Emeraude (PL) Tutorial #2 – MAPS Interpretation

1. Introduction
This session illustrates the workflow offered by Emeraude for Multiple Probes Tools (MPT) around a Multiple Array
Production Suite™ (MAPS) example.

The data comes from a 30° deviated well, logged with a SAT (Spinner Array Tool™), a CAT (Capacitance Array
Tool™) and a RAT (Resistivity Array Tool™). The flow is three phases from a flowing survey. The flowing passes,
after a data quality check, will be processed to obtain average values that will serve as inputs for the PL
interpretation.

The necessary data files are located in the ‘Examples’ folder under the ‘Emr520’ directory (by default in C:\Program
files(x86)\KAPPA).

2. Creating a New Document

Click on the ‘New’, , icon to create a document, from the File tab or the application toolbar. In the Information
tab, ensure that the type of interpretation is set to PL. Don’t need to fill the other information. Go to the
Document Units, and check that the unit system is ‘Oil field’. Click on to proceed.

The Survey information dialog will pop up, prompting us to provide some details about the new survey. In
name, write “Flowing”. Enter the surface rates Qw= 0 stb/d, Qo=4790 stb/d, Qg= 17370 Mscf/d.

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3. Load Well Data
The general well data will be entered in 2 ways: manually and from logs.

Click on the ‘Details’, , icon from the Well tool strip. In the ‘Internal Diameter’ tab define the 2 IDs as [0 ft –
2.441’’] and [9187ft – 6.875’’}.
In the Perfos tab, define the following intervals {9440 – 9480ft], [9497 – 9615ft] and [9622 – 9713 ft]
We will proceed loading logs, using the option. Find ’PLEX02 – GWD.las’, which contains Deviation
and Gamma Ray information. Click on Import.

4. Load PL data

Click on the ‘Load’, , icon and select the files PLEX02Up1, PLEX02Up2, PLEX02Up3, PLEX02Down1,
PLEX02Down2, PLEX03Down3.

The direction and index of the passes is automatically recognized.

In addition to the combination SAT CAT RAT, the tool string includes a density tool, a capacitance tool (we will
not use it) and two spinners, inline and fullbore. They need to be defined.

In Tool info , ‘Production Tool String’ tab, define the density tool DENR as a nuclear tool. Enter the CFB
blade diameter at 3.5’’ and ILS at 1.68’’

Reset the depth range to view data properly on the screen, using the ‘Set depth limits’, , option.

5. Data Quality control

Data quality control can be greatly facilitated by displaying the data in an appropriate way using view
templates.
A view template is a model that allows creating one or several views (user views, image views, etc…) with
predefined settings in a given order. The views resulting from a view template are created (or displayed if
already existing) when the template is invoked. It is not part of this session to show how a view template can
be created and we will use a set of predefined view templates dedicated to the Sondex tools to generate the
displays of interest. In case you do not have the Sondex templates file loaded, do the following:
Click on the ‘Default display’, , icon found in Settings under the File tab. Go to the third tab of this window,
corresponding to Templates. Use the file open button to load the template file called ‘SondexTemplates.kvt’
located in C:\Program Data\KAPPA\Emeraude5. Close this window with OK.

A new folder is added to the list of available templates, below the local templates folder. If you open this folder,
you will see several templates dedicated to a wide variety of GE Sondex measurements.

The link with the ‘SondexTemplates.kvt’ file will be saved with your Emeraude settings (unless the file is deleted
or renamed). Among the templates, we will use the full layout templates.

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5.1. CAT Data Display

From the View tool strip, click on the ‘Template’, , icon. In the tree view, below the ‘SondexTemplates.kvt’
node, expand the Full layouts container and select ‘CAT N Probes’.

Add ‘Zones Display’ track, update the snapshot from the button, on the View Tool strip.

Some sensors show negative values (NCAP01) and too high values (NCAP03, NCAP05, NCAP06) compared to
the others. We will ignore them.

Go to ‘Tool info’, , and in the ‘Multiple probe’ tab select CAT-N tool. Ignore probes NCAP01, NCAP03,
NCAP05 and NCAP06.

To obtain the holdups from the probe readings, the CAT needs to be calibrated on the basis of pure
gas/water/oil readings: for a normalized tool, these readings usually are: 0 in 100% gas, 1 in 100% water and
~ 0.2 in 100% oil.

Click on , check ‘Use normalization’ and enter the values for oil as shown in picture below and OK to
close both windows.

‘Fit normalized...’ forces fitting the values within the 100% gas and water reading intervals.

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In addition to the above, we can build image views for every pass to help us understand what is happening in
the well (and compare with what we have seen on the previous display).

Invoke a template as done before, but this time select the ‘CAT Images’ template, under Image views.
In the window that pops up, make the choices as shown below and click OK.

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The screen has been cleaned (only the depth and Z tracks have been kept) and a new snapshot ‘CAT images’
is created with the image for each pass (the view title contains survey and pass short name, thanks to the ‘add
suffix’ option selected when invoking the template). In the color scale chosen, red is gas, green is oil and blue
is water: the scale limits have been automatically set to the same range from one view to the other (form min
= min of views min to max = max of views max), in order to allow easy comparison of the images.

Passes down 2 and down 3 look fairly consistent and will later be used in the processing. Note that none of
the probes have failed. If probes had failed, it could be interesting to combine different passes in the same
image view. Let us create a combined pass view (D2 and D3) for the sake of demonstration.

From the View tool strip, click on the ‘New’, , option and select . In the window, enter a view
title like ‘CAT D2-D3’. Click on the Pass drop down menu and select ‘Combined passes’, to combine Down 2
and 3.
Select “CAT-N” tool. Finally, assign the CAT rgb” for the colors. Accept with OK.

The image shows mainly gas (red) with some oil (green) and a little bit of water (blue). The measured points
are displayed honoring the combined pass colors.

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Let us call the cross-section of the combined passes view. Right click on the image view and select Cross-
section.
The following window opens. Select Areal average. The cross-section changes when pressing shift and moving
the mouse in the image view.

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On the right, the position of the probes is indicated for passes D2 and D3. On the left, markers indicate probe
raw measurements at their relative position projected on the vertical axis, and honoring the pass colors (green
for pass D2, blue for pass D3: for ease of probe identification, a popup window displaying the probe number
concatenated with the pass short name is displayed when the mouse cursor points at one of the probe marker).
The red line corresponds to the model chosen, linear in this case. Note that, if a probe is not active, the
corresponding marker will not be shown on the left plot.

5.2. RAT Data Display

To differentiate between water and hydrocarbons, the RAT needs to be calibrated and typical values are 0.5
for 100% water and 1 for 100% hydrocarbons.

In Tool info ,’Multiple probe’ tab and select RAT-Mean tool.

Click on , check ‘Use normalization’, and ensure that ‘Fit normalized values to defined interval’ is
checked. Click OK twice to close both windows.
‘Fit normalized...’ forces fitting the values within the 100% hydrocarbon and 100% water reading interval for
each probe.

We will invoke a template for RAT. From the View tool strip, click on the ‘Template’, , icon. Among the
Sondex templates, Full Layouts select ‘RAT MEAN Probes’.

To compare the probe readings, the scale of all tracks should be the same. This can be set at once, by right
clicking on any track and select ‘Horizontal Scale…’. Enter the information as shown in the next window (do not
forget to tick ‘Apply to all water holdup data from the same MPT’) and click OK.

Then we get the following screen showing all the RAT probes and the RAT bearing.

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The data looks fairly consistent, all probes exhibiting the same behavior with little water at the bottom and a
very small water entry seen in the middle (seen also with the CAT).

5.3. Basic Sensors display

We will also display the basic sensor measurements: GR, CWH, DENR, QP, TEMP, ILS, CFB, LSPD,
with the zone display. Once they are displayed, save the current layout by Adding a new
snapshot, from .

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The capacitance and the density tools are confirming the water at the very bottom, oil just above water and
gas all the way up, assessing the measurements of the CAT and RAT. In addition, the capacitance tool sees an
entry around 9490 ft, like the RAT and CAT.

Note that, since the beginning, snapshots have been created although there was no existing interpretation.
Such snapshots are labeled with the survey short name preceding their name (e.g. ‘[S1] CAT N probes’). They
will be available for any interpretation created later. If such a snapshot is modified by adding a view created
under an interpretation or containing interpretation dependent data, the snapshot name will change with the
short name of the interpretation replacing the short name of the survey (e.g. ‘[I1] CAT N probes’). Such a
snapshot will then only be available when Interpretation I1 is active. This will be illustrated below when dealing
with the SAT data.

5.4. SAT Data

Following the same procedure as done for CAT and RAT, we will invoke a template for SAT. From the View tool

strip, Template . Among the Sondex templates, Full Layouts select ‘SAT Spinners’.

From the SAT spinner data, it is not possible to do proper individual spinner calibrations. For all spinners, a
threshold of about 30 ft/min and a slope of 0.08 rps/ft/min will be used. This will be done by using a SAT
constant calibration.

We will also calibrate the ILS and CFB spinners. For this, we need to create a new PL interpretation and define
calibration zones.

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6. PL Interpretation

Create a new PL interpretation, by clicking on the ‘Infos’, , icon, from the Control Panel. Accept the default
name.

Select the Continuous method of calculations. More on this below.

6.1. Spinner Calibration

In the Interpretation Settings window, ‘Spinners‘ tab, select SAT and set the spinner calibration to ‘Constant’.
Click on the button to access the SAT calibration, and set a slope of 0.08 rps/ft/min and a threshold of 30
ft/min (apply to all). Tick CFB and ILS and close the window with OK.

Enter two spinner calibration zones interactively with : [9405 – 9419 ft] and [9640 – 9670 ft]. The Edit
icon can be used to check/modify the calibration zones.

Go to ‘Calibrate’, , and select CFB. In the bottom zone, enter thresholds 3.5 ft/min and -3.5 ft/min.
Select ILS and for the bottom zone, do not use point for pass down 3 (the positive line will be automatically
recomputed). The positive line of the bottom zone has now a slope similar to the one of the upper zone. We
will apply the slope of the positive line to the negative line. Click on button ‘Slope (-)’ and use the slope of the
positive line. Enter thresholds 14 ft/min and -14 ft/min. OK.

When accepting the Spinner calibration, a window will pop up, prompting the generation of the Apparent
velocities. Select ‘Apply to all’ and click Yes. Each apparent velocity appears in an automatic view.
Invoke the ‘SAT V apparent’ template, available in the SondexTemplates file. Set all views horizontal scale to [-
300ft/min, 700ft/min] to facilitate comparison.

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Looking at all passes, one by one, it is obvious that they require some cleaning. The Edit/QAQC tab contains
many editing options, including ‘Hide Parts’.

Using the ‘Pick nearest’, , icon, click close to pass Down 1 of VASPIN 1. Use the highlight option , to
quickly identify this pass.

The browser opens with the curve highlighted. Click on the ‘Hide parts’, , icon. Click and drag in the VASPIN1
track with the left mouse button in order to select the area of the curve to hide: from 9370 to 9500 ft. When
the mouse button is released, the following window pops up.

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The user is offered the possibility to hide parts of the selected pass on the depth interval just defined with the
mouse, above or below a certain value. The choices can be applied to other passes too and/or to any other
type of data.

 Select ‘Apply on: Any Fluid velocity Data’.

 Tick VASPIN1, VASPIN2 and VASPIN3 for pass Up1.
 Tick VASPIN2 and VASPIN3 for pass Up2.
 Tick VASPIN1, VASPIN2 and VASPIN6 for pass Up3.
 Tick VASPIN1 and VASPIN2 for pass Down1.
 Tick VASPIN2 and VASPIN3 for pass Down2.
 Tick VASPIN2, VASPIN3 and VASPIN4 for pass Down3.
 Click on OK.

Passes Up1 and Down1 show bad data and will be ignored in the MPT processing later.

6.2. PVT

In the PVT window define fluid type as saturated oil with water. Enter 903 cf/bbl for the solution GOR,
salinity = 18000 ppm, gas SG = 0.78, oil gravity = 26.3° API.

Go to ‘Interpretation Settings’, through the ‘Infos’ button, and in the ‘Reference channels’ tab and define the
interpretation inputs: TEMP, QP, and DENR with pass Up1.

The definition of pressure, temperature inputs and PVT are required for the reconstruction of central tools
measurements during the processing.

6.3. MPT Processing

The MPT processing allows calculating, at any depth, one centered value from distributed measurements. This
possibility is offered by reconstructing the probe measurements on the basis of a 2D representation of the
holdups and the velocity, with the possibility of adding external constraints. The 2D model parameters are
evaluated by matching the reconstructed data on the raw data, using a non-linear regression.

Once obtained, the reconstructed values for the holdups and the velocities are combined to calculate the local
phase velocities. By integrating this information over the cross-section at every depth, the average phase rates
and holdups are produced, waving the need for slippage models. These averages are then used to feed a
conventional PL interpretation.

Two 2D models are available for the MAPS suite (linear holdups/velocities, and Polynomial velocity/linear
holdups) and as indicated before, physical constraints can be added to the non-linear regression: phase
absence, vertical segregation (e.g. water holdup decreasing from bottom to top), conventional tool
measurements (density, capacitance, spinner).

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The job will be analyzed with the SAT measurements, using the constant calibration already defined, and the
central spinner measurements. CAT and RAT measurements will also be used.

Click on the ‘MPT Processing’, , icon. The tool type is set to MAPS. By clicking in the next to it, it can be
checked that SAT, CAT and RAT are used.
The Average will be areal, using a 2D ‘Linear Velocity-Linear holdup’ mapping model.
In Range, choose to process at ‘Interval’ with a value of 1ft. This interval value also governs the depth spacing
for the averages.

 Phase constraints: the choice depends on the tools selected. The logic is that a phase constraint is
offered unless an included tool gives the holdup of that phase directly. In our case, we use all MAPS
tools so the choice is none or Yo=0. We keep ‘none’ as we know that oil is produced.
 Physical constraints: we select both choices to force water and gas gravity segregation.
 Tool constraints: choose to simulate VAILS, VACFB and DENR to check for consistency. Tick on ‘Focus’,
as not sampling occupies the full cross section area of the pipe.
 Select passes D2 and D3 as combined passes.

In independent mode, the readings of the selected passes are matched pass by pass at every depth, fitting a
new 2D model on each pass. In combined mode, the readings of the selected passes are all matched
simultaneously at each depth, using the same 2D model: this mode behaves as if there was, for instance, a SAT
tool with twice the number of probes when processing a SAT in two passes in combined mode. This can be of
great interest when some probes failed in one pass but not in another. Bear in mind that this mode is valid
only if the flow conditions have not changed or are very similar between the passes.

 In additional output, generate ‘Error channels’, ‘Average of the outputs’ and ‘Phase rates’.

‘Error channels’ are the relative errors between the raw and the reconstructed data. ‘Average of the outputs’
generates the MPT process averages for the interpretation input (e.g. the combined process average or the
lateral average of the selected passes in independent mode). ‘Phase rates’ will produce the reconstructed rates
of the phases.

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When OK is given Emeraude indicates that the process will generate more points than a maximum defined in
‘Settings – Interpretation – Misc’. The interval will be changed automatically to honor this condition. Accept
with OK.

At the end of the process a number of new channels have been created under the ‘Calculated Log Data’ folder
in the browser. The next figure gives the details.

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 Average of the MPT process copied into the
interpretation inputs (because requested as outputs of
MPT)

-------------------------------------------------------

Combined process averages

-------------------------------------------------------

Vapparent (generated previously)

-------------------------------------------------------

Reconstructed channels with ‘_K’ suffix

------------------------------------------------------

Errors with ‘_KERR’ suffix

-------------------------------------------------------

Overall errors on reconstructed tools

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Beware that those additional channels will obviously take some space; this is why for instance the generation
of errors is optional. The averages of the channels representing holdups, rates, and mixture velocity have been
added in the Interpretation input.

A number of new views have been created (and some appeared in the layout up to the usual limit):
 A global error view is created called ‘MPT Errors’ + Interpretation short name. It displays the overall
errors on the reconstructed tools.
 A ‘Constraints’ view, indicating how much the constraints are fulfilled.

Use the hide/show view dialog, , to organize to create the layout with: [Depth – Z – MPT errors I1 –
QW_MPT – QO_MPT – QG_MPT – VT_MPT – YW_MPT – YG_MPT].

Add the corresponding snapshot called ‘Processing’, from

The error view shows that:

 The VASPINx are matched with no error; this is normal with the linear model.
 The NCAPx are not matched closely when the flow appears to be two-phase.
 VAILS and VACFB reconstruction, in the same region of the well, don’t agree with the measures.
 DENR is presenting the same problem.

The other views are displaying MPT averages (dashed lines from calculated log data node) and Interpretation
inputs (continuous line). Curves are identical because of the combined process.

We take a further look at the results. The newly generated channels (reconstructed, errors) can also be seen on
the automatic views. From , recall the snapshot ‘SAT V apparent’; In the display toolbar, you can

display raw vs reconstructed channels, or the errors, using the display options .

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Below is the view of the apparent velocities. The reconstructed channels appear in dashed lines. The central
spinners are not matched exactly, but the agreement is rather good.

Agreement is not as good with the density tool (recall the ‘Basic sensors’ snapshot). There are several reasons
why we do not see consistent results between the conventional measurements and the value derived from the
MPT processing, among which:
- Some tools are focused (e.g. DENR) while we compare it to an average on the cross-section.
- The velocity profile may be different from the imposed stratified model (30° deviated well).
- …
It is beyond the scope of this guided session to resolve the difference in this particular case, the main goal here
being to illustrate the workflow.

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We can build image views for reconstructed channels and compare those with the raw ones.

Recall the Holdup image view for combined passes D2 and D3 (CAT D2 – D3). Right click on it and in Properties,
remove ‘show measure point’ (if not yet done).

From the View tool strip click on the ‘New’, , icon and select .
Call it “CAT D2-D3 Reconstructed”. As a Combined passes MPT processing was run in the current interpretation,
the property dialog offers by default ‘Combined passes’ and ‘Reconstructed’ for the processed tools and it can
be checked that passes D2 and D3 have been correctly selected for combination. Select the CAT-N tool and
Cat Rgb as color scale. Remove ‘show measure point’. Uncheck the Autoscale option, and keep Min=0 and
Max=1 (you may want to Apply to all image views to ensure that this scale setting will be applied to all image
views displaying the same tool).

The reconstructed view exhibits the 2D model prediction in agreement with the segregation constraint. This
can be seen on the cross section: display both the raw and reconstructed data cross sections at 9438.1ft. Select
‘Areal’ for the raw data display: although not perfect (as seen on the ‘Constraints’ view, the stratification
constraint mostly holds on.

When the depth value is entered manually, press the refresh button to update the cross-section.

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 Raw data @ 9438.1ft

Reconstructed data @ 9438.1ft

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6.4. Rate Calculation
As mentioned earlier, having checked ‘Average of the outputs’ in the MPT processing window, Emeraude has
generated the MPT process averages and copied them in the interpretation input node.

The rate calculation zones will be entered from the fourth tab of the ‘Edit’ dialog. [9405 – 9428 ft], [9480 –
9486 ft], [9554 – 9560 ft], [9615 – 9622 ft] and [9714 – 9731 ft]. Click on Apply.

Same way, go to the Inflow zones tab to set the inflows as producing zones (right click in the Inflow type cell
and select the proper type), and modify the numbers as below:

Create a new snapshot (Interpretation), with the following tracks: [Depth – Z – Water holdup match – Gas
holdup match – Mixture velocity match - Water rate match –Gas rate match – Oil rate match - Density match]

As opposed to the usual ‘Zoned’ approach where the residual calculations are made at the calculation zones
only, a ‘Continuous’ approach, offered as an alternative, considers all schematic points when calculating the
objective function and allows the holdups to slightly depart from the slip model predictions.

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As we have selected Continuous method, the icon Rates has changed to Inflow.

Click on the ‘Inflow’, , icon. As we are using the continuous mode, Emeraude takes us directly to the
Contributions tab. A 3 Phase L-G model is selected. The selection of correlations is irrelevant as they will be
by-passed in this case.

Go to the Rate Calculation tab, activate the first zone, and do not fit Vm and the density (remember that the
MPT process was not in agreement with the conventional density measurement). In Continuous mode, this will
apply to all zones automatically. The last zone has been set to No Flow automatically.

Go back to the ‘Contributions’ tab. Set all contributions to Positive, and press Global Improve. After the first
iteration the schematic logs appear on the screen and the successive changes are visible on all the tracks. Exit
the dialog with OK.

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Update the snapshot ‘Interpretation’.

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Before going further on the solution, it can be noticed that a ‘Slip velocity match’ view has appeared. This view
is meant to show the difference, when interpreting data in Continuous or Zoned-loose compliance modes,
between the slippage calculated by the regression process, and that calculated by the selected slip model(s).
The red curve is for the slippage between gas and liquid (the blue curve is for the slippage between water and
oil). The dots appear on the slippage curves coming from the regression.

Overall, match between raw data (in red) and Emeraude solution (in green) is good, except for the density, as
we did not try to fit this measurement.

However, when creating the survey, we have entered surface rates [Qw=0 stb/D, Qo=4790 stb/D, Qg=17370
Mscf/D]. We can now compare them with the simulated rates given by Emeraude.

Go to ‘Inflow rates’ and select the ‘Surface Match’ tab.

The simulated results are in good agreement with the surface rates.

This concludes Emeraude (PL) Tutorial #2 – MAPS Interpretation.

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