Database Management System (DBMS)

 The DBMS is a computerised record keeping system or a software that enables you to
create, store, modify and extract information from a database. (or) A database is a
collection of logically related data items stored in an organised manner. The information
being stored in a database can be added, modified, deleted or displayed according to the
requirements of the user.
 The software that is used to create, update and retrieve data is known as database
management system (DBMS). It facilitates planning and maintenance of the database for
the user. Some of the common examples of DBMS are MS Access, Open Office or
LibreOffice Base, Oracle, Ingress, MySQL.
 It allows different user application programs to access the same database, concurrently.
 The main function of DMBS is to provide the users with efficient and reliable methods of
data storage, modification, and retrieval.
 In addition, it save time, efforts, and reduces the chances of errors creeping into the
database to a great extent. Therefore, data handling using DBMS become fast and
efficient.

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

 RDBMs is a type of the DBMS software that uses the Relational Database model for its
database.
 A relational model enables the users to store data in several tables. It has the capability to
retrieve data from the different related tables conveniently, to produce the answers to
questions that can’t be answered from individual tables alone. These tables are related to
one another in such a way that whenever there is a need, the data be can be joined by
establishing a relationship between tables and information can be accessed from them at
once. The relationship between different tables can be defined by their common fields
(columns) using the concept keys.
 RDBMS provides the features to create, update, and administer a relational database. This
makes it easy to search and retrieve the data within the database and ensues that data
integrity is maintained. The relational structure makes it possible to run queries across
multiple tables at once.
 Ex for RDBMS ae Oracle, Ms.Access, LibreOFfice Base, MySQL etc
 Advantages of DBMS

Organised Storage
The data in the database is stored in an organised manner, so that retrieval (Search / Fetch) of
the required data is fast and accurate.
Ex: If you are having so many records in the register, simply can search those records as per
your requirement like alphabet wise, name wise etc

Data Analysis
If your data is in organized manner, you can easily analyse that.
Analyse means, if I am having complete X class data, now I want to see top scored student
details, I want to see the minimum and maximum marks.
A database helps in analysis of data based on certain criteria. It is easy to find out maximum
or minimum value, average or mean using a database.

Data Sharing
If the same data set is required for different applications then the database can be shared with
other applications. Hence using a database means making once and using it repeatedly for
multiple applications.

Minimal Data Redundancy

Data redundancy means data duplicacy. i.e, same data stored in multiple locations.
In the event of requiring the same data field in several tables the data field might get repeated
in number of tables. This is called as data redundancy. This can be reduced by using DBMS
tools.

Data Consistency
Data Redundancy means, student data is there in multiple locations like with class teacher,
principal and office and etc. if my data is centralized from one location we can access the
same. As data is centralized, in one location you change data, in all the locations it will be
updated. That my data is consistent. Multiple mismatches will not happens. If data
mismatches, we will call it as data inconsistence.
By minimising data redundancy, chances of inconsistent data being stored is reduced. For
example, it should not happen that the name of the student is changed in one table and not in
another. Such inconsistency is reduced by using a DBMS.

Increases Efficiency
Since database tables are properly organised, saving, reading and searching data can be
carried out efficiently.

Increases Accuracy
Since data redundancy and inconsistency can be minimised in a database, the data is retrieved
accurately from the database.
Increases Validity
Validity means, I need to check the data which I entered is valid or not. i.e., I am entering
student marks, while entering in place of 40, in entered 400, whether it should be taken or
not. So here I can set a validation condition like values you are entering must be 0 – 100 only.
Properties of different data fields can be assigned when a database is planned. So whether or
not valid data is being entered can be checked at the data entry stage. This increases the
validity of the database. For instance, we may set up a restriction while creating the table that
the amount of fees being entered should be more than 1000. •

Data Security:
Data Security is a very important concept in every Database. Only authorised users should be
allowed to access the database and their identity should be authenticated using a User name
and Password.
Unauthorised users should not be allowed to access the database under any circumstances as
it violates the Integrity constraints.
The data might be translated in such a manner that unauthorised users are not able to read it.
This is known as encryption. Both these measures increase the security of the database

Privacy:
The privacy rule in a database states that only the authorized users can access a database
according to its privacy constraints.
To secure the data levels are set in the database and a user can only view that data which is
allowed to be seen.
Ex: In social media sites like FB… while posting your information / images you can set the
privacy settings that who can see that post etc

Backup and Recovery:

DBMS automatically takes care of Backup and recovery.
The user don’t need to backup data periodically because this is taken care by DBMS
Moreover, it also restores the database after a crash or system failure to its previous
condition.

Reduces Data Redundancy:

Redundancy means duplication of data.
The DBMS contain multiple files that are to be stored in many different locations in a system
or even across multiple systems. Because of this, there were sometimes multiple copies of the
same file which lead to data redundancy.
This is prevented in a database as there is a single database and any change in it is
reflected immediately. Because of this, there is no chance of encountering duplicate
data.
Sharing of Data:
In database, the users of the database can share the data among themselves.
That data can be shared to authorized users only, otherwise security issues will raised.
There are various levels of authorisation to access the data. i.e., In that entire data, how much
the users can access that also we can authorize
(For Ex: I shared school students data, but I don’t want to allow to change the marks
achieved by students, Aadhar details, address etc. so I can restrict that, at the same time I
can give access to change that data for some users.)
Many remote users can also access the database simultaneously and share data between
themselves.

Data Integrity:
Integrity means, the data is accurate and consistent in the database. This is very important as
there are multiple databases in a DBMS. All of these databases contain data that is visible for
multiple users. So it is necessary to ensure that the data is correct and consistent in all the
databases and for all the users.
Consistent means, if a user make any changes in the database, that will updated in all
locations for all users who is accessing the database. Ex. ATM machines….. Bank Accounts

Data Consistency:
Data consistency is ensured in a database because there is no data redundancy
Data consistency means there should be multiple mismatching copies of the same data. All
data appears consistently across the database and must be same for all the users viewing the
database. Moreover, any changes made to the database are immediately reflected to all the
users and there is no data inconsistency.

Referential Integrity
 Referential integrity refers to the relationship between tables. It is a rule in RDBMS. It
states that a foreign key must have a matching primary key. It is used to maintain
accuracy and consistency of data in relationship and prevents the users to enter the
inconsistent data.
 Referential Integrity does allow the user to enter a new record in the transaction table for
which you don’t have any matching record in master table.
 In Base, data can be linked between two or more tables with the help of primary key.
 For Ex: we have two tables, student table has fields AdmNo, Sname, Fname (AdmNo is
Primary Key) and Teacher table has fields TeacherId, Tname, Salary, AdmNo (TeacherId
is Primary key and AdmNo is Foreign Key). Both the above tables can be linked by
common keys i.e., AdmNo.

Features of Database
 A database can have one or more tables
 Each table in a database contains information about one type of data
 Each record in a table must be Unique
 Every database table should have one or more fields designated as key