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Chapter 1.2 Logarithm

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Silasri Balakrishnan
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4 views

Chapter 1.2 Logarithm

Uploaded by

Silasri Balakrishnan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LOGARITHM

¡ The common or base-10 logarithm of a number is the power to which 10 must be


raised to give the number.
¡ Since 100 = 102, the logarithm of 100 is equal to 2.
¡ This is written as:
Log(100) = 2.
¡ 1,000,000 = 106 (one million), and
Log (1,000,000) = 6.
LOGARITHM

¡ 0.0001 = 10-4, and Log(0.0001) = -4.


All numbers less than one have negative logarithms.
¡ As the numbers get smaller and smaller, their logs approach negative infinity.
¡ The logarithm is not defined for negative numbers.
NUMBERS NOT EXACT POWERS OF 10

¡ Logarithms are defined for all positive numbers.


¡ Since Log (100) = 2 and Log (1000) = 3, then it follows that the
logarithm of 500 must be between 2 and 3.
¡ In fact, Log(500) = 2.699
SMALL NUMBERS NOT EXACT POWERS OF 10

¡ Log(0.001) = -3 and Log (0.0001) = - 4


¡ What would be the logarithm of 0.0007?
Since it is between the two numbers above, its logarithm should be between -3
and -4.
¡ In fact, Log (0.0007) = -3.155
WHY LOGARITHMS?

¡ In scientific applications it is common to compare numbers of greatly varying


magnitude. Direct comparison of these numbers can be difficult. Comparison by
order of magnitude using logs is much more effective.
¡ Time scales can vary from fractions of a second to billions of years.
¡ You might want to compare masses that vary from the mass of an electron to that
of a star.
¡ The following table presents an example:
ANTILOGS

¡ The operation that is the logical reverse of taking a logarithm is called taking
the antilogarithm of a number. The antilog of a number is the result obtained
when you raise 10 to that number.
¡ The antilog of 2 is 100 because 102=100.
¡ The antilog of -4 is 0.0001 because 10-4 = 0.0001
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

¡ For x > 0, b > 0 and b not equal to 1 the logarithm of x with base b is defined by
the following:

log b x = y Û x = b y
BASE 10 LOG FUNCTION

log10 x = y Û log x = y
NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

Base e – Euler Number


(2.71828)

loge x = y Û ln x = y
CALCULATOR KEYS

¡ [log]
¡ Shift [log] à anti-log
¡ [ln]
¡ Shift [ln] à anti-ln
CHANGE OF BASE FORMULA

¡ For x > 0 for any positive bases a and b

log a x
logb x =
log a b
NEEDS FOR CHANGE OF BASE

log10 5 log5
log3 5 = =
log10 3 log3
log e 5 ln 5 » 1.46
=
log e 3 ln 3
BASIC PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

logb 1 = 0
logb b = 1
logb x = logb y Û x = y
PRODUCT RULE OF LOGARITHMS

log b ( xy ) = log b x + logb y


QUOTIENT RULE FOR LOGARITHMS

æxö
logb ç ÷ = logb x - logb y
y
è ø
POWER RULE FOR LOGARITHMS

logb x = r ( logb x )
r
SUMMARY

log ! 𝑥𝑦 = log ! 𝑥 + log ! 𝑦

𝑥
log ! = log ! 𝑥 − log ! 𝑦
𝑦

log ! 𝑥 " = 𝑟 log ! 𝑥

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