COMPLEX NUMBERS SST 1, INTRODUCTION We know that the Real Number System is a result of gradual development as mentioned below : The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ...... called Natural numbers or positive integers were first used in counting. The set of natural numbers is closed under the operations of addition and multiplication. The set of Negative Integers and Zero consists of the numbers 0, — 1, — 2, ... and these numbers permit solutions of equations such as x +5 = a, where a and 6 are any natural numbers. This give rise to the operation of subtraction, the inverse of addition, and we write x = a—b. The set of positive integers, negative integers and zero is called the set of Integers, which is closed under the operations of addition, multiplication and subtraction. Rational Numbers came into being to allow solution of equations such as 6 x =a for all integers a and b, where b # 0. This gives rise to the operation of division ie. inverse of multiplication, and we write x = i the quotient of @ and 5, where a is the numerator and é is the denominator. The set of integers is a subset of rational numbers, since integers correspond to the rational numbers , where 6 = 1. The set of rational numbers is closed under the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division so long as division by zero is excluded. ee 4ee 2 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSis4 Irrational mumbers are the numbers which are not rational. ie. the one whicl cannot be expressed as > where a and & are integers and b # 0, For example, y2 = 1.4142 ..... and = 3.1415 ..... are irrational numbers. The set of rational and irrational number together is called the set of real numbers, denoted by R. Now, the equation x? = — 1 has no solution in the set of real numbers because square of every real number is cither zero or positive, Therefore we feel the necessity to extend the system of real numbers so that we can solve equations of form x? =— 1. Euler (1707-1783) was the first mathematician who introduced the symbol j, called iota, for /-1 with the property that 7 =— 1, Then ‘came another number system, called complex number system, which was extension of R. 2. COMPLEX FIELD Definition. Complex Number. Any number of the form a + i 5, where a, b © Rand i= ,J-1, is defined to be a complex number. If z= a+b is a complex number, then a is called real part of complex number z, denoted by Re(z), and is called imaginary part ofz, denoted by Im(z). If real part of a complex number is zero then it is called purely imaginary and if imaginary part of a complex number is zero, then it is called purely real. The set of complex numbers is denoted by C, Remark. Every real number is a complex number because if a € R then a=a+0iECc. 2.1, Algebra of Complex Numbers Definition, Equality of Complex Numbers. Two complex number 2, = x, +7), and 2, = x, +/y, are equal if and only if x, = x, and = ¥2-COMPLEX NUMBERS 3 Definition. Addition of Complex Numbers, If z, = a, +46, and y= a, +/b, are two complex numbers, then the sum z, +2, is defined as 2, 42y = (a, +4,)+1(b, +b). The addition of complex numbers satisfy the following properties : (@ Closure Property : If z, = a, +i5,, 2, = a, +16, EC, then 2,42, =(a,+0,) +14) EC (@) Commutative law ; If z,, 2, ©C, then z, +2) = zy +2,. (iii) Associative Iaw + If z,, ry, 23 ©, then (2, +2,)+z, = 2,4) +25). (@) Existence of additive identity : For every z € C, there exists 0=0+07EC such that z+0=2=0+z2, (0) Existence of additive inverse : For every z= a+ib €C, there exists —z=—a—/b EC such thatz+(—z)=0=(-2) +z. Definition. Difference of Complex Numbers. If z, = a, +i), z, = a,+ib, EC, then difference z,—z, is defined as Zp ~Zy = 24 +(—2q) = (ay) +i (h, -d)- eg if z,=2-3 fand z,=—3+4/, then 2) -2)7 (243) 4+(-3-4) = 57h Definition. Multiplication of Complex Numbers. If 2; = a, +16, 2, = a, +ib, EC, then the product z, z5 is defined as , 23 = (a, a, —b, b,)+i (a, by +a, b). ‘The product of complex numbers satisfy the following properties : ( Closure property : If z, = a, +ib,, z, = a, +16, EC, then 2, 2g = (Gj a, —b, b,) +7 (a) by tanh) EC,4 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4 (2) Commutative law : If x, 22 EC, then 2, 22 = 22 2). (Uy Associative law : If 2, r3, #, © C, then , (&y 2_)25 = 3 (Zp 24)- (iv) Distributive law : Multiplication is distributive over addition de if 2), 22, 25 EC, then 2, (zg 423) = 2, 2Q +2, 25 (Left distributive law) and (2 +2))25 = 2,2) +22 %3- (Right distributive law) (») Existence of multiplicative identity : For every z= a+ib EC, there exists |= 1+0/C such thatr J =z= 1.2. (vf Existence of multiplicative inverse : If = a+ #6 is anon-zero complex number, then there exists a ele—t =, ec z gtab? at +b? such that x. 4 tsi [32 3 ~z45| 2 442 = = Ro er orm. a+b? a? +8 at a gi Bg Oe aE We say =! =— = -i——~ is multiplicative inverse of z. or = a7+b? a? +6? ¥ Definition, Division of Complex Numbers. If z, = a, +ib,, zy“ ay +iby EC, where 2, # 0, then quotient =) is defined as <2 a 1 a. db. at = 2. = (2, 41h) tis % bs ay°+b,* an? +h, = | th by ep) 24% 4) ay? +,? a,? +b?COMPLEX NUMBERS 5 Definition. Conjugate of a Complex Number. Ifz = a@+i6 €C, then conjugate of is denoted by Z, and is defined as a—ib. 1 _ is obtained by multiplying and Note z= a+76, then 1 = z a+ib dividing by 2 L_ 1. aeib _ anib a b ra Bie (a = ak a, ie ah SEITE AP aat rc The conjugate of complex numbers satisfy the following properties ; If 21, #2 are complex numbers, then @ @=: WFR R+H Gi) » o (vi) +7 =2ReG) (vil) z-F =2ilmG@) (vif) = = iffzis purely real (a) 2=— = iffzis purely imaginary. 2.2. Complex Numbers as Ordered Pairs From a strictly logical point of view, it is desirable to define a complex number z =x + / yas an ordered pair (x,y) of real number x and y subject to certain operational definitions which tum out to be equivalent to those as above. Ordered pairs (x, y) and (y,x) are distinct unless x=) - In terms of ordered pairs, some of the above definitions may be put inthe following form ; (Gy = gy ¥) i a = xy andy, = ¥2- {Equality of complex numbers]— 6 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSigy In particular, z= (x, y)=(00) @ x=y=0. Cp) + Gy) = +494 F992) [Addition of complex numbers) (Hi) Hy) Cog FQ) = yey — HV Pg HQ) [Multiplication of complex ‘umnbers} Gy) mY) = (rx, ary). {Multiplication of real number by a complex number] Note 1, In the form of an ordered pair, we may write i= (0, 1). Then (0, 1) (0, 1)=(0—1,0+0)=€ 1, 0), =(-1,0) @, 1) =(-0,-1+0)=(,-1) and - i = 7.2 =€1,0)C1,0)=(1-0,0-0)=(1, 0), Note 2. Complex numbers of the form (x, 0) are said to be purely real or Just real, Complex numbers of the form (0, y) are said to be purely imaginary. Also, z= (x, ») © C admits a unique representation as & y= G+, Cy, =x +iy withx, yER. Theorem 1. The set C = {(a, 6): a, 6 © R) is a field under addition and multiplication of ordered pairs defined as (a,b) + (c, d)=(a+e,b+ d) and (a,b) (¢,d)=(ac—bd,ad+be)¥ (a,b), (c,d) R?. Sol. We have, C= {(a, 6): a,b ER}. ” L is abelian group : (A) Let (a, 6), (c,d) EC. Then (a, 6)+(¢,d)=(a+e,b+d EC. [- 4b¢dER > a+e,b+dER] (i) Let (a, B) (od). (ef) EC.COMPLEX NUMBERS 7 Then [(a, 6) + (c, d)] +(e, f) =(at¢, 6+ d) +(e, f) =((ato)te,(b+d)+f) =(at+(e+e), b+(d+f)) =(a,d)+(cted+f) =@b)+ edt) Addition is associative aver C. (iii) For all (a, b) € C, there exists (0, 0) € C such that (a, 5) + (0, 0) = (a, 5) = (0, 0) + (a, 8). (0, 0) is additive identity of C. (iv) For all (a, 6) € C, there exists (— a, — 6) © C such that (a, 8) + 4,-5) = (0, 0) =(- 4,4) + (a, d)., (a, ~6) is additive inverse of (a, 6). (v) Let (a, 5), (c,d) EC. Then (a, b) + (c,d) =(a+¢,b+d)=(c+a,d+b)=(c,d)+(a, b), Addition is commutative over C. Hence < C, +> is an abelian group. Tl. is abelian group: (@Let (a, 4), (6, 2) EC. Then (a, 6)(e,d)=(ae-bd, ad+bc) EC, [+ a66qdER = ac-bdad+bcER] (i) Let (a, 6), (4. dA EC. Then [(a, 8) (¢, d))}(¢,)=(ae-bd,ad+bc)(ef) =(ac-bd)e~(ad+be)f,(ad+bc)et(ac—bd)f) =(ace-bde-bef-adf,beetade+acf-bdf) and (a, 4) [(e, ¢) (e, I =(a, b)(ee-df,cf+de) =(a(ce-df)-b(cftde), Kee—df)+a(cf+ de) =(ace-adf—bde-bcf,bce-bdftade+acf). (a. 6, de N=). d)e/).P 8 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSis, (itt) For all (a, 8) C, we have (1, 0) & C such that (a, 8) (1, 0) = (a1 = 0, a0+ b 1) = (a,b). Similarly, (1, 0) (a, 6)=(q, 6). (a, 8) (1, 0) = (@, 6) = C1, 9) (a, 6). (iv) For all (a, 8) € C, let (c,d) © C such that (a, 6) (6,d)= (1,0) = (@e-bdad+be)=(1,0) = ac-bd=1 and adt+be=0 & > c= and d= -——> nae a+b? a b = =| ,-= | €c a (a aa) ) ccs For (a,b) ER?, there i (senate ge) bi a? +b?) at +h? that (00 (shen ae) 0" ate ae () For (a, 4), (6 d) EC, (a, )) (c,d) =(ae-bd, bet+ad)=(ca—db,ch+da = (c, d) (a, 8). (a, b), (c,d) = (c,d) (a, 6). Thus < C— {0}, .> is an abelian group. TIL Distributive Laws : Let (a, b), (c, d), (e, FEC. _ Then (a, 6) [(c, d) +(¢,f)] = (4,4) (e+e, d+ f) =(a(eto-bd+),b(e+et+aldt+ yp) =(@e+ae-bd-bf,bco+betad+af) =(ac-bd,beo+ad)+(ae—bf, be+af) = (a, 8) (6,4) + (a, 6) (ef),COMPLEX NUMBERS 3 (a, 6) (Ce, 2) + (& S7] =(@, 8) (@ 4) + (a, b) Ke). Similarly, ((a, 4) + (¢, 2) N= (@,4) (0) +4) 4). Hence C is a field. Cor. The association x + (x, 0) shows that R is a subfield of C with addition and multiplication defined as (0 0) Cory 0) = (my +2, 0) and (xy, 0) 249, 0) * (,x9,0). Definition, A set § is called totally ordered if for a, b in S and a = b, then either <6 ora>b, Theorem 2, The field C cannot be totally ordered in consistence with the _ usual order in Re Proof. If possible, let such a total ordering exists in C. ‘Then for i € C, we would have either #> O or /< 0, [i= 0] If 7> 0, then— 1 =//>0, which is not true in R. If 7<0, then —i>0 so that 1 = (-) > 0, which again is not true in R. Hence, ordering is not possible in C. Remark. In complex numbers z, < z, or z; > z3 have no meaning unless 2; and z, are real. 3, GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS ‘We know that ordered pairs of real numbers represent points in the geometric plane referred to a pair of rectangular axes. We then call the collection of ordered pairs as R? and the two axes as the x-axis and the praxis. Since (x, 0) € R? corresponds to a real number, the x-axis is called the real axis and since y = (0, y) € R? is purely imaginary, the y-axis called the imaginary axis. Therefore we can visualize C as a plane with z= x+y as point (x, y) in R? and we refer to it as complex plane or Argand plane or z-plane and the figure is called Argand diagram. Hence, for every point of the z-plane there is one and only one complex number z and conversely.ic el iene ia 10 PREGIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS, A complex number z = x + /y may also be represented by a tro- dimensional vector (directed line segment) in the complex plane, which may be pictured as an arrow starting from the origin to the point (2, y) in C or as any vector obtained by translating this vector parallel to itsel ‘vector whose starting point is imelevant. ¥ For example, the point z = Bt in above figure determines the vector from origin to this point and therefore the directed line seginent from (- 4, :-4] to (a, 6) also represents the same complex number 3 z= Sty for any (a, 5) € R*. Both vectors have the same length and they point in the same direction. 3.1. Modulus (Absolute Value) of a Complex Number The modulus or absolute value of x & R is defined as x if x20 Ix] = i =r if x<0.COMPLEX NUMBERS ait ‘There is no natural generalization of this modulus to'C because we have seen in above theorem that there is no total ordering in C. However, we algo interpret | x | geometrically as the distance of x from the origin (zero) of the real line. This leads us to define the modulus of a complex number z=x+ iy in C by [r|= fet ay? i Remark. Geometrically |z |= a represents the standard circle with centre at (0, 0) and radius a. 3.2. Representation of 7 and—z in the Argand Plane Ifa complex number z =x + iy is represented by the point P(x, y) in the Argand plane, then its conjugate 7 = x —/y is represented by the poitit Q(x, y) which is the mirror image of z reflected across the real axis. Pe) Ra) ‘The additive inverse —2=—x—/y is represented by the point R, the image of z reflected through origin. 3.3. Representation of Sum, Difference of Two Complex Numbers on the Argand Plane Let two complex numbers z, and z, be represented by POY) and Q(x» ¥2) in the complex plane as shown in figure, Complete the parallelogram OPRQ. Then the'mid points of PQ and ‘OR are the same,42 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS, Ris + 22) But mid point of PQ is 2G), which is also the mid Point of OR. Therefore OR corresponds to (x, +x, +¥2)+ ‘The point R corresponds to the complex number H) +¥q 4104 +92) = Gy ty) + Gy +i ¥2) ie, Reorresponds to z, +25. Represent -z, by Q' so that QQ’ is bisected at O. Complete the parallelogram OPR'Q'. Y‘COMPLEX NUMBERS 13 Then the point R' represents the complex number 2, —z, because the mid-points of OR’ and PQ! are same and mid-point of PQ’ is hal iar ed ie 3 2°" 2 . OR' corresponds to (x, — 2.9, — ¥2) R' represents the complex number (x, —x2)+/(4—¥2) = G +1y,)- @ +192) = & -%). Also from the diagram, QP and OR' are equal and parallel. QP also represents the complex number z, —z. Remark. (i) Since PQ = OR, therefore PQ = |z,—z,| Le. distance between P(z,) and Q(z.) is [zy -2, 1. (i) Geometrically |z-z, | = a represents a circle with centre at 2, and radius a. (P.U, 2015) Theorem 3. If z, 21, Z2 €C, then: @ |-zl=l2] Gi) 21171 Gi) |z|=0iffz=0 () —|z|sRe()slz| and -|z| = Im(z) $|z| @) rE =z? (i) |, +2_| Sz, 1+1 zy 1. (Triangular Inequality) (P.U. 2015, 2018) The equality holds iff z, =z, forsomerealr= 0. (P.U, 2012) (vi |2-231 = |) I-12] (#) 17, +221 2 |IxI-22]| () dap t ey P= day +2Re (2,3) +1 2,17 GA) [xy + eg PP + lz, 2/7 = 2012, 77 #12917) (Parallelogram Identity)e 4 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSig, Proof. Letz=a+ib, Fa HB, 2) = ay Eby @: |-#] =|-a-78| : = (eat seo? = a +b? s|a+ib|=fe], GA) ||| =|a- ib|= 2? er = fat 40? =larib[=|z).°° Gi) [z|=0@ Ya? +0? =0 © a? +5? =0 © a=Oand b=0 @ z-atib=o (iv) Clearly, 2 sates? and b? s a? +5? a* s |z/? and 5? = |z|? ~ -[z|Sa@s[z| and -|z| 563 |z| = -lz]sReG)s|z| and —|z|sIm(z) s|2|- () 2B =(atib)(@—id)= a? ~ 1757 = a? (1) 8? i= ae = lel? OD. claytagl = Gy +2) #2) Ce [zP=28) = Gj +e) +2) os 4,2) +2, Z,+2y % +42 Fy = [71 +[2,? +2, 2, +2, 3, Thy P+ P +2 %+ GRD «|x [*+12,[ +2 Re (2, %)COMPLEX NUMBERS 45 3 [ay [? +125)? +2 $2, | fe Re@)s Jz|) ..0 = haf +2. P +21 11 BI [a Pole,P +21 a lleg1 bz] =18)) = lz, Hey)? _) I +egh Sle, l4]zQh- Now, from (1), [2,+23] = |2, [+izg| iff [2,21 =Re(,z,) iff 242, is a:non-negative real number, ‘say & ifr 4F, = zs Ay, Pek ke0 fee ge iff eos T 2 le P it x = 02, where Fase 0 ~ beg (vit) Wehave, 2, = (x; -2,)+2, [zi] = )@,-22)+241 vs # |2;-z)|+1z,| [By triangular inequality] > 3, IH1z51 Sly, -2)|. : au) interchanging z, and z, in (2), we get lzg 121 S 122-31 = leghlay! S 1x29] (y lelel-2)) = = Clay |-l291) 5 |x) -241. wal)16 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS} ‘Combining (2) and (3), we get |lzii-tall $|2)-7| te |ay-21 = fle lleall- @) lately -C4)I = |leI-l-=all = |le-tz2||- fe Lzl=l-ai) @ lye =) +2) G +2) Ce jeP 23] = (2, +2) +22) = 2,3, + (2%, +222) + 2% =]z [7 42Re (az. 2 |x, [? +2 Re (z,2,) +12, F- [- (eA). - By (), we have {2 +2,/7 = |z, [7 +2Re (zz) +| 29/7. Similarly,|z, -z, [* = |x |? -2Re (,,) +122? - Adding we get lay tz, P +12) -22 7 = 2014, P +129 2)- 3.4, Polar (Trigonometric) Form of a Complex Number Let (r, 8) be the polar coordinates of a point P(x, y) in the x j+plans Then r is the length of the vector represented by z =x +i y Le. distant from origin to P(z), and @ is the angle measured from the positive x-uti to the radius vector joining z in the anticlockwise sense. Ifz=x+ iy, then x =7 cos 6 and y =r sin @ and hear r= x? +y? and 0= wn(2). zCOMPLEX NUMBERS: Ww Then re x+iynr (cos 0+ 7 sin 0), Y oO Ogg We define z=r(cos @+/sin@)= re. Any value of @ which satisfies this equation is called an argument of 2 # O and is written as 0 = argz. Clearly, z has an infinite number of distinct arguments as any two distinct arguments of z differ by an integral multiple of 2, the functions sin @ and cos @ being periodic with period 2x. To specify a unique value of arg z, we define the principal argument of z as the unique value of argument that satisfies — 2 < arg z S #, and denote it by Arg z. ‘Thus the relation between arg z and Arg z is given by argr=Argr+2br, kEZ. One can observe that Ave tan = if x>0 r+ arctan (2) if x0 © a if x= 0, : x=0y<18 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYsis, where Are tan ish papa value of the arc tangent of a req) umber ¢ satisfying the inequality -$ Sire tans S = Clearly, sin (arg #)= Bere cos (arg z)= a and tan (args) a2. The sumac thrs Min se insect? arge~x+ Arc (2) arge~ arctan (2) Argz=—a+ Ar tan (2) Theorem 4. If, 71, 7 €C, then: (> | z22) = 1%, | lez | and GA erg 22, = ares) Farge + 2k EZ lal lz] (ii) 2 = 73 (iv) wn (2)- ang z, arg 2, + 2h, hE Ze 2 Proof. Let'z, = ne" and z, = rye" so that lay] =, rey ly | = 4p, ar eg™ & Now, a/c! = (cos, +i sin @,) (cos 8, +i sin @,) = (cos#, cos #, —sin @ sin 82) + i(Gin @, cos @, + cos 8, sind;) = cos (4, +0,)+isin (@, +8) = 6!)COMPLEX NUMBERS 49 mtg = (rel) Ory 08) = yr, OD, Now, el? = cos 041 3in 0 cos (0+ 2ka) +1 sin (0+ 2kz) = Oke) pez 1229) = m= 12, bla 1 and arg 2,227 9, +0, +2ke = arg 2, +argr, +2kn, kEZ, ‘which proves (i) and (if), Also, net 7\(cos 8, +/sin B,) 22 rel ry (e0s 8, +i sin A) =e (eos 6, +4 sin 6) (cos 8, -i sin @,) =A cos (0, -8,) + isin (6-8) = Leh % e AL a mm. |] 4g and arg ) = 6, - 0, +2kn = arg 2, —argz, + 2k, kEZ, 2 which proves (#/)) and (7), Note. Arg 2,2, may or may not be equal to Argz,+ Arg z). Sol. Let x, =—lamd 2, =—/ so that 2,2, =i, Arg 2, =, Arg 22 = oF and Arg 2,23 = z. Hete Avg 22. = Arg z, + Arg. Now, letz, =—1, 25 =/so that 22, =— i, Arg 2, =2, Arg 2, = = ond Arg (2,22) aut Clearly, Arg (2)22) # Argz, + Atgz.20 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSi3, 3.5. Geometrical Representation of Product and Quotient of Two ‘Complex Numbers Let z= ne'4 and x, = r,e'% Then 12,2] = ryrge OB 2227 O, +O, +2ka, k EZ. Let point P represents the complex number z, and point Q represents the complex number =,. Let M be a point on OX such that OM = 1. Join PM on 09, construct a triangle OQR similar to triangle OMP. Y Then OR = OF 0Q OM - od ‘ 1COMPLEX NUMBERS a Also, ZXOR = ZXOQ+ZQOR = £X0Q+ 4MOP = 6,40, = 0, +0, Polar coordinates of Rare (r,r,,, +4). Hence R represents the complex number z\z. 7 and «(2 = 6-8, +2km, kEZ. 2 Let point P represents the complex number z, and point Q represents the complex number =>. On OX, take a point M such that OM = 1. Join QM. On OP, draw AORP similar to the AOMQ such that the points P and Rare on the same side of OQ. Then ZROP = 4MOQ=6, LXOR= £XOP— ZROP = 0, - 8, = w(2. mal- [a ‘ 22 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYsig, Aso, 2% «2 sorter on = OF-OM OF "OM OQ oq og = ope De lale|a my lnl |e z Thus OR is the modulus of the complex number z= and 2XOR iy 2 the argument of 1, Hence the quotient —- is represented in the : z, 2 73 Argand’s plane by the point R. Remarle (9 If z= ¢!, then 2,2, = e!z, is obtained by rotating :, through an angle 8. 72 (i) ~~ Note that the wale tte by 9 re 73 the angle at the vertex z, as shown in the figure below : Y °o » OQ Example 1. If 2, —%, and z,z, are both real, then show that either 2 and 2, are both real or one is the complex conjugate of the other.COMPLEX NUMBERS 2 Sol. We have three cases : Case 2, = Here 2, -, = -¥, isreal > zy Isreal. Also, =, = 0 is real. Henceboth z, and z, are real, Case II, z,=0. Here 2; 2, = z)-O0=-2, isreal = x isreal. Also, 2 = is real, Henceboth 'z, and 2, are real. Case IIl.z, #0 and z, #0 By hypothesis, zz, (x, -7,) =z, (=,z,-[z, |?) isreal, © (1) Incase 2, (223-14) (4 } #0, then-z, is real [s'=,2, and | z,]? are real] = x, isreal. [+ 2,2, i8 real] Henceboth z, and 2, are real. If 2, (,23~-|23 |?) =0, thea-z,2,-|z, |? =0 [v2 #0) > 322 7120? = 22% = 7%, Hence the proof. Example 2. Show that if the equation z?+@z+ = 0 has'a pair of conjugate complex roots, then a and A are both real and a? <4p. Sol. Let x + iy and x- iy be two complex conjugate roots of the equation z*+az+f =0.— 24 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4 Then (x+/y)+(x-iy)=—@ and (e+iy) — 1») =8 = 2xe-a@ and x*+)? =A = a=-2x and B=x?+y? wl) a and are both real. Also, x? and Argr= >. pe J#T 147i. 1474 Q-9? 4-1-4i 3-4i = Asi 344i 3-4) 344i _ 3-28 412144) 9+16 ee 2254254 25 Let —1+i=r (cos @+isin 8). Then rcos@ =—1 and rsin@=1. (1) Squaring and adding, we get 1? (cos? @+sin? @)=1+1 ‘ (iy) Let ~1+i, =o ria2 & re y?. Putting this value ofr in (1), we get 1 and sin @= —— v2 oe 2 LATE Lacon 3 + 1ain D 4 4 a) Hence |z|= y2 and Arge= 2,2 ‘COMPLEX NUMBERS: 2+i Qef Bee Otte Taep? aed-1920 6 1 4a-20. Let 1-24 =r (cos@+isin®). Then = rcos@=1 and rsin@=—2, r= far+en? = 5, & lzl= = and Argr=-tan"!2. (vi) Letz = 1+itana,-20, soa at = its seca: and Argz=a.a0 PRECIZE COMPLEX AMAL YRI2+ fae ($x) tense <0, and we write = =—seca (-cosa—/sina) =—seca@ [cos (a —) +f sin (a —7)] |z|=-seca@ and Argz=a—z7. " s¥ lz jz Example 7. Prove that | Sol. For m= 1 equality holds. Also by triangular inequality, the result is true for m = 2. Let the result be true for n = & t ie. Des Yet Jel Jal al & Now, |) 2) —|| >) 2) [+2101 jal Jal k s|>oz, + l2,4,| (+ Result is true for =2) | fat rE | SY lz,1+l24q1| [By induction hypothesis} | Jal atl = dilzyl- fel Thus the result is true for n= k+ 1, Hence by principle of induction, the result is true for all n EN. Example 8. (/) If z, and z, are two complex numbers such that % -2 FZ Isunimodular while is not unimodular, then find |, | ~4 72COMPLEX NUMBERS 3a (if) If z, and 2, are two complex numbers such that lz, | <1 <]z, |, then prove that ip Prove tnt | 2 <1if |a|<1and|b|<1. -a Sol. (i) We have, 4222|_, 2-27, = = [a -22)/ = 12-2, 251 = |z,-22, 7) =|2-2,%, 7 (2, -22_) (EF -2%,) = Q-2, 7,) 2-723) [vz =27] > 2F] -2F yz — 229% +4 zy Fy © 4-272, -22,F, +2,7,2,7, lz, Pl+4]z, ? = 4415 P [22/7 - “we dap P-1a, Plz FP =4— 412, F @ [xP -1. 7) = 40-1227) = x [-4) 0-2/7?) =0 = |z,P-4 =0 (-|z,)? #045 |z,] #1] - |x =4 > lq] =2. a [LSM] ey aya. i =z)? « 2 if |l+z,%, |? <|z,-25/32 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4, (121%) (1-3,2;) < ( -2,)@, -%) Laay dy - 3,2, +213,29%) < 2,3, — 29%) - 21%, +7 2 2 V4 |e P lz, P< 12, tz? (2: Q-lz, P-L, P d-l2, 1?) <0 (-lz\7) 0-[z, 7) <0, Which is true as Jz, | <1<|z,|. ca = sm if |a-b| iz? | =|2| = le? t= tz = 1Pl =z + [EP -|z/=0 * lei(z|-)=0 = |z/=Oorl, (i) Letz=x+iy. Wehave, Z = iz? 7 x-iy = iG? -y? +2xy/). Equating real and imaginary parts, we get x S-2xy val) and —y= x? -y?, sof)Ee “ PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS-4 From (1), we get, x +2xy=0 = x(l+2y=0. > Fr0ory=—t, G If y= —. then srom (2), we get, xe “sr Ifx= 0, then we get from (2), y?-y=0 ie y=1 ory =0. Hence the required complex numbers z are #1, Bk and i. (iif) Wehave, iz? 427 -24+i=0 = iz%(-)-@-) =0 = (2-)z?-1) =0 - z=i or gel nn} i 2)= - fe[=[4] or [27] =1-f1 - |z}=1 0 or |z|?=1. In both cases, |z|=1. Example 11. If |z|? w—|w|? z =z —w, then show that z= w or 2W = 1, where z and w are complex numbers, Sol. We have, |z|? w—|w|? z =z-w = [zt wtw = rem l(ez = wO+lzi?) = 204i wl?)COMPLEX NUMBERS 35 * wedaz > waz. ) Also, w=1z = WHAT = Weeae. me) From (1) and (2), we get wi = Wr. +3) Again, |x|? w—|wi? z =:-w - = > > » > 2iw-wW2 =z—ow ri w-wwi-z+w=0 2(@w-1)-w(Wr-1) =0 2(W2z-1)-wWWz-1) =O [Using (3)] (Wz-1)(z-w) =0 (e-w)=0 or Wz=1 z*ow or wr =1 Example 12, (() If|z—2+ | <2, find the greatest and least value of |z|. (P.U. 2016) or If|z-2+i|S2, prove that 3-2 s|z|s 243. (i) Find upper and lower bounds for |z4 —3241|" whenever |zp=2. Sol. () We have, |z-2+/|<2. (1) Also, [z-2+i|2||z!-[2-/]] [ele] 2 |] 4yl-1 zal © [z-244/> |[2|-¥2? +1? | te |[z-2+8/2 ||z|-¥5|. sal)+8 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSi8, From (1) and (2), we get llz|-V5| $|z-24i|s2 = Iiel-V5).s2 = -2% |z|-¥5 <2 = V5-2 s|z|s V542 Hence greatest value of |z| is V5 +2 and least value is V5 —2. Gi) By triangular’s inequality, we have [3z-1|S3[z|+1 de [32-157 {~ |z1=2 je* -3241] 2| [zi -|32-1||2]2*-71=9 and |z4—3241] S |z[* +/3z-1] =24+7 =23. Hence x s|z4-3241/1 s : Example 13. (i) Ifz € C and |z| =, then prove that a is either 04 purely imaginary, (i) If x and z are two complex numbers satisfying te eo | 2) +2 ‘equation =1, then what the number —! is ? a Z Sol. (9 Let r=x+iy. We have, |z|=1 ao faye 2 tay = Xtiy-1 _ (x-Itiy xtipel (x+l+iy = @-Dtiy, @4+D-iy (+Dtiy Gel-iy Now, Zot z+1COMPLEX NUMBERS a7 — We -D@+)+y 14 ile + Dy-y@-D) (x41)? +57 = Easy ti Geyr yo xy y) (x41)? +y? = 0=42iy _ 2iy ty xt e2xt ey? 24+2x lex a 0 if y=0 purelyimaginary if y»+0, Hence aT is either 0 or purely imaginary. z 2, +2. (i) ~Wehave, |—--——2 4-23 ‘ 2 = [a 422? = 12-221 = (a, #22)@, +2.) = (z,- 23) G -F,) ayy 429% +297, +2,F, = 413, +247, - 2%, - 44%, = 24,F, 423,73 =0 z 5 2 t=-2 ZO = 44/71] =0. 3. Ms Now we know that if the sum of any complex number and its conjugate is zero, the complex number is purely imaginary. Hence Ais purely imaginary, 238 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4 Example 14, If z # 0 is a complex number such that Arg (z) = os then show that Re(z?) =0. Sol. Letz=x+iy #0, xy ER. We have, Agen = 2 tnt2= x aia ‘ I . E ! = yer v2 = (x tiy)? = 2 -y*)42izy =042) x7 = = Re(z?)=0. Example 15. If |z,| =|) | =......=|z, | = 1, prove that Sol Wehave, |z,| =|z,| = = |a +224 [a tty tut z, |. Example 16. Ifa, 8 are any two complex numbers, then prove that \a+qa? -f |+|\a-Ja?— #7 |=|a+A|+/a-A}.: COMPLEX NUMBERS 39 Sol. We have,|z, +2, |? +|z,—2) 7 = +22), +) +(2,-2,)0,-%) Lv lz = 27) = 212) P +12) /7). Putting z, = a+f and z, = Jaf , wehave (Gla ¥B + Jaf)? 14|( arf - Jaa)? | =2(\a+A|+|a-B|) (eR =i) = latp+a-p+2 fa? —p?|+|(a+A)+(@-f)-2Ya*—p?| =2(|a+p|+|e-8]) = [2a+2 fa" —p? |+|20- Ya? 6? |=2(\@+h|+\a-B1) = Jat fap? |+\a-Ja*—f* |=|a+A|+/a-A|, Example 17. If z, and 2, both satisfy z+ =2|z—1|and ag (2, —#,) = 2, then find Im (2, +22). Sol Let z=x+iy, z= 2,+/y, and FZ +1y. Wehave, z+ 7 =2|z-1| wl 1) = (e+iy)t+@-ly)=2[x+iy-1| - 2x =2|((e-I)+iy| > x= f@-0? +y? - x =(e-1P ty? = xt=x? 224145? > 2x=l+y?. (2)Bs PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSis, Now 2, and 2, satisfy (1) or equivalently (2) x, “14y,?7 and 2x, = 14,7. inwibrecalircs » 2% -m) = y? -y? = 26-3) = 0-290) +92) Now, “742 _ 2 ASE Rvs 7 2) —%2 MI: 3) ~2y = ( —¥2) +104 —¥2) tan@ = 21722. where @= arg (z,-z) 4-43 x = )2 x w= s -1,)=2 4 RSs, [ arg (z\ — 23) ;| p= 22 4 =¥2 2 ay [Using (2)] Wn tP2 Wry, 72 = Im(z,+2,)=2. Example 18, Let 2, = 1046 fand 2, =4 +6 i. Ifz is a.complex number sock at ag (ZZ Sol. We have, it) = te stow it |2—7-911= 38, 5 erg( 2771) -* lrnz,) 4 = arg (2-2,) -ag (:—2,)+2in= 4 kEZCOMPLEX NUMBERS a“ > ae (e+ fy-10-6 arg x + iy—4-6=-2 bet > mBlCe~10)+1(9~6))~arg ee 4)+i(y—)]=-2 be + 4 2= 8) tant 28) og pe = (5%) * (4) zit y-6 y-6 tan“!]_2=10 2-4 |_ opm = 8? 4 (10) @=4 Or 6) (@ 4) ~(x-10Ky= 6) (-10) (x-4) + G- 6)? ~_ O- 6) (e-4-x 410) x 14z440+y? 1p 436 | 60-6) = x? 4 y?-14x-12y 476 x7 4? 145-12 +76 =6y-36 x? 4y? -14x-18y 4112 =0 (x? 143449) +(p? -18 +81) 4112 = =49+81 (-7)? +(7-9)? = 18 I@-7)+i-9P = G2)? I@-T)+i(y-9)|= 37 |@+iy)-7-19|= 3/7 _|z-7-19|=3V2.- 42 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYS), Example 19, If z, and z, are complex numbers and c > 0, then pro, that: 1 2 In +259? sit ely +{1#2)l291 : Sol. Since arithmetic mean = geometric mean, therefore ele, P+LizgP — 2 2 fein? in? - olay P+] zyP & 215; ll201- “f 2 2 Jey +z, [Fs [2 (+12, F 4212, [129 | [ley +221 5 12,1412 1 ‘i Slafl+lz,P tcl, P+ ole? (Usinga = (te)|z, |? ee Hence |z, +2? S (1+ |z,/7 (uetie Pe ¢. Example 20. Find the region (locus) of the complex plane satisfying : z=i oO al® 2 zl / w |S (P.U. 201; Gi) [z-1|+|z+1]=3 (P.U, 2012, 2014, 20!' @) z-1|[tlz+i)s4 «P.U. 2011 @) Re (z?) =1 (P.U, 201 Gi arg (=) = (P.U. 2014, 2014 COMPLEX NUMBERS 43 ‘ wi [27 =-1/<1 (vif) = = acost+ sins, where tis areal parameter and a and b are complex constants (js) [x43 -|z-3P =6 rH @) = | S 1, where the real part of a is positive. r+e Et|a2 Sol. (i) We have, zti x¢iy=i xtiyed z+iQy-1) xti(v+l) ‘ 22 } = [xtiQy-D/? = 4[x+iQ+n? = ox? eQy-1)? 2 oie? +0407] wm oxtey?-2y tl 2 4? ty? 4294) = 32 +y?)+10y43 50 ~ toys Bye 50 2 2 2 5 4 = xtalyet]y sf]. ( 3) (3) ‘The required region represents interior and boundary of the chcte x? satya 0, whine eaataeds (0-3) and radius 4. (i) We have, | | =2 te |z—-1[s2]z+1] = [xtiy-1)s2[xtiy+l |, where z=x+iy“ PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4 = fen? sy? safer ty x? -2xeley™ s a(x? 42241457) = 3x7 43y? +10x4+3 20 = Payee =0, which represents boundary and exterior of the circle with centre (iff) We have, |z-1|+|z+1|=3. =) Ifz=x+ fy, then P(x, y) satisfying (1) shall lie on a curve such that PA +PA' =3, where A =(1, 0) and A’(- 1, 0). This is possible only if P lies on an ellipse whose centre is (0, 0) and foci at A and A’. Hence locus of z is the ellipse as shown in the figure. (iv) _ As in (iif), the region represents interior and boundary of an ellipse having centre at (0, 0) and foci (1, 0) and (— 1, 0). (v) Wehave, Re (z7) =1 > Re (x?~y? 4/2x)) = 1, wherez=x+iyCOMPLEX NUMBERS 45 wo xtayt=, which represents a rectangular hyperbola with axes along coordinate axes. z= x (vi) We have, arg (=) 7 = s+iy-1)_ = mE Teiyel) 3 = arg (xtiy-1)—arg@etiytl)= = = = tan” 1+; x-l x+1 y(xtI-y¥@-D _ Bay oe A = tn = 5 x? -l+y? 3 - eto LG xray ral Ps +5 way? 1 2 24,2 > y= -l ya > Bayo py =0, * 1 which represents a circle with centre (4) and radius = a +1 2 wi 3 3wr PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS, (vil) We have, |z? =1| <1 = G@-n@?-n<1 = 22g? F+i xtiy= (a, +fa,)cost+(6, +/6,)sint, where a= a, +a, and b= b +16, = x= a, cost+h sint, y= a, cost+6,sint i ‘ 2 2 Pom pe eat ad i ba, —b,a, a,b, - Squaring and adding, we get 1 = Gran =,)? +626, ~¥b? (ba, -b,4,)7 = x7(a,7 +b,7) +? (a,7 +8,7)-2x raya, +b,b2) = (ba, -5,a,)°. ) Now to identify the conic (1), consider (qa, +b,b3)? ~(a,? +8,7a,? +,7)COMPLEX NUMBERS aT = 2a,aqbyby — 0°b,? ~by'a,? = = (azb, ~ 4b)? <0. Hence given equation represents an ellipse. (&) Wehave, |z +3)? -|2-3)? =6 = > > = lx+iy 43]? -[x+iy—3)? =6, where 2 =x+iy l@+3+iy? -|@-D+iy? =6 (+3)? +y"}-[@-3)? +y?] =6 x? 46x494y? x7 46x-9-y? =6 12x=6 2x-1=0, which is a straight line. ® wena |2=2 3) Zi +e |z-aP? S|2+e 7 (2-a) (Fa) S (c+z) (+H) (-a) @-@) $ (247) Eta) 28-Fr-aitad $2F+:a+@is+aa -z(a+@)-F(a+z) $0 -(2+3)(a+@) $0 (2+) (a+@) 20 2Re(z).2 Re (a)B0 Re() 30 [+ Re (@)>0] x30, where z=x+iy _ Hence the required region is the right half of z-plane or imaginary ais or the left half of z-plane respectively.43 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIs, Example 21. Describe geometrically the set S given by S=(e:|z-a|-|z+a|=2c},0#aEC, c20 for the following situations : @ c>lal (i e=0 (i00. Sol. (i) By triangular inequality, we have |2a|=|@-a)-(@+a)|2|z-a|-|z+a|=2¢ ”. ¢slal, which is not possible as we are given ¢>|a|. Thus there are no complex numbers in the set if¢>| a|. Hence S=@. . (i) Fore=0, S$ ={z:|z-a|—|z+a/=0! = (r:|r-al=|zt+al), which clearly represents all those x which are equidistant from points a and—a, Hence S$ represents the perpendicular bisector of the line joining a and—a. (iil) We have, |z—a|—|z+a|=2¢ = |z-al? = Qe+|z+a1) > [z-a/? =4e7 +|z+a/? +4c]z +a] = 4clz+al+4e? =|z-al? -|z +a? = 4clzt+al+4c? = (|z |? +a? -2Re (az) —(|z [? +a? +2 Re(am) > 4clz+al+4e7 =-4aRezr = (elz+al)? = (€? +aRez)? = 8(z|? +a? 42aRez)= ct +a? (Rez)? +2ac? Rez =e? |Z -a? (Rez)? = €7(c? a7)COMPLEX NUMBERS 49 > e? (2? +y?)—a?x? = e*(e? a7), where =x + ly (c2 -a2) x? 4e2y? = 02 (c? 02) which represents a hyperbola with foci at.a,—a, (>) Here we have, |z-a|—|z+a@|=2¢ [v ¢=a] = > a |z-al? = (Qa+|z+a})? |z-al? = 4a? +|z+a|* 4alz+al 4a|z+al+4a? =|z-a/* -|z+al* 4alz+al+4a*=—4aRez 4alz+a|=-4 a(Rez+a) |z+a]=—Re(z+a) Re (z+) <0. Hence § is the interval (- »,—a). Example 22, Prove that the following statements are equivalent : 0) 0) i () 2,3, + 3,7, =0. Vectors z, and Zz. are perpendicular. 2 = is 2y,5ER. le -3, 7 =I +122 P- Sol (Q) © (i): 2,3) +3\2,=0 © 2%, >-Hr, (zz 22 arg z) —arg 7, =—(arg z)—arg Zz) +2ka,kKEZ arg z, -(Carg z,)=—(arg =, -(Carg ,)) +245, KELso PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4 = 2arg 2, =—(2arg z,)+2kx > arg z, =a+2egz,+2ka - ng =) = arg 2 +2441) 5, by EZ vectors z, and z, are perpendicular. oO dip: 2%) +322 =0 @ 27, +272 =0 @ Re(z,7%,)=0 2\7, “fa forsomea ER @ = 3,7, =ia zy ( Gd) = (&): By Pythagoras theorem, 1, and zp are perpendicular # |x, —z |? = |z, |? +12, [?. spat #2, Wheres € R. 2 Hence the given statements are equivalent. Example 23. (/) Show that the line passing through z, and 22 is perpendicular to the line passing through z3 and z, iff oe( 2 2 x 2hx or-= +2 br forkENU (0). 3-24) 2 2 (if) Let 2, and z, be two non-zero complex numbers such that 2, +23 lz, | = |z2| but z, # + z,. Prove that is a purely imaginary Fa number, Sol. (f) Line passing through z; and zz is perpendicular to the line passing through z; and rz, iff the vectors z;—zz and z3—z, are perpendicular.COMPLEX NUMBERS i ‘Now, vectors z; —z2 and z3 —z, are perpendicular iff 21=*) = js, wheres ER [ By above example] 3-74 a= *; ee a = ir we (222) Z 2k or -% #2 kr forkENU (0), Hence the proof, (if) We prove the result geometrically, Consider a parallelogram OPRQ as shown in figure. Here |z,| =|z,| but z, # +z), «Sides OP and OQ are equal in length = OPRQ isa rhombus Vectors z, +2 and z,—z, are perpendicular = 442, =i5(z,-2_) forsomesER [By Example 22] +2. 2 37 cigseER wo FL? is purely imaginary. %-252 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALY Sig, Example 24. For non-zero complex numbers 2, and 2, show that y, following statements are equivalent : QQ 2%, -F 2, =0. (i) Vectors z, and =, are parallel, Gi) z, = tzy, where rER. So.) * (i): -Fyz, 50 © 43,- 172 = 0 4 = 2Im(z,z,)=0 © Im(z,z) =0 2%, “Ak wherekER 2,522; ye 17272 4 72 z, 2 t= k=,1ER 72 zl eo = f2,fER. Mo (iy: Zz 2, fz, wheretER © —l=4rER 2 ° we ()-0 © arg.z, —arg zr, =kx, KEZ ‘2 o ang 2; = arg zy +h, REZ. = = Vectors x, and z, are parallel. Hence the given statements are equivalent. Example 25, Find a condition that three complex numbers. ay] 1,23 lic on the same straight line,4 COMPLEX NUMBERS: 53 Sol. The complex numbers z,,j= 1,2, 3 line on the same straight line iff 2) —25 = A\(zy—2)) forsome 4, ER. (1) ‘Similarly, we have 23-2 = g(a, — 22) forsome 4, R. ou2) and z; —22 = 43(z2 —23) for for some 2, GR. (3) Adding (1), (2) and (3), we get 215 F523 are collinear iff Ay (3 — 21) + Ag (2 — £2) + Ag(=2 = 25) = (22 —25)+ (23-1) + (21-22) HE (Ap Ay) 24 + (Ag = Ag) 22 +A — Ag) 23 = 0 HE 14,24 + Hatg + Hgts = 0, where 2-4, = My A= A, = My and 4-45 = Hy. Allso, py + my + 3~ (Ay 4, + (A, - AQ) + (4, - 4g) = 0. Hence three complex numbers z,, j = 1, 2, 3 line on the same straight line iff pt) + fyz_ + fyz5 =O and yy + fy + 4,= 0 for some real Hy (j= 1, 2, 3) not all zero. Example 26. Show that the area otibe triangle formed by the points z, iz let and z +z in the complex plane is =" Sol, Let z=x+/y,so that /z=—y+/x, z+/z=(x-y) +i (x+y). x y t Required area = 2 -y x 1 [Applying Ry - Ry ~(Ry +R,)]Lad PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS weit yyy a le? ge ze. ‘ a > tn magnitude). i i Example 27. If erg z3 = + og [’ 1] find ||. i i Sol. We have, arg 23 -faa[#-23] =COMPLEX NUMBERS 5 = 2 [zl=1. Example 28. (i) Find all circles which are orthogonal to | z | = 1 and [z-1|=4. (P.U. 2016) ii Prove that — * ve E+ +l orthogonal circles. (P.U, 2013, 2015, 2018) (ii) Prove that all the circles that pass through a and (@)"' intersect the circle |z| = 1 at right angles if|«| # la # 0. zl ~ conan and ae == ) = constant are56 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS, Sol. (i) From figure, wonote that cireles C, and C, with equations |z-2,| =n and [2-2 |= are orthogonal if their radii are perpendicular ie if FP tr? =|z,-2 7. on(1) a Ae C2 C, Now given circles are |z|=1 and |z—1|=4. Let the circle | z—a |= intersects the given circles orthogonally. Then R?+(1)? =|a-0/7 and R?+(4)?=|@-1? [Using (1) > R41=/e/? and R?+16=|a[? +1-2Rea > R=y,la|’-1 and Rea=-7 % a=—74+ib and R= V4948? 1 = faB+8?. Hence required circles are C, =4z:]z-(C7 +18) |= Vase? , BER). =" -COMPLEX NUMBERS: oT I@-D+iyP _ I+) +iyl? =P +y? _ 2 G+? +)? (e=1)? +y? = Pet? +97] 7-1) 4924? p42 nxt 2-1-0 sey’ #4521 Steet wo AD) son) > > > arg (@— 1) ~arg (e+ 1)=f arg (x +iy—1)—arg (x t+iy+1)=B arg [(z—1) +1] ~ arg [(x + 1) + iy] = at. 1 _y tan! —2 = tag"! 2 = x-1 x+1 6 ts Es tan7] 2-1 x+1 ]. ee nee ‘ x-1 x41 Y@+D=-yG-) _ tan B x?-14y? 2y = tanp x7 -1ey? =SF 58 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALY), = 2ycatf= x? 4y?-1 Le. x? +y?-2c0t Py-1=0, of) We know that circles x?+y?+2gx+2fyte = 0 y x? +y? 42g'x42/"y +c! =O are orthogonal if2 gg'+2ff'= c+, 2 Comparing (1) and (2) with above forms, we have, g = oS “1 f=0,c=1andg’=0, f’=-2cotf, c’=-1. Now, circles (1) and (2) are orthogonal if 2gg t2ffiaere ra 2 ie if 2(4 +) -0+2.0(-2cotf)=1-1 ie. if 0+0=0, which is true. Hence the given circle are orthogonal. (di) Equation of the circle C with centre at z and radius r is |z-z9| =F wl If C passes through the points a(# 0) and (@), we have Ja=zg|=r and |@)'-z|=r 2 L * anzy[?=r? and |=-29] =r? a @ anzy fr? and [l-@ 2) [ =|@[Pr? = fal +|zy |? -2Re(@z_) =r? and 1+[a|? ro? -2Re(F zg) =|a|?r?, Subtracting, we get jax[? + [29 |? 1a]? zg? =r? -far|? r?