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Week 3-Security 1

The document discusses the importance of database security, highlighting the risks associated with sensitive data and potential attacks on other systems. It outlines general strategies for hardening databases across Oracle, SQL Server, and MySQL, emphasizing principles such as least privilege, password security, and disabling unnecessary components. Additionally, it provides specific recommendations for securing each database type, including managing default accounts and using encryption for sensitive data traffic.

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18 views26 pages

Week 3-Security 1

The document discusses the importance of database security, highlighting the risks associated with sensitive data and potential attacks on other systems. It outlines general strategies for hardening databases across Oracle, SQL Server, and MySQL, emphasizing principles such as least privilege, password security, and disabling unnecessary components. Additionally, it provides specific recommendations for securing each database type, including managing default accounts and using encryption for sensitive data traffic.

Uploaded by

hayaiman719
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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@ DATABASE SECURITY The more you sweat in training, the less you'll bleed in battle. Robert Vinson ~ IT Security Analyst The University of lowa OUTLINE o Why is database security important? o Our environment o General Strategies and Tactics for Hardening Databases o Oracle o SQL Server o MySQL WHy IS DATABASE SECURITY IMPORTANT? o Databases often store data which is sensitive in nature o Incorrect data or loss of data could negatively affect business operations o Databases can be used as bases to attack other systems from OUR ENVIRONMENT Database Services* | SQL Server Oracle = MySQL “Figures found by scanning for open ports commonly used by the respective software. @ HARDENING DATABASES — GENERAL STRATEGIES AND TACTICS o Principle of Least Privilege! o Stay up-to-date on patches o Remove/disable unneeded default accounts o Firewalling/Access Control o Running Database processes under dedicated non-privileged account. o Password Security o Disable unneeded components o Stored Procedures and Triggers PRINCIPLE OF LEAST PRIVILEGE o If X service doesn’t need access to all tables in Y database... then don’t give it access to all tables. « Example: A web application that reads a list of people from a database and lists them on a website. The database also contains sensitive information about those people. The account used by the web application should not be allowed to read the table that contains sensitive non-public information. o Do not give accounts privileges that aren’t needed « Unneeded privileges to accounts allow more opportunity for privilege escalation attacks. O HARDENING DATABASES — FIREWALL/ACCESS CONTROL o Throttling connections — make it harder for the bad guys to brute-force or guess passwords « Use firewall software like IPTables « Xinetd may be useful for throttling It’s possible that throttling could deny access to applications which make a large amount of connections legitimately. o Reducing the surface area of attack with firewall rules « Don’t let the world connect to your database server. HARDENING DATABASES — PASSWORD SECURITY o Strong passwords are a must « Constant brute-force attacks are happening across campus. Esp. against SQL Server o Default passwords are a problem o MySQL: root@localhost: o SQL Server: sa: (Old, but still seen sometimes) o Oracle: ... o Built in password policy control seems rare « How can we enforce password policy? HARDENING DATABASES — STORED PROCEDURES, TRIGGERS o Stored Procedures and Triggers can lead to privilege escalation and compromise. Be sure to be thinking about security implications when allowing the creation of, and creating these. HARDENING DATABASES — DISABLE UNNEEDED COMPONENTS o Just like disabling unneeded services for an operating system is a good idea disabling unneeded components for databases is a good idea. « XML FTP (Oracle) « Named Pipes access (SQL Server) SELECT slides FROM prcentavion Oracle ORACLE’S VULNERABILITY HISTORY If [the] Oracle could see into the future... the “Unbreakable” marketing campaign may have not been a good idea. o A search on milwOrm’s exploit catalogue returns « 27 exploits dated from 11/16/2000 — 07/19/2007 VULNERABILITY HISTORY (CONT.) Data and quote from The Oracle Hacker’s Handbook: 1999 2000 2001 = Vulnerabilities 2002 0 20 40 60 “[...] 2003 and beyond [...] the numbers went through the roof [...]” HARDING ORACLE - TNS LISTENER TNS Listener “The TNS Listener is the hub of all communications in Oracle. [...] When a client wishes to access the database server, the client connects first to the Listener. [...] In versions of Oracle prior to 10g, the TNS Listener could be administered remotely What makes this particularly dangerous is the fact that by default the Listener is installed without a password Less] — The Database Hacker’s Handbook HARDING ORACLE - TNS LISTENER o Set a password for TNS Listener Administration « listener.ora file o PASSWORDS_listenername = somepass « Use the Isnrctl utility o LSNRCTL> change_password HARDENING ORACLE - DEFAULT ACCOUNTS o Decent amount of default accounts e Be aware what they are « Ensure the passwords do in fact get changed appropriatly © 10g forces admin to set passwords for many default accounts on install and may lock or expire them. SELECT slides FROM presentation. S QL S erver HARDENING SQL SERVER — LOCAL ADMINS o Removing Local Builtin\Administrators group from sysadmins « If they are an administrator on a system running SQL Server they can get to anything in any database. HARDENING SQL SERVER - AUTHENTICATION o If configured to use Windows Authentication password policy can be enforced! HARDENING SQL SERVER — XP_CMDSHELL o Do not enable this on install of SQL Server 2k5 unless absolutely necessary SELECT slides FROM presentation WY E QL HARDING MYSQL — DISABLING NETWORK ACCESS o If your Database is only for being accessed by someone/something on the same machine « disable network-based access with the --skip- networking option « Firewall off the port MySQL is listening on (typically port 3306) HARDENING MySQL - ACCOUNT TYPES o Identity is determined by username AND the location connected from - Coolness o Scope Identities appropriately « Allow bob to login from any uiowa.edu hostname o GRANT [...] ON somedb.sometable TO BOB@’%.uiowa.edu’; « Allow bob to login from any campus IP address o GRANT [...] ON somedb.sometable TO BOB@’128.255.0.0/255.255.0.0°; HARDENING MYSQL — ENCRYPTING TRAFFIC o MySQL supports encrypting traffic with SSL « Consider using GRANT ... REQUIRE SSL or similar for an account o Useful for accounts that may be accessing sensitive data and/or data that is required to be encrypted by some requirement. RESOURCES © D.Litchfield, C.Anley, J. Heasman, B. Grindlay, The Database Hacker’s Handbook — Defending Database Servers, indianapolis: Wiley Publishing Inc., 2005. « Available on Books 24x7 © DLitchfield, The Oracle® Hacker’s Handbook: Hacking and Defending Oracle, indianapolis: Wiley Publishing Inc., 2007. » Available on Books 24x7 o http://databasesecurity.com o http://blogs.msdn.com/raulga/archive/2007/01/04/dyna mic-sql-sql-injection.aspx © http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/05/06/SQL ServerSecurity/default.aspx o http://www.cgisecurity.com Questions or Comments?

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