PHYSICS XII

1. Why does metallic piece become very hot when it is surrounded by a coil carrying high
frequency (H.F) alternating current?

Ans ; When a metallic piece is surrounded by a coil carrying high frequency (H.F)
alternating current, it becomes hot because eddy currents are produced which in turn
produces joule’s heating effect.

2. An electrical element X when connected to an alternating voltage source has current

through it, leading the voltage by π/2 radian. Identify X and write an expression for its
reactance.

3. A transformer steps up 220V to 2200V. What is the transformation ratio?

4. The induced emf is also called back emf. Why?

Ans: It is because induced emf produced in a circuit always opposes the cause which
produces it.

5. Why the oscillations of a copper disc in a magnetic field are lightly damped?

Ans: Copper disc oscillates because of the production of eddy currents which opposes its
oscillating motion and as a result the motion gets damped.

6. A metallic wire coil is stationary in a non – uniform magnetic field. What is the emf.
Induced in the coil?

Ans: No emf is induced in the coil as there is no change in the magnetic flux linked with the
secondary coil.

7. If the rate of change of current of 2A/s induces an emf of 10mV in a solenoid. What is the
self-inductance of the solenoid?

8. A circular copper disc. 10cm in radius rotates at a speed of 2π rad/s about an axis through
its centre and perpendicular to the disc. A uniform magnetic field of 0.2T acts perpendicular
to the disc. Calculate the potential difference developed between the axis of the disc and the
rim. (hint use e = Bωr2/2)

9. An ideal inductor consumes no electric power in a.c. circuit. Explain?

10. Capacitor blocks d.c. why?

11. An inductor L of reactance XL is connected in series with a bulb B to an a.c. source as

shown in the figure.

Briefly explain how does the brightness of the bulb change when

(i) Number of turns of the inductor is reduced.

(ii) A capacitor of reactance XC=XL is included in series in the same circuit.

12. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5H. If the current in one coil
changes from 0 to 20A in 0.5s, what is the change of flux linkage with the other coil?
13. A horizontal straight wire 10m long extending from east to west is falling with a speed of
5.0 ms−1, at right angles to the horizontal component ( south to north) of the earth's magnetic
field, 0.30×10−4Wbm−2.

(i) What is the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the wire?

(ii) What is the direction of the emf?

(iii) Which end of the wire is at the higher electrical potential?

14. How is the mutual inductance of a pair of coils affected when

(i) Separation between the coils is increased.

Ans: When the Separation between the coils is increased, the flux linked with the secondary
coils decreases. Therefore, the mutual induction decreases.

(ii) The number of turns of each coil is increased.

Ans: As mutual inductance, M=μ0N1N2A/l;

Therefore, when N1 and N2 increases, the mutual induction also increases.

(iii) A thin iron sheet is placed between two coils, other factors remaining the same. Explain
the answer in each case.

Ans: As mutual inductance, M ∝ μr (Relative permeability of material).

Therefore, mutual induction will increase.

15. Distinguish between resistances, reactance and impedance of an a.c. circuit?

Ans: They can be differentiated as:

16. A sinusoidal voltage,V=200sin(314t) V is applied to a resistor of 10Ω resistance.

Calculate:

(i) rms value of the voltage (ii) rms value of the current (iii) Power dissipated as heat .

17. Obtain an expression for the self-inductance of a long solenoid. Hence define one henry.

18. A conducting rod rotates with angular speed w with one end at the centre and other end at
circumference of a circular metallic ring of radius R, about an axis passing through the
centre of the coil perpendicular to the plane of the coil A constant magnetic field B parallel
to the axis is present everywhere. Show that the emf. between the centre and the metallic
2
Bω R
ring is .
2
19. At a very high frequency of a.c., a capacitor behaves as a conductor. Why?

20. Draw the graph showing the variation of reactance of

(i) A capacitor

(ii) An inductor with a frequency of an a.c. circuit.

21. Calculate the current drawn by the primary of a transformer which steps down 200V to
20V to operate a device of resistance 20Ω. Assume the efficiency of the transformer to be
0.8 .

22. An a.c. voltage E=E0sinωt is applied across an inductance L. Obtain the expression for
current I.

23. A series circuit with L=0.12H, C=0.48mF and R=25Ω is connected to a 220V variable
frequency supply. At what frequency is the circuit current maximum?

24. A rectangular wire loop of sides 8cm and 2cm with a small cut is moving out of a region
of uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0.3T directed normal to the loop. What is the emf
developed across the cut if the velocity of the loop is 1cms−1 in a direction normal to the
(i) Longer side,

(ii) shorter side of the loop? For how long does the induced voltage last in each case?

(i) Ans: Given that, length of the rectangular wire, l=8cm =0.08m

Width of the rectangular wire, b=2 cm =0.02m

So, area of the rectangular loop,

A=lb=0.09×0.02⇒16×10−4m2

Magnetic field strength, B=0.3T

Velocity of the loop, v=1cm/s=0.01m/s

Emf developed in the loop is given as:

e=Blv⇒0.3×0.08×0.01=2.4×10−4V

Time taken to travel along the width is,

∴t=Distance travelled/Velocity=b/v=0.02/0.01=2s

Therefore, the induced voltage is 2.4×10−4V which lasts for 2s.

(ii) Ans: Emf developed, e=Bbv⇒0.3×0.02×0.01=0.6×10−4V

Time taken to travel along the length,

∴t=Distance travelled/Velocity=1/v=0.08/0.01=8s

Therefore, the induced voltage is 0.6×10−4V which lasts for 8s.

25. Current in a circuit falls from 5.0A to 0.0A in 0.1s. If an average emf of 200V induced,
give an estimate of the self-inductance of the circuit.

26. (i) State the condition under which the phenomenon of resonance occurs in a series LCR
circuit. Plot a graph showing the variation of current with frequency of a.c. sources in a
series LCR circuit.

(ii) Show that in a series LCR circuit connected to an a.c. source exhibits resonance at its
1
natural frequency equal to .
√ LC
27. In a step up transformer, the transformation ratio is 100. The primary voltage is 200V

and input is 1000watt. The number of turns in primary is 100. Calculate

(i) Number of turns in the secondary

(ii) Current in the primary

(iii) The voltage across the secondary

(iv) Current in the secondary

(v) Write the formula for the transformation ratio.

28. Derive an expression for the average power consumed in a.c. series LCR circuit. Hence
define the power factor. ( hint : refer notes )

29. (i) Obtain an expression for the mutual inductance between a long straight wire and a
square loop of side a as shown in below figure.
(ii) Now assume that the straight wire carries a current of 50A and the loop is moved to the
right with a constant velocity, v=10m/s. Calculate the induced emf in the loop at the instant
whenx=0.2m. Take a=0.1m and assume that the loop has a large resistance.

30. Define mutual inductance. What is its S.I. unit? Write the expression for the mutual
inductance between a pair of circular coils of radius r and R(R>r).
31. A circular coil of N turns and radius r is kept normal to a magnetic field, given by
B=B0cosωt. Deduce an expression for emf induced in the coil. State the rule which helps to
detect the direction of induced current.

32. A series LCR circuit with R=20Ω, L=1.5H and C=35μF is connected to a variable
frequency 200V ac supply. When the frequency of the supply equals the natural frequency of
the circuit, what is the average power transferred to the circuit in one complete cycle?

33. Figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to a variable frequency 230V source.
L=5.0H, C=80μF, R=40Ω.

(i) Determine the source frequency which drives the circuit in resonance.

(ii) Obtain the impedance of the circuit and the amplitude of current at the resonating
frequency.
(iii) Determine the rms potential drops across the three elements of the circuit. Show that the
potential drop across the LC combination is zero at the resonating frequency.

34. A coil of inductance 0.50H and resistance 100Ω is connected to a 240V,50Hz ac supply

(i) What is the maximum current in the coil?

(ii) What is the time lag between the voltage maximum and the current maximum?
35. A 100μF capacitor in series with a 40Ω resistance is connected to a 110V,60Hz supply.

(i) What is the maximum current in the circuit?

(ii) What is the time lag between the current maximum and the voltage maximum?

36. (i) What is the average power transferred to the inductor?

Ans: Average power transferred to the inductor is zero as actual voltage leads the current by
π/2.

(ii) What is the average power transferred to the capacitor?

Ans: Average power transferred to the capacitor is zero as actual voltage lags the current by
π/2.

37. In any ac circuit, is the applied instantaneous voltage equal to the algebraic sum of the
instantaneous voltages across the series elements of the circuit? Is the same true for rms
voltage?

Ans: Yes, in any ac circuit, the applied instantaneous voltage is equal to the algebraic sum of
the instantaneous voltages across the series elements of the circuit.The same is not true for
rms voltage because voltages across different elements may not be in phase.

38. (i) A choke coil in series with a lamp is connected to a dc line. The lamp is seen to shine
brightly. Insertion of an iron core in the choke causes no change in the lamp’s brightness.
Predict the corresponding observations if the connection is to an ac line.
Ans: When an iron core is inserted in the choke coil (which is in series with a lamp
connected to an ac line), the lamp will glow dimly.This is because the choke coil and the iron
core increase the impedance of the circuit.

(ii) Why is choke coil needed in the use of fluorescent tubes with ac mains? Why can we not
use an ordinary resistor instead of the choke coil?

Ans: As the choke coil reduces the voltage across the tube without wasting much power, it is
used in the fluorescent tubes with ac mains. An ordinary resistor cannot be used instead of
choke coil because it wastes power in the form of heat.

39. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.25Ω. What is the displacement current across its
plates?

Ans: Displacement current is equivalent to and is the same as charging current 025A.

40. Write the following radiations in a descending order of frequencies: red light, x-rays,
microwaves, radio waves

Ans: The descending order of frequencies: red light, x-rays, microwaves, radio waves are
given as: X-rays > Red light >Microwaves >Radio Waves

41. How does the frequency of a beam of ultraviolet light change, when it goes from air into
glass?

Ans: We know that the frequency of UV light is unaffected by the frequency of a beam of
ultraviolet light change and when it goes from air into glass.

42. Which constituent radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum is used?

(1) To photograph internal parts of Human body-

(2) For air aircraft navigation

Ans: As the constituent radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum is -

(1) X – Rays are usually used photograph internal parts of Human body

(2) Microwaves are used for air aircraft navigation

43. A plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along z-direction. What can you say
about the directions of its electric and magnetic field vectors? If the frequency of the wave is
30MHz, what is its wavelength?
44. A charged particle oscillates about its mean equilibrium position with a frequency of
109Hz. What is the frequency of the electromagnetic waves produced by the oscillator?

Ans: The frequency of an electromagnetic wave generated by the oscillator is the same as
that of a charged particle osculating about its mean position, i.e. 10 9Hz.

45. In a plane electromagnetic wave, the electric field oscillates sinusoid ally with a
frequency of 2×1016Hz and amplitude 48 V/m.

(a) What is the wavelength of the emf wave?

(b) Calculate the amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field.

(c) Calculate average energy density of the electromagnetic field at the wave.

46. The electric field of a plane electromagnetic wave in vacuum is represented by-

Ex=0, Ey=0.5cos(2π×108(t−x/c)) N/C and Ez=0

(a) What is the direction of propagation of electromagnetic wave?

(b) Determine the wavelength of the wave?

(c) Compute the component of associated magnetic field

47. Write the characteristics of emf waves? Write the expression for velocity of
electromagnetic waves in terms of permittivity and permeability of the medium?

Ans: The Characteristics of emf waves are as follows :

(1) It travels in free space with speed of light c=3×108m/s,

(2) Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature.
1
Velocity of emf waves in vacuum c = ϵ μ
√ o o
48. State the condition under which a microwave oven heats up food items containing water
molecules most efficiently?

Ans: Microwaves must have a frequency that is equal to the resonant frequency of the water
molecules in the food item.

49. The small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival. Why?

Ans: The ozone layer at the top of the atmosphere is critical for human survival because it
absorbs damaging ultraviolet radiation from the sun and keeps it from reaching the Earth's
surface.

50. (i) If the earth did not have an atmosphere, would its average surface temperature be
higher or lower than what it is now?

Ans: There would be no greenhouse effect on the Earth's surface if it did not have an
atmosphere. As a result, the Earth's temperature would swiftly drop, making it cold and
uncomfortable to live on and difficult for human survival.

(ii) Some scientists have predicted that a global nuclear war on the earth would be followed
by a severe 'nuclear winter' with a devastating effect on life on earth. What might be the
basis of this prediction?

Ans: On the surface of the Earth, a global nuclear war would be catastrophic. The Earth will
experience a harsh winter following a nuclear war because the war will produce clouds of
smoke that will cover the majority of the sky, preventing solar light from reaching the
atmosphere. It will also contribute to the ozone layer's depletion.