(P) == 1))
{
eigen_result <- eigen(t(P)) # Transpose P and find eigenvalues/vectors
eigenvalues <- eigen_result$values
eigenvectors <- eigen_result$vectors

# Find the index of the eigenvalue that is closest to 1 (within a tolerance)

tol <- 1e-6
stationary_index <- which(abs(eigenvalues - 1) < tol)
if (length(stationary_index) == 0)
{
cat("No unique stationary distribution found.\n")
} else
{

stationary_distribution <- eigenvectors[, stationary_index] / sum(eigenvectors[,stationary_index])

cat("Stationary Distribution:", stationary_distribution, "\n")
}
} else
{
Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 7
R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur
cat("The transition matrix is not stochastic (rows should sum to 1).\n")
}

Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 8

R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur

Lab-6:

Write a R Program that include linear algebra operations on vectors and matrices

#Create vectors
vec1 <- c(1, 2, 3)
vec2 <- c(4, 5, 6)

#Vector algebra
sum<- vec1 + vec2
diff <- vec1 - vec2
prod<- sum(vec1 * vec2)

#print result of vector algebra

cat("Vector Addition(vec1 + vec2):\n")
cat(sum, "\n\n")
cat("Vector Sub traction (vec1 - vec2):\n")
cat(diff , "\n\n")
cat("Vector Dot Product:\n")
cat(prod, "\n\n")

#Create matrices
mat1 <- matrix(1:6, nrow = 2,ncol=2,byrow=T)
print(mat1)

mat2 <- matrix(7:12, nrow = 2 ,ncol=2,byrow=T)

print(mat2)

#Matrix algebra
msum<- mat1 + mat2
msub<- mat1-mat2
mmul<- mat1 %*% mat2
Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 9
R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur

#print result of Matrix algebra

cat("Matrix Addition (mat1 + mat2):\ n")
print(msum)
cat("Matrix Subtraction (mat1 - mat2):\ n")
print(msub)
cat("Matrix multiplication (mat1 * mat2):\ n")
print(mmul)

Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 10

R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur

Lab-7:

Write a R Program for any visual representation of an object with creating graphs
using graphic functions: Hist(), Linechart(), Pie()

Par(“mar”)

Par(mar=c(1,1,1,1))

#dev.off() is used to clear the plot area

#Sample data
data <- c(10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55)
categories <- c("A", "B", "C", "D", "E")

#Create a histogram
hist(data, col = "green", main = "Histogram ", xlab = "Values", ylab = "Frequency")

# Create a line chart

time <- 1:10
values <- c(3, 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40)
plot(time, values, type = "o", col = "red", xlab = "Time", ylab = "Values", main = "Line Chart ")

# Create a pie chart

percentages <- c(20, 30, 15, 10, 25) pie(percentages, labels = categories,
col = rainbow(length(categories)), main = "Pie Chart")

Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 11

R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur

Lab-8:

Write a R Program for any visual representation of an object with creating graphs
using graphic functions: Plot(), Box plot(), Scatter plots()
x<-c(1,2,3,4,5)
y<-c(2,3,5,7,8)
#Create a scatter plot using plot()
plot(x,y,main="Scatter Plot using plot()",xlab="X-AxisLabel",ylab="Y-
AxisLabel",col="blue",pch=16)

# Create a box plot

#seed(arguments) is a random number generator set.seed(123)
db<-list(A=rnorm(50),B=rnorm(50),C=rnorm(50))
boxplot(db,col=rainbow(length(db)),main="BoxPlot")

#Create scatter plots

set.seed(456)
x<-rnorm(50)

y<-2*x+rnorm(50)
plot(x,y,col="blue",xlab="XValues",ylab="YValues",main="Scatterplot")
#dev.off()

Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 12

R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur
Lab-9:

Write R Program for any dataset containing data frame objects, indexing and sub setting
data frames and employ manipulating and analyzing data.

#Create a sample data set as a data frame

data <-data.frame(Stdid=c(1,2,3,4,5),
Name= c("aaa","bbb","ccc", "ddd","eee"),
Age=c(25,30,22,28,24),
Score=c(95,87,75,92,88)
)
#Print the entire data frame
cat("Original Data Frame:\n")
print(data)

#Indexing and sub setting data frames

#Select rows where Age is greater than 25
subset<-data[data$Age>25, ]
cat("\n Subset of Data Frame(Age>25):\n")
print(subset)

#Select specific columns (Name and Score)

selectcol<-data[ , c("Name", "Score")]
cat("\n Selected Columns (Name and Score):\n")
print(selectcol)

#Calculate summary statistics

sumstat<-summary(data$Score)
cat("\nSummary Statistics for Score:\n")
cat(sumstat,"\n")

#Calculate the mean and standard deviation of Age

meanage<-mean(data$Age)

Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 13

R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur
devage<- sd(data$Age)
cat("\n Mean Age:",meanage,"\n")
cat("Standard Deviation of Age:",devage,"\n")

#Calculate the correlation between Age and Score

corre<-cor(data$Age,data$Score)
cat("\n Correlation between Age and Score:",corre,"\n")

Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 14

R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur
Lab-10:

Write a Program to create any application of linear regression in multivariate context for
predictive purpose.
T1<-c(15,17,8,19,20, 12, 13, 15, 15, 16)
T2<-c(13,15,15,16,15,17,10,19,20,13)
T3<-c(16,15,15, 16, 18, 17, 10, 19,20,11)
Finalexam<-c(70,65,65,75,85,50,40,90,87,60)
result<-1m(Finalexam~T1+T2+T3)
print(result)

cat("\n Predicted result is:\n")

presult<predict(result)
print(presult)

cat("\n Errored rate is:\n")

error<-residuals(result)
print(error)

cat("\n final result is:\n")

res<-data. frame (T1, T2, T3, Finalexam, presult, error)
print(res)

install.packages("car")
avplots (result)

#how to set the margins

#par("mar")
#par (mar=c(1,1,1,1))

Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 15

R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur

Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 16

R Programming Lab Manual VVFGC, Tumkur

Prepared By: K C Silpa, Asst. Professor. Dept. of BCA Page 17