5 Elementary Functions of Complex Variables

The document discusses elementary functions of a complex variable, focusing on exponential and trigonometric functions, their definitions, properties, and theorems. It includes proofs of convergence, periodicity, and relationships between these functions, such as Euler's formula and identities for hyperbolic functions. Theorems are presented to establish the behavior and characteristics of these functions within the complex plane.

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5 Elementary Functions of Complex Variables

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5 ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OFA COMPLEX VARIABLE 1. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION ” ; is convergent for every z € C. 2 Theorem 1. The power series oy n= Proof. The given power series is)’ a,7" where a, = +. n=O me Radius of convergence R of given series is given by 1 = lim — ne (n+I! = tim SD! 2 hin’ tee, nm ont! ne Hence given power series converges for all z EC. Theorem 2. The solution of the equation f(z) = f(z) with initial value £(@) = 1 is the sum function f(z) = xy ez". n=0 Proof. Let S(2) = ay ta, 24032? +... 293294 PREGIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4 Then SUB) = $2.0) 2430, 22 tore Substituting these in equation /"(z) = f(z), we get iy #0240227 tone = 0) 420g Z4303z7 ease ay =, 4, = 202, 2 = 30; wm A, = Na, and soon 4% 2% | my 7 TM RTOS op aA oa m a and soon a, = —. nm! Now, fQ =1 2 aq = 1, so that a, = 1. mi = on a f= 7 Definition. Exponential Function. The sum function of the everywhere = 4" convergent series)” A is defined as the exponential function of the nm a0 complex variable z, and is denoted by e* or exp (z). Remark. The exponential e* is an entire function. Theorem 3. (Addition Theorem) e7!"*2 = e“'e*? W z,,2, EC. (P.U. 2012) Proof. Consider the function a(s) = ef eit Then Biz) =e (eM) ae? eI 2 =O = (2) = constant “ 80) = g(z,) i ett - oft Ft n7 be g@aeF ett] = eT = oft 2,\ ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 295 “Cor. 1. e* #0 foranyr EC. Proof. Let z be any complex number. Then by addition theorem, we have 'y eft?) = 99 =] > eF #0. 41 Cor. 2, e'? = £_ Wz, EC. er Proof. By above theorem, we have _ eta) a gltih)tn te ef %2¢72 = fl x = etrtz a £_ 8 a a Cor.3, e? = vrec = Proof. Taking z, =O and z,—z in Cor. 2, we get the result. Theorem 4. e* = e* (cos x +/sin y), wherez=x+iy. ol caw || Proof. By definition, e'” = > 2)" Gy)? ken! (-0 1k y’ oe Sr (-1yt pet! - o Qn! fm (k+! =cosytisiny. | ef sett = et el¥ = oF (cos y+ isin y).296) 5 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALY rata e* andar —y, where = x4 iy. Proois Wed know that if z= r (cos @ + sin 8), then lpsper and ags=@. Haves ce? = e* (cas ysisin y) ‘ve. [tel = e7 and agemy. ‘Periodic Function. A fimetion f: D + C is: saiditactes periodiccifitiiere exists a number @ = 0 such that f(=+<)) W2 sec? x tan? 2 =1, (if) Dividing (/) by sin? z, we get 1+cot? z = cosec?z = cosec?z— cot? z = 1. (Il) sin (2) =~sinz and cos (2) =cosz, tz _ pit iz _ poke i ere ef Proof, sin(-z)= {——*— = _|£ =* Jas G2) a7 [ ai } sinz nity ft and cos ep 7 = cosz. (ll) If f(z) =sinz, then f'(z) = cos z and if /(2) = cos x, then f'(2) ==sinz. 0 if n=2k Further, for f(z) =sinz, sae{ oy ce if m=2k+1 0 and for f(z) =cosz, ro = ee where & E N U {0}.300 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS-I Proof. For f(z) =sinz,z€ C, we have A -£(¢¢)- tet sit el tet a yatin iE 7 j Megan and sty (e = ) ‘Continuing so on, we have, f"(z) =— cosz, f(z) =sinzetc. if n=2k 0 Ct it meagan, MHEEENU (0). Hence (0) = { Similarly if f(z) =cosz, we have f"(z) =-sinz, f(z) =—eosz, S7(z) =sinz and so on. 0 if n=2k+1 fay where k E NU {0}. —pf if a= £70) -{ wo p2n4l = 2n (IV) cosz= ze mal and sinz = 2 GneDl n=0 2 Proof. We know that e? rie i Changing z to iz and—/z, we get é (ptt z2ntl «y?" 274 & @n+D! (2n) 2.2) (p23 and ej DE COE 2! 3! . carne 4 nent stant — mw (2n)! @Qn+D!ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 301 4 n Henle ge 277) ee 0 Zt el te 7 +2 ptt BN) Gait ; i (-1ynz2""! and ef =e"? = diz 21 a4 ie Dm srs (Qn+iyt in 2nel ee sinz= a (2n+1! 9 gan and cosz= De a Ga (¥) sin (2; +22) = sinz, cos z, +cos z, sin z and cos (z, +23) = cos z, cosz,-sinz,z, W z),z) EC. Proof. By addition theorem of exponential function, we have elftit#) = itt gl > cos (z, +22) +isin (z, +22) = (cos z, +sin z,)(cosz, + /sin z2) > cos (2; +22) +/sin (2, +z,) = (cos z, cos z,—sinz, sinz,) +i (sinz, cosz, +cosz,sinz,). Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get cos (z,+2,) =cos 2, cos 2, —sin z, sin z, and sin (z,+z,) =sin z, cos z, + cos z, sin 2. Cor. 1. cos2z= cos? z—sin? z and sin2z=2sinzcos z. Proof. Taking z, = z, =z in above, we get a cos’z-sin?z=cos2z and sin2z=2sinzcosz. ‘Cor. 2. sin(z, —z,) = sinz, cosz —cosz, sinz, and cos (2; — 22) = cos z, cosz, +sinz, Sinz, W 2,,2, EC. Proof. Replacing z, by —z, in above property and using property (II), we get the result.302 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS-| Remark All the trigonometric formulae, which hold true for trigonometric functions of a real variable can be proved to be true for trigonometric functions of a complex variable also. Some of these are : @) cosz=lez=2 nr, nEZ. (i) sins 1e2=(nel) Ener, in tinz=1eze(nt1) 2 ,neZ (iv) cos 2, = cos zy ® x =~2nati2,nEZ. @) sing Hsing, @ 2, =n 4(-1)"2,,n EZ. 3, HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS n. For z © C, the hyperbolic functions are defined as below : We have, sinh z= ertini _ (tne) 2 Forn€Z, sinh(c+2 nr) =ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 303 = sinh z. ++ sinh z is a periodic function with primitive period 22 i. Similarly we can prove that cosh z is a periodic function with Primitive period 2x j and tanh z is a periodic function with primitive period xr i. sech z and cosech z, being reciprocals of cosh z and sinh z are Periodic functions with primitive period 22 i, and coth z, being reciprocal of tanh z is a periodic function with primitive period zr i. Theorem 6. (Relation between Hyperbolic and Trigonometric Functions) For z € C, (@) — sin(éz)=isinhz (i) cos (iz) =coshz (ii) tan (fz) =ftanhz. Proof.()Wehave, sinz = 2 (i) Wehave, — cosz = ee % . ol UD gia) “ cos -_———— = (iz) 2 SS we te cosh 2, 2 Gi tan (jz) = 2002) Isiah © tanh, cos(iz) coshz304 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4 icosech z. Cor. —()_cosec (iz) Gif) sec(iz) = (iif) cot (iz) =—coth z. sech z. pec ee Proof. (i) cosec (iz) ain@iz) fainhe Feosech z. - g cmt) sh Bins pat Sy Parl OU see)" aa ahe en (iii) cot (iz) = wel icoth z. fan (fz) ftanhz ‘Theorem 7. (Identities for Hyperbolic Functions) For z € C, () cosh? z—sinh? z =1 (ii) sech?z + tanh? z = 1 (iii) coth? z—-cosech?z = 1. Proof. (i) We have, sin?z +cos?z = 1. Changing z into iz, we get [sin (i 2)]? + [00s (72)]? = 1 > — (isin z)? +(cosh z)? =1 = =sinh? 2 +cosh? z =1 ie. cosh? z=sinh? z =1. (if) Dividing (i) by cosh? z, we get 1-tanh? z = sech?z > sech?z+ tanh? z =1 (ii) Dividing (9 by sinh? z, we get coth? z = 1 = cosech?z = coth? z—cosech?z =I,ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 305 Theorem 8. For: & C, 2 gine sinh z= z+—+— ee 3! (2n+D! 2 2n and coshr=z+5—42-4,. 42 4 21° 4! Qa)! (PU. 2014) Proof. We know that 3 2n Qael ef a tezr4 5 4 Z 2,7 _, 23! Qn! Qnepi Changing z to —z, we have Qn Dae -2 eof 2 1732 + 21031" Qa)! (ntn! 35 n+l ‘rete ey os 3! OS! Qn+l)! gem > a (Qa+t! 3 os ns = simhe= 242-42 4.04 4. 3! oS! (n+lt 2 Also, e* +e7* ~eds306 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS-1 Remark. All the trigonometric formulae, which hold for trigonometric functions of a real variables can also be proved to be true in case of trigonometric functions of a complex variable. Also, corresponding to every relation between trigonometric functions, there is an identical relation between hyperbolic functions which may be obtained by changing z into jz. Following is a list of some formulae in trigonometric functions and the corresponding formulae in hyperbolic functions : ‘Trigonometric Functions ()|sin(z, +25) = sin z, cos =» +cos = Hyperbolic Functions sinh (=, +22) =sinhz, cosh => + cosh =, sinh zy cosh (2) +2)= cosh z, cosh = (1) }cos (2, +22)" cos z, 605 22 —Sin z, Sin 22 + cosh =, cosh =, cosh 22 = cosh? = + sinh? = = 2cosh? z-1 =1+4 2sinh? = sinh 3 7=3 sinh=+4sinh? = 4cosh? = —3.cosh =ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 307 tanh 2z= 2 sinh z, cosh => = sinh (2, +22 )+ sinh (=) - 29) 2eosh 2, sinh =, inh (2, +3 }—sinh (2, - =) 2-cosh =, cosh = 2sinh =, sinh =, cosh (=, +29 cosh (=) =) +22 FF 2sinh 4. LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS Definition. Logarithmic Function. If e” = z, where w € C and 0 #2z6€C, then w is called logarithm of z to the base ¢ and is written as logz=w,308 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4 Theorem 9. log z is a many valued function. Proof. Let e” =z. Then for € Z, e”*?"*! = e™ as e™ is periodic function with period 2a f te evttarl 2, + By definition, logz=w+2nxi, nEZ. Thus log z has infinitely many values differing from one another by integral multiples of 2 i. Hence log z is a many valued function. Reinark. w + 22 i,m © Z is called general value of logarithmic function and is denoted by log z. ‘The value corresponding to n= 0 is called the principal value of the logarithm and is denoted by Log z. Thus logz =Logz+2nri,n&Z. Also, Logz =log|z|+#Argz, where Arg z is the principal argument of z. 4.1. Laws of Logarithins If z,,z,, a EC, then it may be easily verified that ; () log 2,2, =logz, +logz, fo) be 4) = logz, - log #3. “2 Remark 1. Above formulae may not hold for principal values. eg Let z,=-1 and zy =i. Then Log z, = Log (- 1) = Log (e'*)=iz, } S)oit Log z, = Logi =Log}e ? o>ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 309 and Log (z,z,) =Log(-) = Log (3) =-i8. cs Log (2,22) # logz, + logz5. [» Bains !t] In fact, in formulae above, one of the values on either side is equal to one of the values on the other side. Remark. 2, Ifz is a non-zero complex number and n is a positive integer, then equality log 2” =n log z may not be true even for general values. eg logi? = log = iS 42nei = (2ne-% while 3 log ?= a[2me +4) if | Now it is not correct to say that 3(2mn+3) = 2na-= 2 2 because left hand side may be written as. 2 (3 mt + 1) = = which shows that the solution set on the left is only a subset of the solution set on the right. Hence logi? #3 logi. 4.2. Analyticity of the Complex Logarithmic Function The methods of investigating continuity and other properties for single valued functions cannot be used for multiple valued functions, But a multiple valued function can be replaced by many different single valued functions and then nature of multiple valued functions may be examined from the point of view of its single valued counterparts.310 PRECIZE GOMPLEX ANALYSIS4 We define a branch of log = to be any single-valued function log” z that satisfies the identitye'’®?= z for all non-zero complex numbers z. There are infinitely many branches associated with the multiple valued function log z. Among all the branches for log =, there is exactly one branch whose imaginary part (arg z) is defined in interval (© x, a]. This branch is called the principal branch of log = and is ‘Log z. This branch may be viewed geometrically as a cut of the z-plane along negative real axis. This ray is called the branch cut for the function Log z. Definition. Branch Cut and Branch Points. A branch cut is a portion of a line or a curve that is introduced in order to define a branch F of a multi-valued function f- Points on the branch cut F are singular points of f and any point that is common to all branch cuts of f is called a branch point. For example, the origin and the ray @ = a make up the branch cut for the branch logz=logr+i0, r>0,a > iz =e?! _ 220! —1 =0, which is quadratic equation ine” QiztJ4i2z? +4 — . iw m+ be € a gp ae 1-2’, where y1—z? is double valued function of z = iw = log(iz+yl-27) {arELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 313 = wo lioggz+vinw) ~flog(iz+y1-z ), where /I—2? is a double valued function of z. Thus, sin~' = has bean expressed in terms of logarithmic function. Since logarithmic function is multi-valued, therefore sin“'z is also multi-valued function. Theorem 13. The inverse trigonometric function cos“! z is multi-valued function, Proof. Let Then Jw pnw = eee +e 2 * 2ree*yt Ce")? - 226! +1 =0, whichis quadratic equation in e'” 2 * oft 2 2REyAP <4 a =rtii-2, where fi—2? is double valued function of. iw = log(z+ivl-z? ) = cost: = ~ilog (2 +14 2). Thus cos~!z has been expressed in terms of logarithmic function, Since logarithmic function is multi-valued, therefore cos™!z is also Tuhti-valued function. Theorem 14, The inverse trigonometric function tan“! z is multi-valued function, —/,314 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4 Proof, Let Then Applying componendo and dividendo, we get el ee ae me _ tie iw deiz = ~ = = * Thus tan7!z has been expressed ir terms of logarithmic function. Since logarithmic function is multi-valued, therefore tan~! z is also mulli- valued function, fhELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 315 4.1. Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions ‘Theorem 15. () Sein" n= Les'n =--4 Proof. (/) Let w= sin!z, ~ilog(iz + Vi-z). Here w contains two multiple valued functions namely vi-? and the logarithm, If we use specific branches of the square root and the logarithmic functions, then sin“! z becomes single valued and analytic. Then by chain rule, we have { 52 er att 1-2") iz#yl-z Then 1 ap | i wet de i+2(-z*) 22-2?) I 2 ae = = 2! ize ¥i-z? | 2¥i-z : -©9@_|,, 42 iz+qi-z? ( i] ‘ iz+yl ee ; jeevi-z | vi-2 a2 ds Sree Hence aun 2) ye tT316 PREGIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4 (if) Let w= cos"! = flog esi i=z? ). Using specific branches of the square root and logarithmic functions, cos"! z becomes single-valued and analytic, Then by chain rule we have ‘ i [gerni-v)| z+iyi-z2? =-_-i vee r+igl-z7 1-2? =_CACA vm zeiyi-z? -2? 2 1 a aI z+ivl-z z+iyl-z? =z? V2’ Hence A cos"! zee ‘i * a& nz? Example 1. Solve the following ‘equations : @ e=2 We =i. SoL()Wehave, e7 =2 » extiy =2 = — e* (cosy +fsiny)=2.ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 317 Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get e* cosy=2 and e* siny=0. But e* + 0, therefore e* sin y = 0 gives siny =O Le. y=nx,n€Z, ecosy=2 gives e*cosna=2 ie. e*(-1)"=2. Ifnis even, say n =2 m, then we get, e* =2 fe, x=log2. Ifa is odd, we get, e* =— 2, which is not possible, + g=x+iy=log 2+ ina, where nis an even integer ie. z=log2+2imx,wherem EZ. (i) Wehave, e* * ety Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get ecosy =0 and e'siny=1. =» e* (cosy+isiny) Now, e* cos y =0, gives cos y=0 [v e* #0) > yrQntl) F,n,neZ. e* siny= 1 gives e* sin@a+1) 2 =1 = &Ciyr=l. Ifnis even, say n= 2 m, then we get, eX =1 ie. x=0. If is odd, then we get, e* =— 1, which is not possible. z=(2n+1) $1, where mis even integer te, z= (4m4+1) 55, wheremeZ, Example 2. (i) Prove that sin zis unbounded, (i) Is sin z + cos z bounded ? Justify your answer. (P.U. 2012) re318 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4 Sol. () We have, sinz =sin(x+iy) = sin.x cos iy + cos x sin (iy) =sinx cosh y+ icosx sinh y * |sinz| = {osin x cosh y)? + (cosx sinh y)? = sin? y cosh? y +cos? x sinh? y . Since cosh y is unbounded, therefore | sin z | is unbounded. Hence sin z is unbounded. (ii) We have, sin z+cosz= A ijergeclowosz 2 2 = Asin scon% son sin) Ls = i cin(=+). By part (9), sin (:+4] is unbounded, Hence sin z + cos z is unbounded. Example 3. Prove that sinz=Oiff z=nr,n€Z and cosz=0 if 2=Qn+)5,n€Z. Proof. Wehave, — sinz =sin (x+y) = sin x cos (iy) + cos x sin (ip) =sinx cosh y+icosxsinhy Isin z|? = sin? x cosh? y +cos? x sinh? y = sin? x(1+sinh? y) +(1—sin? x) sinh? y = sin? x+sinh? y.ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 319 Now, sinz =0 # |sinz[’ =0 sin? x+sinh?y =0 « sinx=0 and sinhy-0 [v xyER] © x=n,n€Z and y=0 e@ r=xtiy=nmi, nEZ. Again, cos z = cos (x + iy) = cos. x cos (iy) —sin x sin (i) =cos.x cosh y—/sinx sinh y Icosz|? = cos? x cosh? y +sin? x sinh? y = cos? x(1+sinh? y) + (1-cos? x) sinh? y = cos? x+sinh? y. Now, cosz=0 & |cosz/?=0 @ ~~ cos? x+sinh? y =0 @ cosx=0. and sinhy=0 ex Grn. n€Z and y=0 * roxtiy= QnenZ, neZ. Example 4. Find all the zeros and the primitive period of the function s(2/z +13), SL Let cos (2iz+13)=0 * 2izt13=Qn+I)F,nEZ » 2iz- Qn+NF-13 mez * ri GatDA- vez Pe pu Ot EHW6 eg - AF M.»320 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS-| Now let k be the period of the function cos (2 iz + 13). * Then cos (2 i(¢+#) +13) = eos (2 /z+13 +2) @ QiztQik+1F=2iz+13+2H [2 cos (2) cos (z +2n)] = 2ik=20 = ik=x > ko-ni. Hence, primitive period of the given function is 2 i. Example 5. Solve the following equations : @ — sinz=cosh4 (i) sinhz=i (P.U. 2013) ip cosh z= 3 (b) sinz=2 (vy) cosz =2 (vi) tankz=-2 (P.U. 2014, 2017) (il) tanz+cotz=2 (vi) 4cosz=3+i. (P.U. 2015) Sol. (/) Given equation is sinz = cosh 4 ie sinz =cos(i4) [cos (Fx) = cosh x] > sinz ws (#41 ne o(-0"{E-i), where n € Z. [vy sinz, =sin z, > z, = nx +(-I)"2) (i) Givenequationis sinhz=i iELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 321 ie (7 -i)? =0 eal, iz % z =logi=loge 2 Sater =i(2ne2)x, whee n€Z. Given equation is cosh z= Nie e+e 2 2 e*F ef +] =O 1 2 pet pay > ete* = 1 2 141 =0,where (=e es 1s fF 143 _ tio 2 2 2 2 _1tiy3 2 = log feral h 2 ~2tm sl Fog er Bnez inet log 2 15 = i[2ne5), where n € Z. (i) Given equation is sinz=2 ie. sin (x + iy).=2, wherez=x+i¥ix,yER __—F7f>»322 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSI84 => — sinxcos(iy)+cosxsin (iy) =2 > sinx coshy + /cos x sinh y= 2. Equating real and imaginary parts, we get. sinx cosh y =2 (1) and —cosxsinhy =0. an) From (2), either cosx=0 or sinh y=0. If sinh y= 0, then y =O, so that cosh y= 1. From (1), sinx=2, which isnot possibleas ~1 5 sinx S 1. sinh y # 0, sothatcosx=0 ie, x=(2n+1) nek sinx= +1, From (1), cosh y= + 2. But cosh y cannot be negative, therefore cosh y=2 ie. y= cosh"! 2. Hence, 2=x+iy=(2n+1) Fricosh"'2, where n €Z. () — Given equation is cosz=2 ie cos (x + fy) =2, wherez=x+iy,x,yER = cosxcos(/y)—sinx sin (iy) =2 => cosx cosh y—/sinx sinh y =2. Equating real and imaginary parts, we get cosx cosh y =2 wf) and sin x sinh y =0. aw(2) From (2), either sinx=0 or sinhy=0. If sinh y=0, then y=0, so that cosh y= 1. From (1), cos x= 2, which is not possible as -1 < cosx SI. sinh y + 0,so thatsinx=0 ie x=na,nEZ. From (1) we get, (-1)" cosh y=2 ie. coshy= +2 But cosh y cannot be negative, therefore cosh y=2 Le. y= cosh”! 2. Hence, z=x+/y=na+icosh"'2, where n © Z. >fLEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 323 (v) Given equation is tanh z=—2 2 = 2s o S222 =0 < 25 r+] * 3e?? =] . 1 Lin 22 = log |-2] =10g {2 7 2 “( | ve [Se } a 22=2inn+ log + +in,neZ i 1 li * 2 intt+ —lg-+in 2-73 2 win oZ)Lig3, Hence, z= i(n+ 3} x03, wen | (vil) The given equation is tan z+ cotz=2 = tanz+ tanz i = tan? z-2tanz+1=0 (tan z~1)? =0 tanz—1=0 x = tanz=1= tan— ® 4 1 = a. —|r,neZ. = areece-[ed) fy’,324 PRECIZE COMPLEX AMALYSIS4 (wii) The given equation is 4 cosz—3+/ Ai = - (-) re 2 7 afest] =3+/, where = e!* > 242 =G+)t > 217 -G41+2 =0 G+nt{6+0" -16 Prete Leia 4 Grptfo-lsei-16 G++ f- 846i 4 4 _ G+04043) 4 (43)? =1-9+6i=-8+6] 444i 2-21 1 = p= 1414, -0- 4 4 Aero = eH 141 or ef =La-9 or ts (4-4) =elb ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 1 44 or iz=log [i 2 > ize log y2 +i +2mzi 325 ize loge -1F +20 mn€Z “ a = fz = Flog 2+@ m+ Zi or t= Liga een i l 6 * = Slog 2+(8 m+) z 37 8 +( me or tz= -1 \og2+@n-2. 2i 4 Hence z= (m+n 5-5 tog2, n-S+5log2;m,n &Z. Example 6, (/) Prove that |sin z|? = sin? x+sinh? y and hence prove that | sinh » | s | sin z|