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Unit-1 Matrices

The document provides an overview of matrices, including definitions, types, and operations such as addition, multiplication, and finding inverses using elementary operations. It explains the concepts of scalar matrices, transposes, and the three basic elementary operations on matrices. Additionally, it includes problems for practice on performing these operations.

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sujayverma646
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10 views31 pages

Unit-1 Matrices

The document provides an overview of matrices, including definitions, types, and operations such as addition, multiplication, and finding inverses using elementary operations. It explains the concepts of scalar matrices, transposes, and the three basic elementary operations on matrices. Additionally, it includes problems for practice on performing these operations.

Uploaded by

sujayverma646
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Matrices

Unit – 1
Fundamentals of Mathematics
Prof. Pooja V
Syllabus
● Definition

● Types of matrices

● Addition, multiplication, scalar multiplication of matrices

● Transpose of a matrix

● Introduction to elementary operations

● Finding inverse of a matrix using elementary operations.


Definition
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Order of a Matrix

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Types of Matrices

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7. Scalar Matrix- A scalar matrix is a special type of diagonal matrix where all the
diagonal elements are equal to a scalar k, and all other elements are zero.
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Addition of matrices
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Subtraction of Matrices
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Scalar Multiplication of matrices
Matrices can be multiplied by a scalar (constant or single element)

Example: For the following matrix, find 3A.


Multiplication of matrices
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Examples
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Transpose of a matrix
The transpose of a matrix is found by interchanging its rows into
columns or columns into rows. The transpose of the matrix is denoted by
using the letter “T” in the superscript of the given matrix. For example, if
“A” is the given matrix, then the transpose of the matrix is represented by
A’ or AT.
Introduction to elementary operations
Generally, there are three known elementary matrix operations performed on rows and
columns of matrices. The operations performed on the rows are known as elementary
matrix row operations. Whereas, the operations performed on columns are known as
elementary matrix column operations.
The three basic elementary operations or transformation of a matrix are:
● Interchange of any two rows or two columns.
● Multiplication of row or column by a non-zero number.
● Multiplication of row or column by a non-zero number and add the result to the other
row or column.
Case 1: Interchange of any Two Rows or Two Columns
Any 2 columns (or rows) of a matrix can be exchanged. If the ith and jth rows are
exchanged, it is shown by Ri ↔ Rj and if the ith and jth columns are exchanged, it is shown
by Ci ↔ Cj.
For example, given the matrix A below:
Case 2: Multiplication of Row or Column by a Non-zero Number
The elements of any row (or column) of a matrix can be multiplied by a non-zero number.
So if we multiply the ith row of a matrix by a non-zero number k, symbolically it can be
denoted by Ri → kRi. Similarly, for column it is given by Ci → kCi.
For example, given the matrix A below:
Case 3: Multiplication of Row or Column by a Non-zero Number and Add the Result to the Other Row or
Column
The elements of any row (or column) can be added with the corresponding elements of another row (or column)
which is multiplied by a non-zero number. So if we add the ith row of a matrix to the jth row which is multiplied by a
non-zero number k, symbolically it can be denoted by Ri → Ri + kRj. Similarly, for column it is given by Ci → Ci +
kCj.
For example, given the matrix A below:
Problems on Elementary Operation of Matrices

Problem 1: Perform Operation R1 <=> R2 on the given matrix.

Problem 2: Perform operation C2 <=> C3 on the given matrix.


Problem 3: Perform the row operation 3R1 => R1 on given matrix.

Problem 4: Perform the column operation 2C2 => C2 on the given matrix.

Problem 5: Perform the row operation R1 + R2 => R2 on the given matrix


Problem 6: Perform the column operation C1 + C3 => C3 on the given matrix.
Inverse of a matrix using elementary operations
By the definition of inverse of a matrix, we know that, if A is a matrix (2×2 or 3×3) then inverse of A, is
given by A-1, such that:
A.A-1 = I, where I is the identity matrix.
If X = AB, is an equation of matrices, such that all the three matrices, X, A and B are of the same order. The
elementary row operations will be applied on matrix X and A (on the RHS side of the matrix equation) of the
product of AB, simultaneously, for the given matrix equation.
Similarly, the elementary column operations will be applied on the matrices X and B (on the RHS side of the
matrix equation) of the product of AB, simultaneously.
Thus, in general if we want to evaluate the inverse of matrix A, by using elementary row operations on
A = IA, in a sequence, until we get: I = BA.
Also, by using elementary column operations, on A = AI, in a sequence, till we get I = AB, we can get the
value of the inverse of matrix A.
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